2022 IoT Wireless 5G EMC Guide

PRESENTED BY
2022
IoT, WIRELESS, 5G
EMC GUIDE
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2022 IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 5
MIKE VIOLETTE, P.E.
Director, American Certification Body and Washington Labs
IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC Suppliers Matrix 7
Telecommunication Testing on Relevant RF Components 10

AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation
The Internet of Things, Wireless and Security 13

MIKE VIOLETTE, P.E.
For Remote Patient Monitoring Systems, Wireless 15

Coexistence Can Be Lifesaving
NASEEF MAHMUD
Rohde & Schwarz
REFERENCE SECTION 20
IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC Standards 20
IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC Groups & Organizations 21
Useful Wireless References 23
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS 26
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INTRODUCTION
A Short Perspective on our

Industry: IoT, Wireless and
Security
Mike Violette, P.E.
Progress works out to be about 20 dB/decade, a familiar slope in our trade.
The term “The Internet of Things” is a concept that went from a novel (like Bitcoin or Streaming or something similar)
to a phrase that is as household as a Spying Siri or an Alert Alexa.
Way back, when I was a green engineer, the nominal upper frequency for testing of PCs and the like was 1 GHz. System
clocks ticked along at a blistering 25 MHz. Jump a generation and the talk is in the THz, which is a nominal 1000-
fold increase in frequency, or to the logarithmically inclined, an increase in 60dBGHz which works out, throughout
my career, an increase of about 20dB/decade indicating an exponential increase in operating frequencies, which
goes with a plethora of design challenges, ever higher data rates, spectrum expansion and the potential for interfer-
ence, not to mention the need to making measurements of this stuff.
Staring at the green pre-LED phosphor-painted wiggles on our trusty HP 8568 spectrum analyzer, we didn’t see much
“up there” as most of the mush from the early machines of the x86 family of microprocessors petered out above a few
hundreds of MHz. (Historical note, initial versions of Intel’s offerings appeared as 8086 and 8088. **The 4044 being
the first commercially-available 4-bit µP** As the speeds/densities increased, Intel released models numbered 80286,
80386 and 80486 and finally said “Heck with it, let’s stop at ‘5’ and call it PENTIUM.) Of course, this was about 26
dByears ago (ah, refer to previous footnote regards liberal use of the dB acronym), as many advances in processor
technology have occurred. Currently, the Pentium product is nominally an entry- to mid-range processor—Intel’s
“Core” offerings are the current high-end data workhorses.
Now, embedded designs, agile software-defined radios, multi-function chipsets and networked solutions are the norm.
For Interference Technology’s 2022 IoT, wireless, 5G EMC Guide, this short intro covers a few topics, namely
some thoughts on the Internet of Things, Wireless and Security—all things that designers, test houses/compliance
professional/systems planner have to contend with. The convergence of these ideas and notions has happened
amazingly quickly.
The current generation of IoT consists of numerous applications, from asset-tracking to inventory control, Earth sensing
and geo-location. We have a client that uses low-data rate array of sensors to communicate with a Low Earth Orbit
(LEO) satellite constellation. The ground-based sensors use Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to image the dirt
underneath. These data are relayed to the satellite to provide the image data to geo-physicists for research and
exploration (beats digging up the planet, I guess, and is nominally less intrusive than explosive-based seismic
monitoring or brute-force prospecting). This particular application uses a very low bit rate and burst communications
to the satellites, a good example of “Internet of Space” and the application of sensing to IoT.
1. 1For the mathematically pure, this is not a correct use of the decibel. The next decade, in years, is 10X the current year or about the year 20220, but what the
hey, mixing meanings here, is the author’s prerogative.

On the opposite end of the “spectrum of use” so-to-speak are the SATCOM networks used for broad-access broad-
band internet communications, useful in our busy e-commerce environment and appealing to Tik-Tokers the world-
over (and yes, I am guilty of hours of “swiping up” to the next silly video). Various contenders use LEO and GEO orbits
for data delivery.
IoT is a medium of many forms and, really, has been around for many decades. Expect more…
Wireless Applications are proliferating profusely. 5G is pretty common nowadays and rapidly spreading. 6G is next
(and being adopted in various guises)—the “G” having nothing to do with frequency, but about performance metrics,
data delivery and access, and marketing. The exciting part of this area of technology is the upper-push into the GHz+
space. Various stakeholders are working and competing in this arena are across the industry and government. One
common link to these activities is the mmWave Coalition https://mmwavecoalition.org/ which is an advocacy group for
spectrum access for industry and academia. Incumbents include government users and space-exploration advocates.
Careful accommodation of the various users of the spectrum is a key goal.
The tricky part of these frequencies are the milli-meter wave measurements that need to be quantified (for performance
and regulatory purposes). As a test lab, we are continuously challenged to make the most-accurate measurements
possible. The real tricky part of these measurements are the very fine-beamwidths that are affiliated with the physics of
the propagation of small-wavelength signals (and noise). Tiny displacements of device arrangement and measurement
probes make a huge difference in performance and quantification. I think of these subtleties as the precision needed to
focus a magnifying glass to a fine point to scorch a leaf or burn a piece of paper. Millimeters matter.
Layered atop these implementations of IoT and wireless application are the real concerns about security. The actions
of bad-actors, state-sponsored and sophisticated bandits, lays a heavy cold blanket atop the promise of more access
and functionality of our data-driven world.
For device suppliers with a European market (CE Marking, UKCA), a cyber-requirement is emerging under the Radio
Equipment Directive (RED). The implementation of cyber-protections is emerging and will require compliance with
Article 3.3(d), (e) and (f). A useful guide can be found here: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/33162
EMC, in its traditional sense, has morphed to cover layers of the physical and software world. As the world becomes
more complex and intertwined, the EMC engineer needs to be a “Swiss-Army” engineer with multiple tools to assist
clients and maintain proficiency in our fast-changing industry

