Chemistry Investigatory Project Darsh Jain

St Paul School
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Chemistry project
on:
Saturated Solutions:
Measuring Solubility
Index
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Objective
4. Introduction
5. Basicconcepts
6. MaterialsandEquipment
7. ExperimentalProcedure
8. Observation
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9. Conclusion
10. Result
11. Precautions
12. Bibliography
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Darsh Jain a student

of class 12 A has successfully completed
his chemistry project on saturated
solutions under the guidance of Mrs.
Srikumari Dinesh.
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School seal Signature of principal
Signature of External Signature of Teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge my sincere

thanks to our respected chemistry
teacher Mrs.Srikumari Dinesh for her
remarkable,valuableguidanceandsupervisi
onthroughout the project work. I ' m also
most indebtedto for her encouragement,
help,
suggestionandreadilyhelpfulserviceinperfo
rmingtheexperiment.
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Darsh Jain
Roll No :-
Objective:
Thegoalofthisprojectisto compare
thesolubilitiesofsomecommon chemicals:
• Tablesalt (NaCl)
• Epsomsalts(MgSO4)
• sugar(sucrose,C12H22O11).
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Introduction
A good part of the substances we deal with in daily life, such
asmilk, gasoline, shampoo, wood, steel and air are mixtures.
Whenthe mixture is homogenous, that is to say, when its
componentsare intermingled evenly, it is called a solution. There
are varioustypes of solutions, and these can be categorized by
state (gas,liquid, or solid).
The chart below gives some examples of solutions in

differentstates. Many essential chemical reactions and natural
processesoccurinliquidsolutions,particularlythosecontainingwater(
aqueous solutions) because so many things dissolve in water.
Infact, water is sometimes referred to as the universal solvent.
Theelectrical charges in water molecules help dissolve different
kindsofsubstances.Solutionsformwhentheforceofattractionbetween
solute and solvent is greater than the force of
attractionbetweentheparticlesinthesolute.
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Two examples of such important processes are the uptake
ofnutrients by plants, and the chemical weathering of
minerals.Chemical weathering begins to take place when carbon
dioxide inthe air dissolves in rainwater. A solution called carbonic
acid isformed. The process is then completed as the acidic water
seepsintorocksanddissolvesundergroundlimestone deposits.
Sometimes, the dissolving of soluble minerals in rocks can
evenleadto theformationof caves.
TypesofSolutions
Stateof Stateof Stateof
Solute Solvent Solution
Air, natural gas gas gas
gasAlcohol in
liquid liquid liquid
water,antifreeze
Brass, solid solid solid
steelCarbonated
gas liquid liquid
water,soda
Sea
solid liquid liquid
1
water,sugarsolutio
n
Hydrogeninplatinum gas solid solid
If one takes a moment to consider aqueous solutions, one
quicklyobservesthattheyexhibitmanyinterestingproperties.Forexa
mple, the tap water in your kitchen sink does not freeze
atexactly0°C.Thisisbecausetapwater isnot purewater; itcontains
dissolved solutes. Some tap water, commonly known ashard
water, contains mineral solutes such as calcium
carbonate,magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and iron sulfate.
Anotherinterestingsolutionpropertyisexhibitedwithsaltandice.
Another example comes from the fact that salt is spread on
icecollectedonroadsinwinters.Whentheicebeginstomelt,thesaltdisso
lvesinthewaterandformssaltwater.Thereasonisthat with the adition
of salt the melting point of water increasesandas aresultthesnow
melts awayfaster.
Even some organisms have evolved to survive freezing

watertemperatures with natural "antifreeze." Certain arctic fish
haveblood containing a high concentration of a specific protein.
Thisprotein behaves like a solute in a solution and lowers the
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freezingpoint of the blood. Going to the other end of the
spectrum, onecan also observe that the boiling point of a solution
is affected bythe addition of a solute. These two properties,
namely freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation, are
called colligativeproperties (properties that depend on the number
of molecules,butnot on theirchemical nature).
Removing snow from

blockedroads. Before manually
removingit, salt is spread on the
snow covertoease the job.
BasicConcepts
A saturated solution is a mixture in which no more solute can
bepractically dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature. It is
saidpractical because theoretically infinite amount of solute can
beadded to a solvent, but after a certain limit the earlier
dissolvedsoluteparticlesstartrearrangingandcomeoutataconstantra
te. Hence overall it appears that no solute is dissolved after
agiven amount of solute is dissolved. This is known as a
saturatedsolution.
In an unsaturated solution, if solute is dissolved in a solvent

thesolute particles dissociate and mix with the solvent without
there-arrangementofearlierdissolvedsolute particles.
Solubility depends on various factors likethe Ksp of thesalt,bond

strength between the cation and anion, covalency of
thebond,extentofinterandintramolecularhydrogenbonding,polarity,
dipole moment etc. Out of these the concepts of H-bonding,
covalency, ionic bond strength and polarity play a majorroleif
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wateris taken as asolvent.
Also physical conditions like temperature and pressure also

