EF1B1 HDT Bank Classification PCB

Pillar#1B-1: Classification of Financial Intermediaries: Bank & NBFC
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: This handout is very lengthy, contains lot of Banking GK😰😰!!.

✅Ans. I’ve such Banking-GK for helping UPSC aspirants trying for Bank-exam as backup/Plan-B.
Which GK is imp/notimp for UPSC = Watch lecture, you’ll get idea.
Table of Contents
13 🏛🏛 Financial Intermediaries → Banks....................................................................................................... 105
13.11 🐯🐯🐯🐯 ₹ 🖨🖨 Banks → Reserve Bank of India (RBI): भारतीय �रजवर् ब�क............................................. 106
13.11.1 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI Governor & Dy Governor...................................................................................... 107
13.11.2 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI Offices & Departments........................................................................................... 107
13.11.3 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI: Functions of ........................................................................................................... 107
13.12 🏦🏦 � Scheduled Banks (अनुसू�चत ब�क) ............................................................................................ 108
13.13 🏦🏦 �FI⇒ Commercial Banks⇒ Pre-Independence ................................................................. 110
13.13.1 🦄🦄 → 🦁🦁 Nationalization of Banks After Independence (आजादी के बाद �नजी ब�कों का रा�ी� यकरण)
110
13.14 🤩🤩 Golden Anniversary of nationalization- ES20 ......................................................................... 112
13.14.1 🦄🦄> 🦁🦁: Private sector banks are better than PSBs .................................................................. 112
13.14.2 🦁🦁 = 🐌🐌 PSBs: reasons for inefficiency & remedies?............................................................... 113
13.15 🏦🏦 � 🔂🔂Consolidation of PSBs [एकत्रीकरण] ................................................................................ 113
13.15.1 🔂🔂Consolidation of PSBs → A) Merger (�वलीनीकरण) ................................................................ 113
13.15.2 🔂🔂Consolidation of PSBs → B) Privatization (�नजीकरण) .......................................................... 115
13.15.3 PSB Privatization: Banking Investment Company (BIC-ब�िकंग �नवेश कं पनी)............................ 116
13.15.4 🔂🔂🔂🔂Anti-Arguments against Merger and Privatization of PSBs (�वरोध म� तकर् )...................... 116
13.16 🏦🏦 �Commercial Banks ⇒ Pvt. Sector Banks (PvB) �नजी-�ेत्र के ब�क .......................................... 116
13.16.1 🏦🏦 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗 ‘On-Tap’ License to open Private Sector Banks (जब मन चाहे तब अज� डाल दो) ... 117
13.16.2 🏦🏦 �Steps or procedure to open a bank (एक ब�क �ा�पत करने के क� प्रिक्रया �ा है?) ................ 118
13.17 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗 Allowing NBFC/Large Corporate to setup Banks ......................................... 118
13.17.1 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: Arguments in Favour प� म� तकर् ............................................................. 118
13.17.2 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: Arguments Against: �वप� म� तक.............................................................. 119
13.17.3 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: Conclusion about banking license to Adani/Ambani? (�न�षर्) ......... 119
13.18 🏦🏦 � 🈶🈶 Commercial Banks ⇒ Foreign Banks (�वदेशी ब�क)....................................................... 120
13.18.1 🤵🤵 Foreign Banks in India: LVB merged with DBS (�वलीनीकरण) ........................................... 120
13.19 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks ............................................................. 120
13.19.1 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎 Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks⇒ RRB and LAB .......................... 121
13.19.2 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks ⇒ SFB & PB ................................. 122
13.19.3 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎 On-Tap Licenses for starting SFB (मन चाहे तब अज� डालो) ...................... 123
13.19.4 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎 Unity Small Finance Bank (SFB) gets license (2021) ................... 123
13.19.5 Commercial Banks → 📬📬India Post Payment Bank (IPPB) .................................................... 124
13.19.6 📬📬Post Office Savings Bank (PoSB)?..................................................................................... 124
(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 104