WIRELESS & IoT EMC SUPPLIERS MATRIX
INTRODUCTION
There are two main categories of equipment in this handy supplier guide: EMI troubleshooting & measurement equipment
and direction finding equipment.
EMI troubleshooting and measurement equipment includes spectrum analyzers, near field probes, current probes, antennas,
and other pre-compliance equipment.
Direction finding (or DFing) equipment usually includes specialized portable, mobile, or base station spectrum analyzers with
custom antennas and mapping software especially designed for locating interfering sources.
Wireless & IoT EMC Supplier Matrix Type of Equipment
Spectrum Analyzers /
Portable DF Systems
Pre-Compliance Test
Mobile DF Systems
Near Field Probes
Fixed DF Systems
Current Probes
Manufacturer Contact Information - URL Amplifiers
Receivers
Antennas
360Compliance www.360compliance.co/ X
Aaronia AG www.aaronia.com X X X X X X X
Alaris Antennas www.alarisantennas.com X
Anritsu Company www.anritsu.com X X
Avalon Test
Equipment Corp www.avalontest.com X X X X X X X
CommsAudit www.commsaudit.com/products/ X X X X
Doppler Systems www.dopsys.com X X X X
The EMC Shop www.theemcshop.com X X X X X X
Gauss Instruments www.gauss-instruments.com/en/ X
Intertek www.intertek.com X
Kent Electronics www.wa5vjb.com X

Wireless & IoT EMC Supplier Matrix Type of Equipment
Spectrum Analyzers /
Portable DF Systems
Pre-Compliance Test
Mobile DF Systems
Near Field Probes
Fixed DF Systems
Current Probes
Manufacturer Contact Information - URL
Amplifiers
Receivers
Antennas
Keysight Technologies www.keysight.com X X X
Morcom International www.morcom.com/direction_finding_systems.html X X
MPB srl www.gruppompb.uk.com X X X X
MVG, Inc www.mvg-world.com/en X X X
Narda/PMM www.narda-sts.it X X X X
Pearson Electronics www.pearsonelectronics.com X
RDF Antennas www.rdfantennas.com X
RDF Products www.rdfproducts.com X X X
Rhotheta America www.rhothetaint.com X X X
Rigol Technologies www.rigolna.com X X X X
R&K Company Limited www.rk-microwave.com X
Rohde & Schwarz USA, www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/ X X X X X X X X X

Inc.
Siglent Technologies www.siglentna.com X X
Signal Hound www.signalhound.com X X
SPX/TCI www.spx.com X X X X X
SteppIR Communication
Systems www.steppir.com X
TechComm www.techcommdf.com X X X X X
Tektronix www.tek.com X X X X X
Teseq www.teseq.com/en/index.php X X X
Thurlby Thandar www.aimtti.us X X

(AIM-TTi)
TMD Technologies www.tmd.co.uk X
UST www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/company/marshall-radio-telemetry/ X X

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TELECOMMUNICATION TESTING ON
RELEVANT RF COMPONENTS
AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation
The telecom industry has undergone rapid development

in the past several decades. Digital communications
methods have advanced, requiring increased band-
width and frequency coverage. This advancement has
complicated an RF measurement system’s capability to
accurately characterize system components. The 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) provides mod-
ern broadband mobile communication guidance. This
development is chronicled in the evolutionary steps
known as 2G, 3G, 4G, and now to the 5G stage cur-
rently being launched. A review of how the air interface
layer changed through this evolution will help explain Figure 1: CDMA Transmitter Fundamentals Block Diagram
how measurement systems often need to be upgraded
to meet the new performance criteria.
1.0 2nd Generation

2G modulation was the early format to move from an-
alog modulation to digital modulation schemes. And
building off of analog bandwidth and frequency cover- Figure 2: 2G vs. 3G Channel Bandwidth
age, the only thing to be added within the measurement
system was time domain considerations to match the
modulations transmitter gating.
2.0 3rd Generation

3G represented a significant advancement in digital
communication. Military developments in spread spec-
trum technology spun off into the commercial space
leading to Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Figure 3: Power/Frequency Spectrum of an Orthogonal Modulated Carrier
and the higher data rate wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 2, this scheme
3G RF measurement systems could no longer use tradi-
used a Pseudorandom number waveform (PN) and
tional CW techniques used for many decades as these
quadrature modulation that required more bandwidth
cannot accurately represent wideband orthogonal
than the previous 2G channels. Additionally, the or-
modulation. Consequently, significant investment was
thogonal modulation used has extensive peak power
required in both signal generation and signal analysis.
excursions, seen in Figure 3.
Vector signal generators are required along with signal
analyzers capable of demodulation and spectral mea-
surements such as Adjacent Channel Power (ACP),

Spectral Emissions Mask (SEM), and Error Vector

Magnitude (EVM), as seen in Figure 4. * Due to a de-
mand for more spectrum for broadband mobile com-
munication, moving to 3G increased the spectrum from
450 MHz to 6 GHz.
Figure 5: 3G Measurement System
The signal generator is a significant upgrade from 2G

capable models. These Vector Signal Generators (VSG)
employ arbitrary waveform generation (ARB) and I/Q
modulation capability. The ARB sample rate determines
the bandwidth potential, which must exceed the channel
bandwidth of the desired 3G signal, which is a maximum
of 5 MHz. Due to the very high peak to average power
excursions of 3G modulation, the linear output power of
the signal generator is often limited. A pre-amplifier is
required to provide nondistorted signals to the Device
Under Test (DUT).
Figure 4: 3G Measurements
* Concurrent with 3G development were advances in For the pre-amplifier, a Class A amplifier is the best
fixed wireless technology commonly called WIFI/WLAN. choice. Its frequency range should be broad enough
This also uses orthogonal modulation and uses the s to cover the entire 3G spectrum and be able to provide
the additional non-distorted signal required by the DUT.
Since DUT failures may present a very high mismatch,
An example of a 3G RF measurement system is shown the amplifier should be ruggedized to 100% return power
in Figure 5. This type of setup is used to characterize
the RF components in the 3G radio head. It consists of The power supply is used for active device bias, which
a multichannel power supply for active devices, a signal is a simple but vital part of the RF test bench. Current
generator capable of vector modulation, and a spectrum sense lines must be employed to compensate for volt-
analyzer. Network analyzers may also be capable of 3G age drops on high current devices. Overvoltage limiting
modulation/analysis and S-Parameter measurement. is desired to protect the DUT from overvoltage transients.
The DUT, if active, should use bypass capacitance on the

