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    Bappydsp Lab Report

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    Md. Rakib Zaman
    This document contains instructions for experiments on discrete time signals and systems in MATLAB. It includes experiments on sketching discrete time signals, convolution of two discrete time signals, discrete Fourier transform, and z-transformation of a discrete time signal. For each experiment there is an objective, theory, required components, sample problem, MATLAB code, output, and precautions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Bappydsp Lab Report

    Uploaded by

    Md. Rakib Zaman
    27 views10 pages
    This document contains instructions for experiments on discrete time signals and systems in MATLAB. It includes experiments on sketching discrete time signals, convolution of two discrete time signals, discrete Fourier transform, and z-transformation of a discrete time signal. For each experiment there is an objective, theory, required components, sample problem, MATLAB code, output, and precautions.

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    This document contains instructions for experiments on discrete time signals and systems in MATLAB. It includes experiments on sketching discrete time signals, convolution of two discrete time signals, discrete Fourier transform, and z-transformation of a discrete time signal. For each experiment there is an objective, theory, required components, sample problem, MATLAB code, output, and precautions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views10 pages

    Bappydsp Lab Report

    Uploaded by

    Md. Rakib Zaman
    This document contains instructions for experiments on discrete time signals and systems in MATLAB. It includes experiments on sketching discrete time signals, convolution of two discrete time signals, discrete Fourier transform, and z-transformation of a discrete time signal. For each experiment there is an objective, theory, required components, sample problem, MATLAB code, output, and precautions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    INDEX

    NO NAME OF EXPERIMENT PAGE

    1 SKETCH DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL IN MATLAB 2-4

    2 CONVOLUTION OF TWO DT SIGNAL

    3 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

    1|Page
    NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: SKETCH DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL IN MATLAB

    OBJECTIVE: To study graphical representation of DT signal and perform shifting, scaling, folding
    and addition of it.
    THORY: A discrete-time signal is a sequence of values that correspond to particular instants in
    time. The time instants at which the signal is defined are the signal's sample times, and the
    associated signal values are the signal's samples.

    Fig: DT signal
    A DT signal can be represented in various way.

    • Functionality
    • Tabularly
    • Sequentially
    • Graphically

    For example: Let x(n) be a DT signal. Sequentially x(n) can be written as x(n)={ -2,3,0,-1,2,3,1}

    Graphically the signal can be shown as

    Fig: Graphical Representation of x(n)


    Required Equipment:
    1. Personal Computer
    2. Matlab Program

    2|Page
    PROBLEM: Let x(n) = {2, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2}. Determine and plot the following
    sequence.

    𝒙𝟏 (𝒏) = 𝟓𝒙(𝒏 − 𝟒) − 𝟐𝒙(𝒏 + 𝟑)

    CODE:

    clear all
    close all
    x=[2 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 2 4 3 2 2];
    n=-2:10;
    n1=n+4; %x(n-4)
    x1=x*5; %5*x(n-4)
    n2=n-3;%-x(n+3)
    x2=x2*2; %-2*x(n+3)
    %x1(n)=2x(n ? 5) ? 3x(n + 4)
    n3=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
    y1=zeros(1,length(n3));
    y2=zeros(1,length(n3));
    y1((n3>=min(n1))&(n3<=max(n1)))=x1();
    y2((n3>=min(n2))&(n3<=max(n2)))=x2();
    x=y1-y2;
    stem(n3,x)
    title('DT signal')
    xlabel('n')
    ylabel('x(n)')

    3|Page
    OUTPUT:

    PRECAUTION:
    1. For signal having different limit, we must assign them to same limit
    2. Left and right shift are done using opposite signs.
    3. Limit for each signal elements were set carefully.

    4|Page
    NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: CONVOLUTION OF TWO DT SIGNAL

    OBJECTIVE: To study convolution of two DT signals.


    THEORY : If x(n) and h(n) is two distinct DT signal and y(n0) is the convolution between them,
    then we can write
    ∞

    𝑦(𝑛0 ) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑘)ℎ(𝑛0 − 𝑘)
    𝑘=−∞

    So we can see that convolution can be done in 4 step:


    ➢ Folding. Fold h(k) about k = 0 to obtain h(-k).
    ➢ Shifting. Shift h( -k) by no to the right (left) if no is positive (negative), to obtain h(no - k).
    ➢ Multiplication. Multiply x(k) by h(no - k) to obtain the product sequence vno(k) ==
    x(k)h(no - k).
    ➢ Summation. Sum all the values of the product sequence vno(k) to obtain the value of
    the output at time n = no.
    Matlab has a library function conv() which can be utilized to determine convolution of two DT
    signal. The function takes two perimeters and outputs convolution of them.
    Typical command:
    >> x = [3, 11, 7, 0, -1, 4, 2]; h = [2, 3, 0, -5, 2, 1];

    >> y = conv(x, h)

    y = 6 31 4 7 6 -51 -5 41 18 -22 -3 8 2

    But this function has a major problem, that is it do not care where the center is or was and also
    the convoluted signal do not have any center indication. To Solve this problem, a function can
    be created.