playvery important roles as they affect the kinetic energy of
themolecules.
MaterialsandEquipment
To do this experiment following

materials andequipment
arerequired:
• Distilledwater
• Metricliquidmeasuringcup(orgra
duatedcylinder)
• Threecleanglassjarsorbeakers
• Non-iodizedtable salt(NaCl)
• Epsomsalts(MgSO4)
• Sugar(sucrose,C12H22O11)
• Disposableplasticspoons
• Thermometer
• Threeshallowplatesorsaucers
• Oven
• Electronickitchenbalance(accurateto0.1g)
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ExperimentalProcedure
DeterminingSolubility
1. Measure100mLofdistilledwaterandpourintoaclean,emptybeaker
or jar.
2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out the suggested amount

(seebelow)of thesolutetobetested.
a. 50gNon-iodizedtablesalt(NaCl)
b. 50 gEpsomsalts(MgSO4)
c. 250gSugar(sucrose,C12H22O11)
3. Add a small amount of the solute to the water and stir with
acleandisposablespoonuntil dissolved.
4. Repeatthisprocess,alwaysaddinga
smallamountuntilthesolutewillnolongerdissolve.
5. Weightheamountofsoluteremainingtodeterminehowmuchwasa
ddedtothesolution.
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6. Tryandaddmoresoluteatthesametemperatureandobservechang
esif any.
7. Nowheatthesolutionsandaddmoresolutetothesoluti
ons.
Observations:
Salt Amount of Molesdissolved

saltdissolved in
100mLwater to
makesaturatedsolu
tion.
NaCl(Non- 36.8grams 0.7

iodizedcommonsa
lt)
MgSO4 32.7grams 0.255
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C12H22O11(sucrose) 51.3grams 0.15
Adding more solute at the same
temperature to the saturatedsolutions
yielded no significant changes in NaCl
and Epsom salt.Howerver at all
temperatures the saturation point of
sucrosecould not be obtained exactly
as due to the large size of
themolecule the solution became
thick and refraction was
moreprominent. Neglecting this
observation in the room for error,
theexperimentsagreedwiththetheory.
Addingmoresolutetoheatedsolutionsinc
reasedthesolubilityinall the 3 cases.
The largest incrrease was shown by
NaCl,followed by Epsom salt and
sucrose. These facts too agreed
withthetheoryasathightemperaturesth
ekineticeneryofmoleculesincreasesand
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thecollisionsaremore effective.
Conclusions:
The solubility of NaCl is the

highest as it an ionic salt and
easilydissociates in water. Also
since the size of both the cation
andanion are small, the collisions
are more and hence probability
ofdissociation is high. The
solubility of MgSO4 is also high as
it isalso an ionic salt, but due to a
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larger anion, collisions are
notveryeffective.ThesolubilityofC12
H22O11istheleastasitaverylarge
molecule due to which hydrogen
bonding with the watermolecules
is not very effective. Also due to
the large number ofcarbon and
oxygen atoms, inter molecular H-
bonding is moredominant
thanintramolecular H-bonding.
SolutionofNaCl(actualphoto)
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Solutionofscucrose MgSO4solution(unsaturatedand
Precautions:
1. Whileaddingthesolutetothesolvent,thesolutionsho
uldbestirredslowlyso asto
avoidtheformationofanyglobules.
2. Stirringshouldnotbevigorousasthekineticenergyoft
hemoleculesmight changedueto whichsolubility
canincrease.
3. While stirring, contact with the walls of the
container should
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beavoidedaswitheverycollision,animpulseisgenera
tedwhichmakesthe dissolved solute particles
rearrange themselves. As a
resultsolubilitycandecrease.
4. Thetemperaturewhileconductingallthethreeexper
imentsshouldbeapproximatelysame.
^5. Epsom salt should be first dried in order to remove
the water ofcrystallization(MgSO4.7H2O).
Result:
ThesaturatedsolutionsofNaCl,MgSO4andC1
2H22O11weremadeandobserved. The
observations agreed with the related
theory within therangeof
experimentalerror.
Bibliography:
1.www.icbse.com
2.www.chrome.com
3.www.chemistryproject.com
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St Paul School

This is to certify that Darsh Jain a student

School seal Signature of principal

Signature of External Signature of Teacher

I gratefully acknowledge my sincere

The chart below gives some examples of solutions in

Even some organisms have evolved to survive freezing

Removing snow from

In an unsaturated solution, if solute is dissolved in a solvent

Solubility depends on various factors likethe Ksp of thesalt,bond

Also physical conditions like temperature and pressure also

To do this experiment following

2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out the suggested amount

Salt Amount of Molesdissolved

NaCl(Non- 36.8grams 0.7

MgSO4 32.7grams 0.255

The solubility of NaCl is the

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