test circuit board, which will supply surge current energy

for RF bursts and peak-to-peak power excursions. For

precise efficiency calculations, a directional coupler and
power meter are used to determine the exact power at
the output of the DUT calculations.
In addition to covering the 3G frequency + harmonics, the Figure 7: 5G Frequency Spectrum

spectrum analyzer may be configured for predefined
measurements based on 3GPP specification. If EVM is
measured, a vector demodulation option is required.
3.0 4th Generation

4G, otherwise known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), in-
creases channel bandwidth to 20 MHz per channel and
can include 5 contiguous channels to 100 MHz total
bandwidth. Figure 6. The RF test bench remains much
the same, with the exception that the VSG must increase
ARB bandwidth to greater than 100 MHz.
Figure 6: 3G vs. 4G Channel Bandwidth
4.0 5th Generation

5G is a paradigm in mobile communications. More than
a simple evolution, this generation introduces new pro-
tocols and is called New Radio (NR). Significant increas- Figure 8: 5G RF Test Bench
es in bandwidth and latency are keystones for this new
standard. Overcrowding in the current 3GPP spectrum
designated as Frequency Range 1 (FR1) and bandwidth Conclusion
requirements has pushed the upper-frequency range The history of evolving wireless communications has
(FR2) to 24.25 – 52.600 GHz, as shown in Figure 6. FR1 shown a continuing need to upgrade measurement sys-
measurement systems will overlap 4G system capability. tems. As we continue to evolve within the telecom in-
However, the move to FR2 with a bandwidth up to 400 dustry, and it is expected that this requirement will con-
MHz will require significant investment in new measure- tinue. The frequency spectrum and bandwidth will only
ment systems capable of those high frequencies. Test increase. Test specifications will mandate additional
equipment manufacturers are developing test equipment changes to required test equipment. Capital investment
and methods to alleviate the considerable cost of a new in new equipment should be expected to keep up with
test bench. These methods may include a box solution the ever-changing demand for more data bandwidth.
capable of making all the RF measurements, including
saturation, Intermodulation Distortion (IMD), and S-Pa-
rameters. RF cables and connectors must be low loss
and length minimized. On-chip antennas will require an
Over the Air (OTA) test chamber, seen in Figure 7.

THE INTERNET OF THINGS, WIRELESS AND

SECURITY
Mike Violette, P.E.
SUMMARY
This article gives an overview of international and domestic efforts to protect our connected world. These efforts
will be ongoing in perpetuity as the world becomes more complex, more risky and increasing exposed to many
varieties of threats.
Across the Pond effort, the North Korean government recruits talented
The European Union (and UK) are actively addressing programmers and then gives them intense training runs
the security of wireless devices, as outlined under the targeted campaigns of extortion, often under severe
Radio Equipment Directive (RED). The Directive, one duress to the programmers that include threats to fam-
of many that affects electronics devices, has a specific ilies and close ones if the programmers don’t deliver.
provision that is going to be enacted in the near very
near future. Manufacturers and test labs (and Notified So there is much discussion in many industries of the
Bodies) need to be prepared to manage an important ways to secure the networks. In the US, the National
clause in the RED. Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has de-
veloped a Cybersecurity Framework that provides guid-
The need is obvious: in our connected world, more In- ance to organizations (both at the Federal and Private
ternet of Things (IoT) devices are being hooked up to Industry level) with “standards, guidelines and best
networks, other devices and critical infrastructure. They practices to manage cybersecurity risk.2 These are
are increasingly vulnerable to attacks from many cor- not mandated, at the present, with some exceptions for
ners of the internet. For instance, in our work, nearly Federal Government purchasing guidelines, witness
every device has a wireless feature implementing all the prohibition of acquisition of products from certain
manner of IEEE 802.11 standards for WiFi, Bluetooth, companies that have been implicated in IP theft or oth-
as well as other applications for radar, sensing and other breaches of trust.
er uses of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Add Wireless to the mix, and the cracks in the wall of
The May 10, 2021 hacking of the Colonial Pipeline by security get wider.
bad actors, especially during these turbulent and fraught
times, made the US Federal Government to issue an At the present, the European Union is implementing se-
emergency declaration. This, coupled with work done by curity measures for wireless devices. There have been
others in the industry point to the fragile nature of our provisions in the RED for security.
infrastructure where penetration into networks is nothing
new. The full legalese of the Article that addresses security is
embedded here: RE Directive. Without repeating the full
Many other alarming examples exist across the world text of the Article, the key elements that industry is (al-
and across cyber-verse. In April of 2021 The New ready) considering are under the following Articles:
Yorker1 published an amazing exposé of North Korea’s
state-sponsored hacking and blackmailing operations Article 3.1
that squeeze billions of dollars from banks, corpora- (a) Health and safety
tions and other institutions—representing a significant (b) EMC
contribution to the country’s coffers. In an ongoing

