UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION OF
IOT

IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are

connected to internet. By 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion
devices /things connected to internet. IoT is not limited to just
connecting things to the internet but also allow things to
communicate and exchange data.

Definition:
A dynamic global n/w infrastructure with self configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities,
physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into information n/w,
often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may
have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing
contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user‗s context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context
and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to
work together to provide certain functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a
number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique
 identity and a unique identifier (IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them
to communicate and exchange data with other devices
and systems.

Applications of IoT:

1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & Life Style
 Physical Design
of IoT
1) Things in
IoT:
The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities. IoT devices can exchange data with other
connected devices applications. It collects data from other
devices and process data either locally or remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for
communication to other devices both wired and wireless. These
includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet
connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/video interfaces.
2) IoT Protocols:
a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically
sent over the network‗s physical layer or medium. Local
network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the
same link exchange data packets over the link layer using
link layer protocols. Link layer determines how packets are
coded and signaled by the h/w device over the medium to
which the host is attached.
Protocols:
 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet
standards for the link layer. Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable;
802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses
fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet over fiber.
 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless
LAN(WLAN) communication standards including
extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in
5GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band,
802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in
5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless
broadband standards including exclusive description of link
layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of
standards for low rate wireless personal area network(LR-
WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols
such as ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G)
to up to100Mb/s(4G).
B)Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP
datagrams from source n/w to destination n/w. Performs the
host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destination address.

Protocols:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify
the devices on a n/w using a hierarchical addressing
scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of
2**32addresses.
 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address
scheme and allows 2**128 addresses.
  6LOWPAN:
(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operates in
2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of the underlying n/w. Set up on
connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in
UDP. Provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web
browsers(along with HTTP and HTTPS), email(along with
SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol.
IP Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures
reliable transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w
congestion and congestion collapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol.
Useful in time sensitive applications, very small data units
to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless protocol.
Does not provide guaranteed delivery.
D)Application Layer: Defines how the applications
interface with lower layer protocols to send data over the
n/w. Enables process-to-process communication using ports.
Protocols:
 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms
foundation of WWW. Follow request- response model
Stateless protocol.
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-
machine (M2M) applications with constrained devices,
constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client-
server architecture.
 WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single
socket connection.
 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light
weight messaging protocol based on publish-subscribe
model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for
 constrained environment.
 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real
time communication and streaming XML data between
network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware
standards for device-to-device or machine-to-machine
communication. Uses publish-subscribe model.
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open
application layer protocol for business messaging. Supports
both point-to-point and publish-subscribe model.

LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT

Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes
without going into the low level specifies of
implementation.
1) IoT Functional Blocks 2) IoT Communication Models 3) IoT
Comm. APIs

1) IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities

for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and
management.
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide
sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.
 Communication: handles the communication for IoTsystem.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control
services, data publishing services and services for
device discovery.
 Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT
system.
 Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as
authentication
,authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
 Application: IoT application provide an interface that
the users can use to control and monitor various aspects
of IoT system.

2) IoT Communication Models:

1) Request-Response 2) Publish-Subscibe 3)Push-Pull4)

ExclusivePair

1) Request-Response Model:
 In which the client sends request to the server and the
server replies to requests. Is a stateless communication
model and each request-response pair is independent of
others.

2) Publish-Subscibe Model:

Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are

source of data. Publishers send data to the topics which are
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the
consumers. Consumers subscribe to the topics which are
managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a
topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to

queues and consumers pull data from the queues. Producers
do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in
decoupling the message between the producers and
consumers.
 4) Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex
communication model that uses a persistent connection

between the client and server. Once connection is set up it

remains open until the client send a request to close the
connection. Is a stateful communication model and server
is aware of all the open connections.
3) IoT Communication APIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response Based
Model)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBased
Model)
a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State
Transfer(REST) is a set of architectural principles by which we
can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system‗s
resources and have resource states are addressed and transferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows
communication between client server with REST APIs.
Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is
the separation of concerns. Separation allows client and server
to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the
info. Necessary to understand the request, and cannot take
advantage of any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a
response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as
cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able, then a
client cache is given the right to reuse that response data for
later, equivalent requests.
Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such
that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer
with which they are interacting.
User Interface: constraint requires that the method of
communication between a client and a server must be uniform.
Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or
scripts for clients to execute in their context. This constraint is
the only one that is optional.