13.19.7 🚐🚐 ⏳ (Proposed) Wholesale & Long Term Finance Banks (WLTF) ..................................... 125
13.19.8 💸💸💸💸: Digital Payments- (Proposed) Digital Banks by NITI Aayog (2021)..................... 125
13.19.9 💸💸💸💸: Digital Banking Units in Budget 2022 ...................................................................... 125
13.19.10 💸💸💸💸: Digital Payments- NeoBanks (�चकने चुपड़े श�) ........................................................... 125
13.20 🏦🏦 �FI ⇒ Banks ⇒ Cooperative Banks (सहकारी ब�क) ................................................................. 125
13.20.1 🏦🏦 �😥😥 Cooperative Banks: Negative News (2019): PMC Bank (कांड हो गया)..................... 127
13.20.2 ⚖🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance/Act, 2020......... 128
13.21 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 Formal FI ⇒ Non-Banking Financial Institutions .................................................... 129
13.21.1 Development Finance Institutions (DFI: �वकास �व� सं �ान) ......................................................... 129
13.21.2 DFI → NaBFID: National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development .............. 130
13.21.3 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫What is Bad Bank- NARCL-IDRCL? ................................................................... 130
13.21.4 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫Non Bank ⇒ All India Financial Institutions (AIFI): ............................................. 130
13.21.5 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫FI ⇒ Non-Bank ⇒ Primary Dealers (PD)- (प्राथ�मक �वक्रेता)..................................... 132
13.21.6 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫FI ⇒ NBFCs (गेर-ब�िकंग �व�ीय कं प�नया) .......................................................................... 132
13.21.7 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 NBFCs Regulated by RBI 🐯🐯 (�नयं त्रण/देखरेख) ........................................................... 134
13.21.8 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫Credit Information Companies (CIC) versus Credit Rating Agencies (CRA) . 136
13.21.9 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 NBFCs Regulated by SEBI 🐱🐱 (📑📑More in Pillar#1C)......................................... 137
13.21.10 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 NBFCs Regulated by Others 🦊🦊 ......................................................................... 138
13.21.11 👻👻(🚫🚫🚫🚫): NBFC: Shadow Banking (आभासी / प्र�तछाया ब�िकंग प्रणाली) .................................... 138
13.21.12 🧕🧕NBFC-not allowed in India: Islamic Banking ................................................................... 139
13.21.13 🧔🧔🧔🔪🔪🔪🔪🔪🔪 Informal Financial Intermediaries (अनौपचा�रक �व�ीय म��) ................... 139
13.21.14 ✍🎷🎷 Mock Questions for Mains ......................................................................................... 140
13 🏛🏛 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES → BANKS

- A Financial Intermediary (FI: �व�ीय म��) is an entity that acts as the middleman between two
parties in a financial transaction- between lenders vs. borrowers, investors vs. entrepreneurs,
households vs business firms.
- Such FI can be subdivided into (1) Formal (औपचा�रक) (2) Informal (अनौपचा�रक).
13.11🐯🐯🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 BANKS → RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI): भारतीय �रजवर् ब�क
1913 Commercial banks were required to register under the Companies Act, but monitoring
was lax. No CRR, SLR, BASEL Norms. (उन पर पहले �नयम स� नहीं थे)
1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency Hilton Young Commission) recommends
setting up a central bank named 'Reserve Bank of India'. (एक �ब्रिटश आयोग ने �सफा�रश क� �नगरानी
के �लए �रज़वर् ब�क बने)
1929 Great Depression in USA leads to collapse of 450+ banks in India. So British Indian
Govt becomes serious about setting up RBI. अमे�रक� महामं दी के बाद क� द्रीय ब�क क� �ापना क� आव�कता
महसूस �ई
1934 Reserve Bank of India Act was enacted. (इसक� �ापना के �लए कानून बनाया गया)
1935, RBI becomes operational from 1st April, with 1st Governor Sir RBI Gov: Osborne Smith.
April India’s Viceroy: Willingdon. Government ownership was ~4.4% only.
1935, Commercial Banks fulfilling certain conditions were listed in the 2nd Schedule of RBI
July Act, & such “Scheduled Banks” were required to keep CRR with RBI.
1943- C.D. Deshmukh 2nd FM of India becomes the first INDIAN Governor of RBI. He had
49 also participated in the Bretton Woods Conference, USA (1944).
1948- All private investors’ shares transferred to Govt of India under the RBI transfer of
49 ownership act 1948. Therefore, RBI governor answerable to Parliament, has to pay
dividend to Govt from its profits. (�रज़वर् ब�क अपने मुनाफे मे से सरकार को लाभांश �वतरण करता है)
1949 Banking Regulation Act (ब�िकंग �व�नयमन अ�ध�नयम) empowered the RBI to
⇒ Give license to companies to open banks,
⇒ Give permission banks to open new branches.
⇒ Prescribe auditing norms, liquidity norms for Banks such as SLR.
⇒ Protect interest of depositors. Force elimination / merger of weak banks.
⇒ Related Topic: banking regulation ordinance 2020 → Pillar#1B2: Bad loans & other
burning issues in the banking sector.
🔠🔠❓Which was the earliest event to take place? (UPSC Prelims-2009)
A) Nationalization of insurance companies B) Nationalization of State Bank of India
C) Enactment of Banking Regulation Act D) Introduction of first Five year plan
Table 1: RBI Central Board Composition
(Non-Official Directors) (Official Directors)
- 2 Government officials - RBI Governor
- 10 directors nominated by Government. - 4 Dy. Governors
- 4 directors from RBI’s local boards @West, East, North, South