Article 3.2 Radio spectrum efficiency pre-amble to the document stating:
Article 3. Radio equipment within certain categories or “Whereas:

classes shall be so constructed that it complies with the 1. Protection of the network or its functioning from
following essential requirements: harm, protection of personal data and privacy of
(a)-(c): Inter-compatibility/functionality provisions the user and of the subscriber and protection from
fraud are elements that support protection against
Until now, most of the work on radio devices looked at cybersecurity risks.
the above provisions as it relates to device compliance
to the above Articles 3.1 and 3.2(a)-(c). The regulation specifies that harmonized ENs should be
published by 12 June 2023. Full implementation is spec-
It’s starting to get a little interesting with the following ified to be before the end of 2024, with some phase-out
provisions under Article 3.3(d)(e) and (f), here: periods of products already in the pipeline.
Article 3.3 (d): radio equipment does not harm the net- Not to exclude other important clauses, they must be
work or its functioning nor misuse network resources, mentioned. Notably there is much discussion about Arti-
thereby causing an unacceptable degradation of service; cle 3.3(g) that covers access to emergency services (911
in the US, 112 in Europe) and Article 3.3(i) which pro-
Article 3.3 (e): radio equipment incorporates safeguards tects users with disabilities. Finally, Article 3.3(j) which
to ensure that the personal data and privacy of the user mandates controls on software loaded onto devices that
and of the subscriber are protected; may otherwise compromise the compliance (this Article
could be construed as to having cyber-implications as
and devices are increasingly connected to the Cloud for per-
formance and functional updates and could be compro-
Article 3.3 (f): radio equipment supports certain features mised in some way).
ensuring protection from fraud;
It must be noted that, like all the European Directives,
The above clauses are commonly-viewed as the “cyber- there are broad performance requirements in these Ar-
security clauses” and there is further guidance from the ticles and clauses. It is up to the standards bodies to
EU forthcoming. develop criteria and procedures for these assessments
and at the present time, the standards and protocols for
As yet, there are no harmonized standards that have assessment of “Cyber-resilience” are largely lacking.
been published to guide evaluations of devices. This This should change soon as schemes get rolled out by
leaves the interpretation of these requirements with the the accreditation bodies, specifiers (such as customers
Notified Bodies (and others). and governments) and others in the industry.
However, on 12 January 2022, the EU Com published The bad guys are busy. The compliance community has
the Delegated Regulation implementing EU RED Art 3.3 a large role in evaluation and helping manufacturers se-
d), e), f) covering Cyber Security. lect effective and reasonable protections.
The legal date is comes into effect is 1 August 2023 with

compliance by manufacturers by 1 August 2023 with the

FOR REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING

SYSTEMS, WIRELESS COEXISTENCE
CAN BE LIFESAVING
Naseef Mahmud
Rohde & Schwarz

The demand for wireless medical applications such as tients between locations while continuing monitoring is
remote patient monitoring, real-time diagnostic analysis, also a great deal easier.
smart surgical systems, and implantable sensors have
grown significantly over the last couple of years. Thanks to How Do Remote Patient Monitors Transmit Data?
implanted medical devices, many patients live an almost Typically, a wireless medical device utilizes both the
normal life without having their mobility compromised. 400 MHz MedRadio band and the 2.4 GHz MBAN band.
Popular implants include cardiac pacemakers, implant- The sensor data and control data is sent back and forth
able defibrillators, nerve stimulators (functional electrical on different frequency bands. Increasingly, state-of-
stimulation, FES), bladder stimulators, implantable infu- the-art patient medical devices are taking advantage of
sion pumps, biomonitoring devices such as the capsule commercial standardized technologies such as WLAN,
endoscope and implantable drug delivery systems. A pa- Bluetooth®, Zigbee operating in the unlicensed ISM
tient’s quality of life is vastly improved by implants using band. In certain applications, depending on the data
wireless communication; the risk of inflammation and in- rate requirements, where mobility is required, LTE or
fection, often caused by connecting wires and tubes, is LPWAN (LORA & Sigfox) based implementations are
greatly reduced, as well as being much more convenient. also gaining popularity.
The wireless medical device segment that has seen A WRPM gathers the patient’s vital signs data (such as
perhaps the biggest jump in demand in recent years body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate and blood
is remote patient monitoring. One of the biggest driv- pressure) from wired measurement sensors and then
er of the soaring demand is a perhaps the pandemic wirelessly transfers the data via the Wi-Fi access point
and the due to its nature, healthcare is invariably un- to the health care facility’s server system for storage at
derstaffed with the largest shortages in trained nurses a central location. Medical personnel can then tap into
and doctors. Wireless remote patient monitors (WRPM) the patient health status data by accessing it from the
can augment conventional electrical monitoring devic- relevant server location using a networked connection.
es to help reduce direct contact with individual patients Figure 1 shows the intended WRPM architecture in a
while a doctor can still monitor the vital conditions at hospital environment.
all times. WRPM also enable a doctor to monitor multi-
ple patients at the same time remotely, thus freeing up Future versions of WRPM systems will also support
valuable time to attend to the needs of the patients who Bluetooth®-based vital condition data gathering, which
need immediate attention. Not to mention, WRPM give means that the sensors will communicate with the
the patient far greater freedom of mobility by removing WRPM wirelessly and allow the patient with even more
the danger of getting entangled with wires. Moving pa- mobility and comfort.
Figure 1: Hospital operating architecture for wireless patient monitoring.