Request-Response model used by REST:

RESTful web service is a collection of resources which are
represented by URIs. RESTful web API has a base URI(e.g:
http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these
URIs using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g:
GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A RESTful web service can
support various internet media types.
b) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs
allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between

clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive

pair communication model.

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless
Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics,
Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures,
Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile internet and
semantic search engines.

1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of

distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is one
of the most popular wireless technologies used byWSNs.
WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
 Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes
collect temp, humidity and other data, which is
aggregated and analyzed.
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data
on the indoor air quality and concentration of various
gases.
 Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture
at variouslocations.
 Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting
surveillance data(motiondata detection).
 Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at
variouspoints.
  Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to
monitor the health of structures(building, bridges) by
collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed at
various points in the structure.

2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different

forms.
 Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):provides users the
ability to provision computing and storage resources.
These resources are provided to the users as a virtual
machine instances and virtual storage.
 Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability
to develop and deploy application in cloud using the
development tools, APIs, software libraries and
services provided by the cloud service provider.
 Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a
complete software application or the user interface to
the application itself.
3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoT
are
 Sensor data generated by IoT systems.
 Machine sensor data collected from sensors
established in industrial and energy systems.
 Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking
vehicles.
 Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT

systems and enable network connectivity and coupling
to applications.
 Allow devices to exchange data over network.
 Define the exchange formats, data encoding
addressing schemes for device and routing of
packets from source to destination.
  It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission
of lost packets.

5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has

computer hardware and software embedded to perform
specific tasks. Embedded System range from low cost
miniaturized devices such as digital watches to devices
such as digital cameras, POS terminals, vending machines,
appliances etc.,

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

1) IoT Level1: System has a single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation, stores data, performs analysis and
host the application as shown in fig. Suitable for
modeling low cost and low complexity solutions where the
data involved is not big and analysis requirement are not
computationally intensive. An e.g., of IoT Level1 is Home
automation.
2) IoT Level2: has a single node that performs sensing and/or
actuating and local analysis as shown in fig. Data is stored
in cloud and application is usually cloud based. Level2 IoT
systems are suitable for solutions where data are involved
is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.
An e,g., of Level2 IoT system for Smart Irrigation.

3) IoT Level3: system has a single node. Data is stored and

analyzed in the cloud application is cloud based as shown
in fig. Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big and analysis requirements are
computationally intensive. An example of IoT level3
system for tracking package handling.
4) IoT Level4: System has multiple nodes that perform local
analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud
based as shown in fig. Level4 contains local and cloud
based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud from IoT devices. An
example of a Level4 IoT system for Noise Monitoring.
5) IoT Level5: System has multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node as shown in fig. The end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node
collects data from
theendnodesandsendstothecloud.Dataisstoredandanalyzedin
thecloudand
 application is cloud based. Level5 IoT systems are suitable
for solution based on wireless sensor network, in which
data involved is big and analysis requirements are
computationally intensive. An example of Level5 system
for Forest Fire Detection.

6) IoT Level6: System has multiple independent end nodes

that perform sensing and/or actuation and sensed data to the
cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud
based as shown in fig. The analytics component analyses
the data and stores the result in the cloud data base. The
results are visualized with cloud based application. The
centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end
nodes and sends control commands to nodes. An example
of a Level6 IoT system for Weather Monitoring System.
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs
1) Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the
lighting to the ambient conditions and switching on/off
or diming the light when needed.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and
also provide status information to the users remotely.
c) Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and
sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors) to detect intrusion
and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or
email sent to the user.
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed
in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically
an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can
be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas
detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such
as CO, LPGetc.,

2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space
easier and convenient for drivers. Smart parking are
 powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty
parking slots and send information over internet to smart
application backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in
saving energy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide
information on driving condition, travel time estimating
and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic
condition and accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of
sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the structures
such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance
cameras can be aggregated in cloud based scalable
storage solution.
 f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection,
gas and water leakage detection can help in generating
alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructures.

