ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (ALKANES-ALKENES)

• Learning Objectives
• Identify simple organic molecules such as alkanes and alkenes and describe their properties.

• Success Criteria:
• I am able to name, write the formula and draw the structural formula of simple organic compounds
(alkenes and alkanes).
• I am able to describe the properties of simple organic compounds such as alkenes and alkanes and their
homologous series.
• I am able to describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons to give carbon dioxide and water.
• I am able to define the term monomer and polymer and the process of polymerization.
 5 minutes

TEAM WORK
 TEAM WORK

https://www.twig-world.com/film/glossary/organic-chemistry-8329/
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• The study of the structure,
properties, composition, reactions
and preparation of carbon-
containing compounds.
• Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus, Silicon and Sulfur

• Science in which chemists create

new molecules and explore the
properties of existing compounds.

www.acs.org
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• There are millions of different organic compounds, so we need a
systematic way to name them and draw their structures.

Formula
Methane (CH4)

The structural shape of a methane The structural formula of methane it´s a

molecule (3D arrangement). simpler method to represent the
1 carbon atom covalently bonded to four structural shape of methane. Often
hydrogen atoms. It would be very represented in 2D.
difficult to draw more complex molecules
in this way.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• There are many different families of organic compounds.
• These families are defined by their functional group, which are groups of
specific atoms.
• A group of atoms that determines the physical and chemical properties and naming of a
class of organinc compounds.
• One of the simplest type of organic compound are the hydrocarbons.
• A compound that contains a carbon and a hydrogen atom bonded to one
another (functional group).

Figure 1. . Carbon atoms are shown in black and hydrogen atoms in grey.
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
• There are two different sub-sets of hydrocarbons:
• Alkanes and alkenes
• Each one is a family of hydrocarbons with similiar chemical properties to each
other and they have trends in physical properties (homologous series)
• As the chain length increases, their boiling point increases.

CnH2n+2 CnH2n
Alkanes Alkenes
n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfm3eHe57PU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6wDFLSS6fA
 ALKANES AND ALKENES 20 minutes

TEAM WORK
1. Considering n =4
2. Write Formula Alkane (Butane) and Alkene (Butene)
3. Draw a Dot and Cross Diagram for the butane and the butene.
4. Based on the diagram, draw the structural formula of butane and butene.
5. Construct the structural shape of the molecules (kit)
C= black
6. What is different between the 2 molecules? H= white
• Type of compounds, type of bonds, number of C and H2, etc Grey stick= single bond
Purple stick= double bond
 ALKANES AND ALKENES
C= black
H= white 20 minutes
Grey stick= single bond
Purple stick= double bond

C4 H10 C4H8
Alkanes Alkenes
 EXIT PASS
• On a flash card write two questions that summarize what you have
learned (take into account the class learning objective and success
criteria). These questions will be answer by one of your classmates.
• Learning Objectives
• Identify simple organic molecules such as alkanes and alkenes and describe their
properties.

• Success Criteria:
• I am able to name, write the formula and draw the structural formula of simple organic
compounds (alkenes and alkanes).
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (ALKANES-ALKENES)
• Learning Objectives
• Identify simple organic molecules such as alkanes and alkenes and describe their properties.

• Success Criteria:
• I am able to name, write the formula and draw the structural formula of simple organic compounds
(alkenes and alkanes).
• I am able to describe the properties of simple organic compounds such as alkenes and alkanes and their
homologous series.
• I am able to describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons to give carbon dioxide and water.
• I am able to define the term monomer and polymer and the process of polymerization.
 ALKANES
• Saturated hydrocarbons: molecules of these compounds contain only
single covalent bonds between carbon atoms and a maximum
amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom present (octet
rule)
• Generally stable and unreactive due to the strenght of their covalent
bonds
• Every atom shares electrons, so every atom has a full outer shell.

Cn H2n+2
 ALKANES
• How to name and draw their structures?
• The prefix in the name shows how many carbon atoms it contains

Cn H2n+2
•meth- contains one carbon atom
•eth- contains two carbon atoms
•prop- contains three carbon atoms
•but- contains four carbon atoms
 ALKANES Structural shape

• How to name and draw their structures?

• The prefix in the name shows how many carbon atoms it contains

Cn H2n+2
•meth- contains one carbon atom
•eth- contains two carbon atoms
•prop- contains three carbon atoms
•but- contains four carbon atoms
 ALKANES
• As the number of carbon atoms and the length of the alkane chain
increases, so does the boiling point.
• The longer the chain, the higher the boling and melting point.
• The strength of the forces between the molecules is increased.
• As the boiling point increases, the physical state of the alkanes changes from
a gas to a liquid

Larger molecules have greater

surface areas and
consequently stronger
intermolecular forces; more
energy is therefore required to
separate them.