RF Spectrum and Interference rate means the monitoring stations does not receive the
A WRPM is mostly used in a hospital. Nevertheless, patient health information instantly but with an added
there is a broad range of potential use cases that in- time delay. In the worst case, medical personnel are
cludes elderly care homes, military & defense appli- not informed about life-threatening changes in the vital
cations and in some cases even at a patient’s home. conditions at all.
This means that the devices are subjected to very dif-
ferent environments for Radio Frequency (RF) trans- What can be done to protect WRPM from interfer-
missions. In many day-to-day environments, there is ence signals?
an abundance of wireless electronic gadgets, most Even though LTE is designed with interference mitiga-
of which also operate using licensed and un-licensed tion algorithms to identify and avoid blockers, WLAN re-
technologies such as Bluetooth®, WLAN, cellular mo- ceivers mostly suffer in the presence of one or multiple
bile radio, etc. Depending on the density of connected blockers. Therefore, the best approach is to design ro-
devices, the RF environment gets very noisy, particu- bust receivers with good filtering capabilities. In order to
larly since the most data-hungry radio products oper- ensure receiver robustness for wireless medical devices
ate in the ISM unlicensed bands; normally using the in the US, the FDA recommends product compliance ac-
2.4 GHz frequency band. cording to the ANSI C63.27 and AAMI TIR69 standards
to ensure minimum performance.
WRPM is exposed to a variety of RF environments de-
pending not just on the application. If we consider just However, technology evolves much faster than stan-
the hospital application use case, depending on the lo- dards. It is therefore important in the product develop-
cation of the hospital, the RF environment differs quite ment phase to select test methods that future-proof a
a bit as well. A hospital in a big city usually sees more product for its lifetime. A failing product even a few years
patients, and has more staff members and visitors than after market placement can still hurt the brand reputation
one in a rural location. In the big hospital in a city, more and can be subjected to heavy fines and penalties.
people bring in more mobile phones, smart watches,
wireless car key fobs, Bluetooth® headphones, and so Regulatory Requirements for Wireless Remote Patient
on. All these devices transmit signals in the same fre- Monitoring Devices
quency band at which the WRPM also operates. The The ANSI C63.27 specification is the only standard
microwave in the staff kitchen also radiates high levels focused towards wireless coexistence testing. It is a
of RF energy at 2.4 GHz. In addition, there is bound to mandatory requirement in the US, relevant devices
be a high-powered LTE Base station tower nearby that must be complaint according to the guidelines provid-
could also act as an interference source for the WRPM ed in the standard. Canada, the EU and APAC coun-
and further complicate the coexistence challenge. Most tries do not have any special requirements for medical
hospital IT systems prefer to run regular system up- devices to be specifically wireless coexistence compli-
dates wirelessly in the night since the RF spectrum is ant. By the end of 2020, there will be 20 Billion wire-
relatively “less busy”. Nevertheless, this also acts as an less connected products. This means that, with the
interference source for the WRPM. growing number of wireless products crowding the RF
spectrum, hospital authorities have more confidence
What happens if there is a source interfering the in products that can demonstrate interference robust-
communication of the WRPM? ness due to compliance to a certified and recognized
The sources of the interference signals are smartphones, standard (i.e. the ANSI C63.27 guidelines). All hos-
smart watches, smart home appliances, IoT devices(smart pital administrators are interested in conformance to
tooth brush, smart lights etc), WLAN routers, car doors guidelines as a way of reducing legal liability in case
openers etc, which are running cellular and non-cellular of product failure that can be traced back to a wireless
services such as Bluetooth®, WiFi hotspot services etc. coexistence issue.
Not to forget, medical devices may be also be subjected
to intentional jamming attacks. Thorough Testing Will Save Lives
The ANSI C63.27 standard describes wireless coex-
When there is an interference source operating at the istence test using four different types of test setup.
exact same frequency (i.e. overlapping RF interfer- The most reproducible and realistic way of testing any
ence signals) as that of the WRPM, the data transfer wireless receiver is by performing radiated over-the-air
between the WRPM and the server will become slower (OTA) testing inside fully anechoic chambers.
(i.e the data rate of the transmission will drop). In the
extreme worst case, the communication will completely A test plan needs to be generated that takes into con-
break down and absolutely no data will be transferred. sideration the risk assessment analysis for the product
If the interference signal is on an adjacent frequen- based on the intended use case. A product that is cat-
cy channel than depending on the power level of the egorized as high risk (i.e. in the case of malfunctioning
blocker, the data rate will also be lower. A drop in data due to a coexistence-related issue, resulting in bodily

harm to the patient) needs to be tested using a more device (such as 3G, 4G, 5G, Bluetooth®, WLAN, Zig-
sophisticated interference strategy that better simu- Bee). Such a radio communication tester is an extreme-
lates real world worst-case conditions. The risk assess- ly powerful instrument since it can be used to replicate
ment should take into account the wireless technology the hospital network, and it gives the user full control
supported by the device, including the frequency and over the RF parameter configuration of the intended
the exact bands supported as well as channels avail- network. Additionally, it also includes the ability to moni-
able on the radio module. The worst-case operating tor various functional wireless performance parameters
condition needs to be defined for the product itself and such as data throughput, PER, BLER, as well as track
a method of evaluating the functional wireless perfor- IP packet data flowing through the network. Additional-
mance (FWP) in both ideal and worst-case operating ly, it is possible to measure IP security with this device.
environment. The risk assessment outcome dictates Figure 2 shows how a radio communication tester can
how stringent the test for compliance needs to be. simulate a commercial access point and replicate a real
world network in a controlled testing environment. The
The T&M challenges include, firstly, recreating the baseline FWP is determined in ideal conditions without
electro-magnetic environment applicable for the prod- any interference signals present using this setup.
uct’s intended use while performing coexistence tests
to monitor the defined functional wireless performance Depending on the risk categorization of the medical de-
(FWP) in a controlled measurement area. Secondly, vice being tested, the number of interference signals need
receiver robustness and application level testing for to be adjusted. For ANSI C63.27 compliance testing, up
intentional and unintentional frequency jamming using to three interference signal sources are recommended.
realistic interference signals in a repeatable manner. However, given the vast number of technologies and the
quantity of interference sources (smartphones, smart
Test & Measurement Solution watches, etc.) around us, it is recommended for R&D
The ideal solution includes a radio communication tes- labs to test using an even higher number of interference
ter, which can emulate all the wireless network technol- sources, in order to fully characterize the WRPM device
ogies present in the typical working environment for the performance when the receiver is in a “fully stressed” RF
Figure 2: Replicating the hospital operating environment in the lab