    PROBLEM: For
    X(n)={2,1,3,4,5,3,2,1} and h(n)={1,0,1,0,1,0,1} find convolution of x(n) and h(n).

    5|Page
    Code For Function conv_m()

    function [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)


    nyb = nx(1)+nh(1); nye = nx(length(x)) + nh(length(h));
    ny = [nyb:nye]; y = conv(x,h);

    CODE:

    close all;
    clear all;
    x = [3, 11, 7, 0, -1, 4, 2]; nx = [-3:3];
    h = [2, 3, 0, -5, 2, 1]; ny = [-1:4];
    [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,ny)
    disp(y)
    disp(ny)
    stem(ny,y)
    title('Convolution of x(n) and h(n)')

    OUTPUT:

    RESULT:
    Y(n)={ 2 1 5 5 10 8 12 9 10 8 7 4 2 1}

    PRECAUTION
    ➢ Function was called using proper arguments.
    ➢ Limit for each sequence were selected carefully.
    ➢ The file containing the function must be in the same directory as the code where the
    solve were written.

    6|Page
    NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

    OBJECTIVE: To study discrete Fourier Transform.


    THEORY: The main drawback of Fourier series is, it is only applicable to periodic signals. There
    are some naturally produced signals such as nonperiodic or aperiodic, which we cannot
    represent using Fourier series. To overcome this shortcoming, Fourier developed a
    mathematical model to transform signals between time (or spatial) domain to frequency
    domain & vice versa, which is called 'Fourier transform'.
    .

    Fig: Fourier Transform

    The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) or the Fourier transform of a discrete–time


    sequence x[n] is a representation of the sequence in terms of the complex exponential
    sequence ejwn
    The DTFT sequence x(n) is given by
    ∞

    𝑿(ω) = ∑ 𝒙(𝒏)𝒆−𝒋𝝎𝒏
    −∞

    The Magnitude and Angle can be easily determined using matlab builtin functions abs() and
    angle().
    REQUIRED COMPONENTS:

    • PERSONAL COMPUTER
    • MATLAB program

    7|Page
    Problem: For

    𝑥(𝑛) = (𝑒 2𝑗𝜋 )𝑛

    Determin X(ω) and find angle and phase for 0<n<5


    CODE:

    clear all;
    close all;
    a=10;
    n = 0:5; x =(exp(j*2*pi)).^n;
    k = -200:200; w = (pi/100)*k;
    X=x*(exp(-j*pi/100)) .^ (n'*k);
    magX = abs(X); angX =angle(X);
    subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magX);grid
    xlabel('Frequency in units of pi'); ylabel('|x|')
    title('Magnitude Part')
    subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angX/pi);grid
    xlabel('frequency in units of pi'); ylabel('radians/pi')
    title('Angle Part')

    OUTPUT:

    8|Page
    PRECAUTIONS:

    • While using the ^ operator, dot(.) was placed before it


    • Smaller range of k produces cleaner graph
    • subplot() function were given appropriate arguments.

    NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Z TRANSFORMATION OF A DT SIGNAL.

    OBJECTIVE: To study Z transformation of a DT signal.


    Theory: In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal,
    which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain
    representation. Z transforms are particularly useful to analyze the signal discretized in time.
    Hence, we are given a sequence of numbers in the time domain. z transform takes these
    sequences to the frequency domain (or the z domain), where we can check for their stability,
    frequency response, etc. Hence, taking z transforms is analogous to taking Laplace transforms
    for continuous signals.
    The z-transform of a sequence x(n) is given by
    ∞

    𝑿(𝒛) = ∑ 𝒙(𝒏)𝒛−𝒏
    𝒏=−∞

    where z is a complex variable


    REQUIRED COMPONENTS:

    • PERSONAL COMPUTER
    • MATLAB program
    Problem: For the given sequence, determine z-transform
    X1(n) = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

    9|Page
    CODE:

    clc
    clear all
    close all
    x=[1 2 5 7 0 1]; %input signal here
    l=length(x);
    X=0;
    z=sym('z');
    for i=0:l-1

    X=X+x(i+1)*z^(-i);

    end

    disp(X)

    OUTPUT:

    RESULT: z-transform of x(n) is


    2 5 7 1
    𝑋(𝑧) = + 2+ 3+ 5+1
    𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

    PRECAUTION:

    • The input sequence were given carefully


    • The variable z was declared as symbolic variable. The code won’t work unless we
    declare z as symbolic variable.
    • As the loop contains iterative summation of X, it was assigned 0 outside the loop.

    10 | P a g e

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