Methane-butane:gases
 ALKANES
• Alkanes are generally unreactive because the C-H bonds they contain
are strong and difficult to break.
• They are highly combustible: are valuable as clean fuels, because they
are able to undrego combustion (burning): Fuel: chemical substance that when
• Exothermic reaction, releasing lots of heat energy reacted (oftern by burning) releases
energy and carbon dioxide

alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Alkanes when compared to wood or coal, are liquids or gases
which makes them easier to transport. They contain more
energy per unit weight than other fuels. They are relatively
stable at room temperature. Smaller hydrocarbons make better
fuels as they are easier to ignite.
 ALKENES
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons: molecules of these compounds contain
double covalent bonds somewhere in the chain.
• More reactive than alkenes
• It is possible to break the double bond and add extra atoms to the molecule
such as hydrogen or bromine

• General formula shows they have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the
equivalent alkane

CnH2n
 ALKENES
• How to name and draw their structures?
• The prefix in the name shows how many carbon atoms it contains

CnH2n
•meth- contains one carbon atom
•eth- contains two carbon atoms
•prop- contains three carbon atoms
•but- contains four carbon atoms
 ALKENES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=86&v=CGPyTUrSF2E

CnH2n
In each of these examples, the double bond can appear in
the middle or the beggining of the chain. Then, the alkene
would have slightly different physical properties. A
compound with the same chemical composition but a
different structure is called an isomer.
 ALKENES Structural shape

• How to name and draw their structures?

• The prefix in the name shows how many carbon atoms it contains

CnH2n
•meth- contains one carbon atom
•eth- contains two carbon atoms
•prop- contains three carbon atoms
•but- contains four carbon atoms
 ALKENES
• As the number of carbon atoms and the length of the alkene chain
increases, so does the boiling point.
• The longer the chain, the higher the boling and melting point.
• As the boiling point increases, the physical state of the alkanes changes from a gas
to a liquid

alkene + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

 ALKENES
• Can be identified through practical experiments
• Unsaturated molecules (alkenes) react with halogens (bromine), because
the double bonds break open and join with other atoms or molecules.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBMGNzRYngk

The alkane turns brown. No reaction took place. The

alkane remains where it was. ethene + bromine → dibromoethane
C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
The alkene becomes colourless. This indicates the
Addiition reaction
presence of a double bond that reacts with the bromine.
 POLYMERS
• A polymer is a long chain molecule made from many small molecules
(monomers) joined together.
• The process of joining them together to make a polymer is called
polymerisation.
• Alkenes can be used to make polymers (contain C=C which make them reactive)
• Polymers are sometimes called macromolecules
• Proteins and carbohydrates are examples of naturally-ocurring macromolecules

Poly(ethene) is produced in a
polymerisation reaction – many single units of
ethene (a monomer) react together at a high
temperature, in the presence of a catalyst, to
form a very long hydrocarbon chain
(a polymer)
 POLYMERS
• The chain length of a polymer can be extremely long and hence difficult
to represent in a diagram, so polymerisation reactions are ofter shown
using the format:
 TEAM WORK
• Answer:
• Exercise 10.5 “Hydrocarbon and their reactions”
• Exercise 10.1 ”Families of hydrocarbons”
• Virtual Classroom
• Classwork Alkanes (1 to 10)
• Classwork Alkenes (1,2,3,8,9,10,13,19,23,25)

• Learning Objectives

• Identify simple organic molecules such as alkanes and alkenes and describe their properties.

• Success Criteria:
• I am able to name, write the formula and draw the structural formula of simple organic compounds (alkenes and
alkanes).
• I am able to describe the properties of simple organic compounds such as alkenes and alkanes and their homologous
series.
• I am able to describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons to give carbon dioxide and water.
• I am able to define the term monomer and polymer and the process of polymerization.
 EXIT PASS
• On a flash card write two questions that summarize what you have
learned (take into account the class learning objective and success
criteria). These questions will be answer by one of your classmates.
• Learning Objectives
• Identify simple organic molecules such as alkanes and alkenes and describe their properties.

• Success Criteria:
• I am able to name, write the formula and draw the structural formula of simple organic compounds
(alkenes and alkanes).
• I am able to describe the properties of simple organic compounds such as alkenes and alkanes and their
homologous series.
• I am able to describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons to give carbon dioxide and water.
• I am able to define the term monomer and polymer and the process of polymerization.