MACHINE ELEMENTS IN

MECHANICAL DESIGN
Chapter 14:
Rolling Contact Bearings

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1. Introduction

• Bearings are used to support loads while permitting relative motion

between two elements of a machine.
• Types of bearings:
• Single-row, deep-groove ball
• Double-row, deep-groove ball
• Angular contact
• Cylindrical roller
• Needle
• Spherical Roller
• Tapered Roller

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Double-row, deep-groove ball Angular contact ball bearing (NSK
Bearing (NSK Corporation, Ann Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI)
Arbor, MI)

Needle bearings (McGill

Cylindrical roller bearing Manufacturing Co., Inc.,
(NSK Corporation, Ann Bearing Division, Valparaiso,
Arbor, MI) IN) 5
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-Rolling contact bearings are also called anti-friction bearing due to its
low friction characteristics.
-These bearings are used for radial load, thrust load and combination of
thrust and radial load.
-These bearings are extensively used due to its relatively lower price,
being almost maintenance free and for its operational ease. However,
friction increases at high speeds for rolling contact bearings and it may
be noisy while running.
-These bearings are of two types,
Ball bearing and Roller bearing

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Single-row, deep-groove ball

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Double-row, deep-groove ball

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Needle type

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 Thrust Bearings

Ball thrust bearing Roller thrust bearing

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 Roller Thrust Bearings
Spherical Thrust Bearings

Cylindrical
Thrust
Bearings

Tapered Thrust
Bearings

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• Thrust bearings
• Designed to take on thrust loads only. Therefore they can take little or no
radial load.

Example of ball thrust bearings

Examples of roller thrust bearings

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 Linear Bearings

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 Bearings
Roller bearing cam follower
Spherical rod end

Flanged
V-Grooved

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• Primary applications of the bearings
• Radial load
• Thrust load
• Misalignment capability
• Table below shows the comparisons of bearing types:

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 Bearings
Journal (Sleeve) Bearings
Load is transferred through a lubricant in sliding contact

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 Journal (Sleeve) Bearings
Thick-film lubrication (hydrodynamic), pressure distribution, and
film thickness.
hmin = minimum film thickness, c = radial clearance, e = eccentricity

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•Mounted bearings
• Provide a means of attaching the bearing unit directly to the frame of
the machine with bolts.
• Usually used in many types of heavy machines or special machines
produced in small quantities.
• Some examples are shown below:

4-Bolt flange bearing

Ball bearing pillow block (Rockwell

Automation/ Dodge)

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 Design Considerations
Bearings are selected from catalogs, before referring to catalogs you should
know the followings:

• Bearing load – radial, thrust (axial) or both

Thrust load

Radial load Radial load

• Bearing life and reliability

• Bearing speed (rpm)
• Space limitation
• Accuracy
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2. Loads On Bearings

• All bearings will have finite life due to fatigue under high contact
stresses.
• Relationship between Bearing load, P, and life, L:

k
L2  P1 
 
 

L1  2 
P

where k = 3.00 for ball bearings

k = 3.33 for roller bearings

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• Design life:
• Specified by designer.
• With the design load, Pd, and design life Ld specified, the relationship is
as follows:

• Therefore, the required dynamic load rating C, can be determined.

k
 C 
Ld  
P  (10 6
)
 d 

1/ k
 Ld 
C  Pd  6 
 10 

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 • The recommended design life for bearings is
shown below:

• With C determined, the manufacturers’ data

for a specified design life in hours, and a known speed of rotation in rpm, the
number of design revolutions for the bearing would be:
Ld= (h)(rpm)(60 min/h)

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 14-2 : Compute the required basic dynamic load rating, C for a ball bearing to carry
a radial load of 650 lb from a shaft rotating at 600 rpm that is part of an assembly
conveyor in a manufacturing plant.

k
C 
Ld    (10 6 ) 1/ k
 Pd   Ld 
C  Pd  6 
 10 

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This compares closely with the value of 6670 lb found previously.
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-Note that this is a pure radial load and the inner race is to be pressed onto the shaft and rotate
with it. Therefore, the factor V= 1.0 In Equation (14-5), and the design load is equal to the radial
load.

These are the same data used in Example Problem 14-2, where we found the required basic
dynamic load rating, C to be 6670 lb.
From Table 14-3, giving design data for two classes of bearings, we find that we could use a
bearing 6211 or a bearing 6308. Either has a rated C of just over 6670 lb. But note that the 6211
has a bore of 55 mm (2.1654 in), and the 6308 has a bore of 40 mm (1.5748 in). The 6308 is
more nearly in line with the desired shaft size.

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• For radial and thrust loads:

P  VXR  YT
where P = equivalent load
V = rotation factor (as defined)
R = applied radial load
T = applied thrust load
X = radial factor
Y = thrust factor

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Adjustment of Life Rating for Reliability

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• For tapered roller bearings,
YA
PA  0.4 FrA  0.5 FrB  YATA
YB
PB  FrB

where PA = equivalent radial load on bearing A

PB = equivalent radial load on bearing B
FrA = applied radial load on bearing A
FrB = applied radial load on bearing B
TA = thrust load on bearing A
YA = thrust factor for bearing A from tables
YB = thrust factor for bearing B from tables

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• All these considerations affect the life and performance of
bearings.

• To predict the life of bearings under varying loads:

p
 C 
L   
 Fm 

 i ( Fi ) p N i 
1/ p

where Fm    and Fm = mean effective load

 N  Fi = individual load among a series of i loads
 
Ni = number of revolutions at which Fi operates
N = total number of revolutions in a complete
cycle
p = exponent on the load/life relationship; p= 3
for ball bearings, and p=10/3 for rollers
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A similar analysis is used for angular contact ball bearings in which the design of the
races results in a load path similar to that for tapered roller bearings. Figure 14-3 shows
an angular contact bearing and the angle through the pressure center. This is equivalent to
the line perpendicular to the axis of the tapered roller bearing. The radial reaction on the
bearing acts through the intersecfion of this line and the axis ofthe shaft. Also, a radial load
on one bearing induces a thrust load on the opposing bearing, requiring the application of
the equivalent load formulas of the type used in Equations (14-8) and (14-10). The angle
of the load line in commercially available angular contact bearings ranges from 15° to 40°.

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4. Practical Considerations

• Other considerations include:

• Lubrication
• Installation
• Preloading
• Stiffness of bearings
• Operation under varying loads
• Sealing
• Limiting speed
• Standards
• Bearing tolerance

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 Roller Bearings
Spherical bearings

Bearing design uses barrel shaped rollers. Spherical roller bearings

combine very high radial load capacity with modest thrust load capacity
and excellent tolerance to misalignment.

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 Bearings
Airframe control bearings – designed to meet the specific needs of the
airframe industry, meets military and national standards.

Designed to carry heavy static Track rollers, withstand heavy

load and will also handle rolling loads.
oscillation or slow rotation.

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 Precision Bearings

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 Precision Bearings – High rpm Applications

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 Mounting Bearings

Pillow Block Flange

Common mounting, inner ring Alternative method, inner ring is Two-bearing mounting
held in position by nuts threaded press fitted onto the shaft.
onto the shaft.
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 Comparison of Ball Bearings

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I. Ball Bearing: Outer
race

• Ball Bearing
• Incorporates hardened steel
balls
• Steel balls geometrically
contact inner and outer race at
a point
• This creates high stresses
locally

seals Inner race

www.duratrax.com
cage
 Ball Bearings

How to Assemble
-Inner race press fit onto
shaft shoulder (FN1, FN2)
-Assembly slides into
housing (RC2) between outer
race and housing
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