Figure 3: Test setup for performing radiated wireless coexistence testing for wireless remote patient monitoring devices
operating environment. Figure 3 shows a test setup with phone to collect live data in order to monitor audio and
an interference station with up to eight fully calibrated video performance.
interference sources. Vector signal generators are used
for generating interference signals, and should be capa- It needs to be mentioned that additional power ampli-
ble of generating wideband-modulated signals, and able fiers and high gain directional horn antennas are re-
to flexibly adjust to the center frequency and the output quired in order of boost up the signal level from the de-
power level of the unintended signals. vice under test as required; for the inspection software
to work properly, illumination may also be required. The
While performing coexistence testing, it is important to entire test is performed inside a fully anechoic chamber
monitor the RF spectrum, as is listed as a mandatory in order to block out all electromagnetic signals from
step in the standard. A swept-tuned spectrum analyzer the surrounding environment and make the coexistence
is adequate, but in some cases a real-time spectrum measurement fully controlled and re-reproducible.
analyzer may also be required if very fast digital signals
need to be captured. Almost all WRPM come with a A fully compliant product gives its users more confi-
display screen and a built-in loudspeaker system as an dence. In this modern connected world and with more
integral part of the functionality. An inspection software and more connected products joining the ecosystem
can be used to detect and monitor video and audio re- every day, we should test medical products today using
lated parameters. The inspection software automates the RF spectral reality of tomorrow, in order to future
the detection process and also removes human errors proof the wireless performance of a device throughout
completely from the display monitoring. Figure 3 shows its life time.
the R&S®AdVISE inspection software, a powerful T&M
tool that uses any USB based HD webcam and micro-

IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC STANDARDS
ETSI STANDARDS
https://www.etsi.org
Document Number Title
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range

ETSI EN 300 220 Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1,000 MHz frequency
range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Wideband

transmission systems; Data transmission equipment operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM
ETSI EN 300 328
band and using wide band modulation techniques; Harmonized EN covering essential
requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices
ETSI EN 300 330 (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 9 kHz to 25 MHz frequency range and
inductive loop systems in the 9 kHz to 30 MHz frequency range
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices
ETSI EN 300 440
(SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency range
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Electromagnetic

ETSI EN 301 489-3 Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 3: Specific conditions
for Short Range Devices (SRD) operating on frequencies between 9 kHz and 40 GHz
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Electromagnetic

ETSI EN 301 489-17 Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 17: Specific
conditions for Wideband data and HIPERLAN equipment
Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); 5 GHz high performance RLAN; Harmonized
ETSI EN 301 893
EN covering essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
ETSI EN 303 413 GPS receivers
ETSI EN 303 417 Wireless Power Transfer


IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC
GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS
MAJOR WIRELESS/5G/IoT
LINKEDIN GROUPS
• Wireless Telecommunications Worldwide • 802.11 Wireless Professionals

• Cellular, Wireless & Mobile Professionals • Wireless Consultant
• Wireless Communications & Mobile Networks • Telecom & Wireless World
MAJOR IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC ETSI - European Telecommunications

Standards Institute
ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS http://www.etsi.org
We produce globally applicable standards for Information
APCO International & Communications Technologies including fixed, mobile,
https://www.apcointl.org radio, broadcast, internet, aeronautical, and other areas.
APCO International is the world’s oldest and largest or-
ganization of public safety communications professionals NAB - National Association of Broadcasters
and supports the largest U.S. membership base of any http://nab.org
public safety association. It serves the needs of public The National Association of Broadcasters is the voice
safety communications practitioners worldwide–and the for the nation’s radio and television broadcasters. As the
welfare of the general public as a whole–by providing premier trade association for broadcasters, NAB advanc-
complete expertise, professional development, technical es the interests of our members in federal government,
assistance, advocacy and outreach. industry and public affairs; improves the quality and prof-
itability of broadcasting; encourages content and technol-
ATIS ogy innovation; and spotlights the important and unique
http://www.atis.org ways stations serve their communities.
In a rapidly changing industry, innovation needs a home.
ATIS is a forum where the information and communica- Satellite Industry Association
tions technology (ICT) companies convene to find solu- http://www.sia.org
tions to their most pressing shared challenges. The Satellite Industry Association (SIA) is a Washington
D.C. based trade association representing the leading
Bluetooth Special Interest Group global satellite operators, service providers, manufac-
https://www.bluetooth.com turers, launch services providers, and ground equip-
Join thousands of the world’s most innovative companies ment suppliers.
already developing and influencing Bluetooth technology.
Telecommunications Industry Association
CTIA - The Wireless Association http://www.tiaonline.org
http://www.ctia.org The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is
CTIA is an international nonprofit membership organiza- the leading trade association representing the global in-
tion that has represented the wireless communications formation and communications technology (ICT) industry
industry since 1984. The association’s members include through standards development, policy initiatives, business
wireless carriers, device manufacturers, suppliers as well opportunities, market intelligence and networking events.
as apps and content companies. With support from hundreds of members, TIA enhances
the business environment for companies involved in tele-
com, broadband, mobile wireless, information technology,
networks, cable, satellite, unified communications, emer-
gency communications, and the greening of technology.


IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC
GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS (CONTINUED)
Wireless Infrastructure Association (WIA) WiMax Forum

http://wia.org http://wimaxforum.org
The Wireless Infrastructure Association represents the The WiMAX Forum® is an industry-led, not-for-profit orga-
businesses that develop, build, own, and operate the na- nization that certifies and promotes the compatibility and
tion’s wireless infrastructure. interoperability of broadband wireless products based
upon IEEE Standard 802.16. The WiMAX Forum’s pri-
Wireless Innovation Forum mary goal is to accelerate the adoption, deployment, and
http://www.wirelessinnovation.org expansion of WiMAX, AeroMACS, and WiGRID technol-
WInnForum members are dedicated to advocating for ogies across the globe, while facilitating roaming agree-
the innovative use of spectrum and advancing radio ments, sharing best practices within our membership and
technologies that support essential or critical communi- certifying products.
cations worldwide. Through events, committee projects,
and initiatives the Forum acts as the premier venue for its ZigBee Alliance
members to collaborate to achieve these objectives, pro- http://www.zigbee.org
viding opportunities to network with customers, partners Our innovative standards are custom-designed by indus-
and competitors, educate decision makers, develop, and try experts to meet the specific market needs of business-
expand markets, and advance relevant technologies. es and consumers. These market leading standards give
product manufacturers a straightforward way to help their
customers gain greater control of, and even improve, ev-
eryday activities.