3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no.
of sensors attached and send the data to cloud based
applications and storage back ends. The data collected in
cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud
based applications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor
emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by
factories and automobiles using gaseous and
meteorological sensors. The collected data can be
analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
control approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban
development, noise levels in cities have increased and
even become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT
based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of
noise monitoring systems that are deployed at different
places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station
is collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data
is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to
natural resources, property and human life. Early
detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage
to natural and human resources and human life. Early
warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water
level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water
level and flow rate sensors.
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network
integrated with the electrical grids that collects and
analyze data captured in near-real-time about power
transmission, distribution and consumption. Smart grid
technology provides predictive information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their
customers on how best to manage power. By using IoT
based sensing and measurement technologies, the health
of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems
integrated with the transformers at the point of
interconnection measure the electrical variables and how
much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy
systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the
voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate
wind turbine outputs and provides power support.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time
information is collected using specialized electrical
sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the
substations. The information received from PMUs must
be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the
system and for predicting failures.

5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote
monitoring of inventory using data collected by
RFIDreaders.
 b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less
payments powered by technologies such as Near Field
Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending
machines monitors its operations and send the data to
cloud which can be used for predictive maintenance.

6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system
backed by cloud can provide first response to the route
generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large
transportation network.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-
time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring
systems use sensors such as temp, humidity, to monitor
the conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be
analyzed to detect foods poilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board
IoT devices for collecting data on Vehicle
operations(speed, RPMetc.,) and status of various
vehicle subsystems.
7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in soil.
b) Green House Control: to improve productivity.

8) Industry:
a)Machine diagnosis and prognosis
b)Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
9) Health and LifeStyle:
a) Health & Fitness Monitoring
b) Wearable Electronics
 UNIT-II

IoT and M2M

M2M:
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of
machines(or devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring
and control and data exchange.
 Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-to-
Machine (M2M).
 IoT and M2M are often used interchangeably.
Fig. Shows the end-to-end architecture of M2M systems
comprises of M2M area networks, communication networks
and application domain.

 An M2M area network comprises of machines( or M2M

nodes) which have embedded network modules for sensing,
actuation and communicating various communication
protocols can be used for M2M LAN such as ZigBee,
Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus etc., These protocols
provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M
area network.
 The communication network provides connectivity to
remote M2M area networks. The communication network
provides connectivity to remote M2M area network. The
communication network can use either wired or wireless
network(IP based). While the M2M are networks use either
properietorary or non-IP based communication protocols,
the communication network uses IP-based network. Since
non-IP based protocols are used within M2M area
network, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
 To enable the communication between remote M2M are
network, M2M gateways are used.
Fig. Shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway. The
communication between M2M nodes and the M2M gateway is
based on the communication protocols which are naive to the
M2M are network. M2M gateway performs protocol translations
to enable Ip-connectivity for M2M are networks. M2M gateway
acts as a proxy performing translations from/to native protocols
to/from Internet Protocol(IP). With an M2M gateway, each
mode in an M2M area network appears as a virtualized node for
external M2M area networks.
Differences between IoT and M2M
1) Communication Protocols:
□ Commonly uses M2M protocols include ZigBee,
Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus, Wireless M-Bus tec.,
□ In IoT uses HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket , MQTT ,XMPP
,DDS ,AMQP etc.,
2) Machines in M2M Vs Things in IoT:
□ Machines in M2M will be homogenous
whereas Things in IoT will be heterogeneous.
3) Hardware Vs Software Emphasis:
 □ the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with
embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on
software.
4) Data Collection &Analysis
□ M2M data is collected in point solutions and
often in on-premises storage infrastructure.
□ The data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can
be public, private orhybrid cloud).

5) Applications
 □ M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be
accessed by on-premises applications such as
diagnosis applications, service management
applications, and on- premisis enterprise applications.
□ IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed
by cloud applications such as analytics applications,
enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and
management applications, etc.

SDN and NVF for IoT

Software Defined Networking(SDN):
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a
networking architecture that separates the
control plane from the data plane and centralizes the
network controller.
• Software-based SDN controllers maintain a united view of the
network
• The underlying infrastructure in SDN uses
simple packet forwarding hardware as opposed
to specialized hardware in conventional networks.
SDN

Architecture

Key elements

of SDN:

1) Centralized Network Controller

With decoupled control and data planes and

centralized network controller, the network
administrators can rapidly configure the network.