USEFUL WIRELESS REFERENCES
WIRELESS WORKING GROUPS ZigBee Alliance
802.11 Working Group The ZigBee Alliance develops standards for low-power
The 802.11 Working Group is responsible for developing wireless monitoring and control products.
wireless LAN standards that provide the basis for Wi-Fi. http://www.zigbee.org
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/
USEFUL WEBSITES
802.15 Working Group ARRL RFI Information
The 802.15 Working Group is responsible for developing http://www.arrl.org/radio-frequency-interference-rfi
wireless PAN standards that provide the basis for
Bluetooth and ZigBee. Jim Brown has several very good articles on RFI,
http://www.ieee802.org/15/ including: A Ham’s Guide to RFI, Ferrites, Baluns, and
Audio Interfacing.
802.16 Working Group www.audiosystemsgroup.com
The 802.16 Working Group is responsible for developing
wireless MAN standards that provide the basis for WiMAX. FCC
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/ http://www.fcc.gov
Bluetooth SIG FCC, Interference with Radio, TV and Telephone

The Bluetooth SIG is responsible for developing wireless Signals
PAN specifications. http://www.fcc.gov/guides/interference-defining-source
https://www.bluetooth.com
IWCE Urgent Communications
Cellular Telecommunications and Internet http://urgentcomm.com has multiple articles on RFI
Association (CTIA)
The CTIA represents cellular, personal communication Jackman, Robin, Measure Interference in Crowded
services, mobile radio, and mobile satellite services over Spectrum, Microwaves & RF Magazine, Sept. 2014.
wireless WANs for service providers and manufacturers. https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/test-measurement-
http://www.ctia.org analyzers/article/21845885/measure-interference-in-
crowded-spectrum
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The FCC provides regulatory for RF systems in the U.S. RFI Services (Marv Loftness) has some
https://www.fcc.gov good information on RFI hunting techniques
www.rfiservices.com
GSM Association
The GSM Association participates in the development TJ Nelson, Identifying Source of Radio Interference
of development of the GSM platform–holds the annual Around the Home, 10/2007
3GSM World Congress. http://randombio.com/interference.html
http://www.gsmworld.com
USEFUL BOOKS
Wi-Fi Alliance Interference Technology Engineer’s Master
The Wi-Fi Alliance develops wireless LAN (“Wi-Fi”) (ITEM) 2022
specifications based on IEEE 802.11 standards and A complete guide full of invaluable EMC directories,
provides compliance testing of Wi-Fi products. standards, formulas, calculators, lists, and “how-to”
http://www.wi-fi.org articles, compiled in easy-to-find formats.
https://learn.interferencetechnology.com/item-2022/
WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum develops wireless MAN standards The ARRL RFI Book (3rd edition)
based on IEEE 802.16 standards and provides Gruber, Michael
compliance testing of WiMAX products. ARRL, 2010.
http://wimaxforum.org


USEFUL BOOKS (CONTINUED) Using Decibels (dB)
AC Power Interference Handbook (2nd edition) The decibel is always a ratio…
Loftness, Marv • Gain = Pout/Pin, where P = power
Percival Publishing, 2001. • Gain(dB) = 10log(Pout / Pin), where P = power
• Gain(dB) = 20log(Vout/Vin), where V = voltage
Transmitter Hunting: Radio Direction • Gain(dB) = 20log(Iout/Iin), where I = current
Finding Simplified
Moell, Joseph and Curlee, Thomas Power Ratios
TAB Books, 1987. 3 dB = double (or half) the power
10 dB = 10X (or /10) the power
Interference Handbook
Nelson, William Voltage/Current Ratios
Radio Publications, 1981. 6 dB = double (or half) the voltage/current
20 dB - 10X (or /10) the voltage/current
Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering Multiplying power by a factor of 2 corresponds to a 3
Ott, Henry W. dB increase in power. This also corresponds to a 6 dB
John Wiley & Sons, 2009. increase in voltage or current.
Platform Interference in Wireless Systems - Models, Commonly Used Power Ratios (dB)
Measurement, and Mitigation
Slattery, Kevin, and Skinner, Harry Ratio Power Voltage or Current
Newnes, 2008. 0.1 -10 dB -20 dB
0.2 -7.0 dB -14.0 dB
Spectrum and Network Measurements, (2nd Edition)
Witte, Robert 0.3 -5.2 dB -10.5 dB
SciTech Publishing, 2014. 0.5 -3.0 dB -6.0 dB
1 0 dB 0 dB
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Pocket Guide
2 3.0 dB 6.0 dB
Wyatt and Gruber
SciTech Publishing, 2015. 3 4.8 dB 9.5 dB
5 7.0 dB 14.0 dB
USEFUL FORMULAS AND 7 8.5 dB 16.9 dB
REFERENCE TABLES
8 9.0 dB 18.1 dB
9 9.5 dB 19.1 dB
E-Field Levels versus Transmitter Pout
10 10 dB 20 dB
Pout (W) V/m at 1m V/m at 3m V/m at 10m
20 13.0 dB 26.0 dB
1 5.5 1.8 0.6
30 14.8 dB 29.5 dB
5 12.3 4.1 1.2
50 17.0 dB 34.0 dB
10 17.4 5.8 1.7
100 20 dB 40 dB
25 27.5 9.2 2.8
1,000 30 dB 60 dB
50 38.9 13.0 3.9
1,000,000 60 dB 120 dB
100 55.0 18.3 5.5
1,000 173.9 58.0 17.4 Multiplying power by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 10
dB increase in power. Multiplying a voltage or current by
Assuming the antenna gain is numerically 1, or isotropic, 10 is a 20 dB increase. Dividing by a factor of 10 corre-
and the measurement is in the far field and greater than sponds to a 10 dB reduction in power, or 20 dB for volt-
100 MHz. age and current.


COMMON WIRELESS FREQUENCY LINKS TO MANUFACTURER’S
BANDS (LINKS) WHITE PAPERS
GSM Bands: VIDEO / Handheld Interference Hunting for Network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands Operators (Rohde & Schwarz):
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/solutions/wireless-
UMTS Bands: communications/gsm_gprs_edge_evo_vamos/webinars-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands videos/video-handheld-interference-hunting_229255.html
LTE Bands: Interference Hunting With The R&S FSH (Rohde &
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands Schwarz):
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/
MMDS: interference-hunting-with-r-s-fsh-application-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_ note_56280-77764.html
Distribution_Service
Interference Hunting / Part 1 (Tektronix):
V Band (40 to 75 GHz): http://www.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-part-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_band 1-4-get-insight-you-need-see-interference-crowded-
spectrum
DECT and DECT 6.0
(wireless phones and baby monitors): Interference Hunting / Part 2 (Tektronix):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_ https://in.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-part-2-4-
Cordless_Telecommunications how-often-interference-happening
Comparison of wireless internet standards: Interference Hunting / Part 3 (Tektronix):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_ http://www.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-part-
phone_standards 3-4-use-mask-search-automatically-discover-when-
interference-happenin
Wi-Fi Protocols (From Intel):
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ Interference Hunting / Part 4 (Tektronix):
network-and-i-o/wireless-networking/000005725.html https://www.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-
part-4-4-storing-and-sharing-captures-interference-
hunter%E2%80%99s-safety-net

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
Coilcraft Inc. LECTRIX Würth Elektronik

t: +1-800-322-2645 t: (484) 688-0300 t: +49 7942 945 - 0
e: [email protected] e: [email protected] e: [email protected]
w: www.coilcraft.com w: www.lectrixgroup.com w: www.we-online.com
pages: 4 page: 27 page: 2
XGR Technologies
t: (302) 669-9554
e: [email protected]
w: www.xgrtec.com
page: 9

Break the same old pattern.
Problem First. Product Last.

Strategy | Content | Data | Technology
Digital Marketing for the B2B Electronics Industry
1.484.688.0300 | [email protected]
www.lectrixgroup.com

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INTERFERENCE TECHNOLOGY GUIDE SERIES | www.interferencetechnology.com

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IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC Suppliers Matrix 7

Telecommunication Testing on Relevant RF Components 10

The Internet of Things, Wireless and Security 13

For Remote Patient Monitoring Systems, Wireless 15

www.interferencetechnology.com | 3 | Interference Technology Guide Series

Once again, Coilcraft leads the way with another

A Short Perspective on our

Progress works out to be about 20 dB/decade, a familiar slope in our trade.

www.interferencetechnology.com | 5 | Interference Technology Guide Series

www.interferencetechnology.com | 6 | Interference Technology Guide Series

WIRELESS & IoT EMC SUPPLIERS MATRIX

Wireless & IoT EMC Supplier Matrix Type of Equipment

Alaris Antennas www.alarisantennas.com X

Anritsu Company www.anritsu.com X X

Doppler Systems www.dopsys.com X X X X

The EMC Shop www.theemcshop.com X X X X X X

Gauss Instruments www.gauss-instruments.com/en/ X

Kent Electronics www.wa5vjb.com X

www.interferencetechnology.com | 7 | Interference Technology Guide Series

Wireless & IoT EMC Supplier Matrix Type of Equipment

Morcom International www.morcom.com/direction_finding_systems.html X X

MPB srl www.gruppompb.uk.com X X X X

MVG, Inc www.mvg-world.com/en X X X

Pearson Electronics www.pearsonelectronics.com X

RDF Antennas www.rdfantennas.com X

RDF Products www.rdfproducts.com X X X

Rhotheta America www.rhothetaint.com X X X

Rigol Technologies www.rigolna.com X X X X

R&K Company Limited www.rk-microwave.com X

Rohde & Schwarz USA, www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/ X X X X X X X X X

Siglent Technologies www.siglentna.com X X

Signal Hound www.signalhound.com X X

Thurlby Thandar www.aimtti.us X X

TMD Technologies www.tmd.co.uk X

www.interferencetechnology.com | 8 | Interference Technology Guide Series

SnapShot® Board Level EMI Shields … celebrating 20 years of success!

• Total Design Freedom

SnapShot EMI shields are custom designed for

20 years of success in applications across industries:

• Industrial Handheld Computing

The telecom industry has undergone rapid development

1.0 2nd Generation

2.0 3rd Generation

www.interferencetechnology.com | 10 | Interference Technology Guide Series

Spectral Emissions Mask (SEM), and Error Vector

Figure 5: 3G Measurement System

The signal generator is a significant upgrade from 2G

The DUT, if active, should use bypass capacitance on the

www.interferencetechnology.com | 11 | Interference Technology Guide Series

for RF bursts and peak-to-peak power excursions. For

In addition to covering the 3G frequency + harmonics, the Figure 7: 5G Frequency Spectrum

3.0 4th Generation

Figure 6: 3G vs. 4G Channel Bandwidth

4.0 5th Generation

www.interferencetechnology.com | 12 | Interference Technology Guide Series

THE INTERNET OF THINGS, WIRELESS AND

www.interferencetechnology.com | 13 | Interference Technology Guide Series