2) Programmable Open APIs

SDN architecture supports programmable open APIs

for interface between the SDN application and control
layers (Northbound interface).

3) Standard Communication Interface(OpenFlow)

SDN architecture uses a standard communication

interface between the control and infrastructure layers
(Southbound interface). OpenFlow, which is defined
by the Open Networking Foundation (ONF) is the
broadly accepted SDN protocol for the Southbound
interface.

Network Function Virtualization(NFV)

• Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a technology

that leverages virtualization to consolidate the
heterogeneous network devices onto industry standard high
 volume servers, switches and storage.
• NFV is complementary to SDN as NFV can provide the
infrastructure on which SDN can run.
 NFV Architecture

Key elements of NFV:

1) Virtualized Network Function(VNF):

VNF is a software implementation of a network

function which is capable of running over the NFV
Infrastructure (NFVI).

2) NFV Infrastructure(NFVI):

NFVI includes compute, network and storage resources that

are virtualized.

3) NFV Management and Orchestration:

NFV Management and Orchestration focuses on all

virtualization-specific management tasks and covers
the orchestration and life-cycle management of
 physical and/or software resources that support the
infrastructure virtualization, and the life-cycle
management of VNFs.

Need for IoT Systems Management

Managing multiple devices within a single system requires advanced
management capabilities.
1) Automating Configuration : IoT system
management capabilities can helpin automating the
system configuration.
2) Monitoring Operational & Statistical Data :
Management systems can help in monitoring opeartional
and statistical data of a system. This data can be used for
fault diagnosis or prognosis.
3) Improved Reliability: A management system that allows
validating the system configurations before they are put
into effect can help in improving the system reliability.
4) System Wide Configurations : For IoT systems that
consists of multiple devices or nodes, ensuring system wide
configuration can be critical for the correct functioning of
the system.
5) Multiple System Configurations : For some systems it
may be desirable to have multiple valid configurations
which are applied at different times or in certain
conditions.
6) Retrieving & Reusing Configurations : Management
systems which have the capability of retrieving
configurations from devices can help in reusing the
configurations for other devices of the same type.

IoT Systems Management with NETCONF-YANG

YANG is a data modeling language used to model
configuration and state data manupulated by the NETCONF
protocol.
The generic approach of IoT device management weith
NETCONF-YANG.

Roles of various componentsare:

1) Management System
2) Management API
3) Transaction Manager
4) Rollback Manager
5) Data Model Manager
6) Configuration Validator
7) Configuration Database
8) Configuration API
9) Data Provider API
1) Management System : The operator uses a management
system to send NETCONF messages to configure the IoT
device and receives state information and notifications
from the device as NETCONF messages.
2) Management API : allows management application to start
NETCONF sessions.
3) Transaction Manager: executes all the NETCONF
transactions and ensures that ACID properties hold true for
the transactions.
4) Rollback Manager : is responsible for generating all the
transactions necessary to rollback a current configuration to
its original state.
5) Data Model Manager : Keeps track of all the YANG data
models and the corresponding managed objects. Also keeps
 track of the applications which provide data for each part of
a data model.
6) Configuration Validator : checks if the resulting
configuration after applying a transaction would be a valid
configuration.
7) Configuration Database : contains both configuration and
operation

Configuration API : Using the configuration API the application

on the IoT device can be read configuration data from the
configuration datastore and write operational data to the
operational datastore.
8) Data Provider API: Applications on the IoT device can
register for callbacks for various events using the Data
Provider API. Through the Data Provider API, the
applications can report statistics and operational ldata.
Steps for IoT device Management with NETCONF-YANG

1) Create a YANG model of the system that defines the

configuration and state data of the system.
2) Complete the YANG model with the ‗Inctool‗ which comes with
Libnetconf.
3) Fill in the IoT device management code in the TransAPImodule.
4) Build the callbacks C file to generate the libraryfile.
5) Load the YANG module and the TransAPImodule into the
Netopeer server using Netopeer manager tool.
6) The operator can now connect from the management
system to the Netopeer server using the NetopeerCLI.
7) Operator can issue NETCONF commands from the
Netopeer CLI. Command can be issued to change the
configuration data, get operational data or execute an RPC
on the IoTdevice.