13.11.1 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI Governor & Dy Governor
⇒ RBI Act (Section 8) provides for “NOT MORE than 4” Dy. Governors.
⇒ They’re selected by Financial sector regulatory appointment search committee (FSRASC) headed
by the Cabinet Secretary (IAS) → successful candidates’ names sent to Appointments
Committee of the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister for final approval.
⇒ Governor and Dy.Govs’ tenure usually (not always) 3 years. Re-appointment is possible. कायर्काल
⇒ 2018-Dec: Shaktikanta Das appointed as Governor for 3 years, he replaced Urjit Patel. 2021:
Modi Govt renewed his tenure for three years till Dec- 2024, thus giving him a total tenure of six
years (�रज़वर् ब�क के गवनर्र के �प म� पुनः �नयु��)
⇒ Shaktikanta Das is Retd. IAS, Former finance secretary, Member of 15th Finance Commission.
📑📑 Related Topics: RBI Autonomy, Dividend Controversy, Section 7, PCA/BASEL:

[Handout 1B2 → Burning Issues in Banking Sector]
13.11.2 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI Offices & Departments

- RBI 4 regions: Northern: Delhi, Eastern: Kolkata, Southern: Chennai, Western: Mumbai
- RBI has various dept after Banks, NBFCs, Payment Systems, Foreign Exchange Management etc.
13.11.3 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI: Functions of
1) Controller of Money Supply: Issues M0 under RBI Act, Makes Monetary Policy. (मुद्रा आपू�त
�नयं त्रक)
2) Controller of Foreign Exchange: through FEMA Act. (�वदेशी मुद्रा का �नयं त्रक, 📑📑more in Pillar#3)
3) Banker to Governments & Public Debt Manager (सावर्ज�नक ऋण प्रबं धक).
4) Banker’s Bank: Lender of Last resort, Advises in monetary matters.
5) Regulator of all “BANKS”: through BR Act’49, Payment Systems’07 (�नयामक)
6) Regulator of AIFI, NBFC-D & others.
7) Promotional Roles (सं वधर्क भू�मका):
a. Customer protection through Ombudsman (�शकायत �नवारण अ�धकारी),
b. Financial Inclusion through PSL norms. Requires bank to open 25% of branches in rural
areas
8) Data Publication & awareness e.g. Annual Financial Stability Report (वा�षक �व�ीय ��रता �रपोटर्)

9) International Cooperation e.g. BASEL, IMF, G20’s Financial Stability Board etc.
a. E.g. 2021: RBI became member of “Network For Greening The Financial System
(NGFS)”. NGFS is a group of central banks to contribute to the development of
environment. HQ: Paris, Foundation Year: 2017 (�व�ीय प्रणाली क� ह�रयाली के �लए नेटवकर् - तािक
अ�य ऊजार्, पयार्वरण आिद को मदद �मले)
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: Article 371-F of Constitution gives special status to Sikkim, as a result their State Bank
of Sikkim is outside RBI’s regulation!! Ans. Such JamesBond/obscure GK = poor cost benefit.
🔠🔠❓ RBI acts as a bankers’ bank. What does it mean? (UPSC-Pre-2012)

1) Other banks retain their deposits with the RBI.
2) The RBI lends funds to the commercial banks in times of need.
3) The RBI advises the commercial banks on monetary matters.
Answer codes: (a) 2 & 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
🔠🔠❓ RBI regulates the commercial banks in matters of (Asked in UPSC-Pre-2013)
1) Liquidity of assets 2) Branch expansion 3) Merger of banks 4) Winding-up of banks
Answer Codes: (a) 1 & 4 only (b) 2, 3 & 4 only (c) 1, 2 & 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 & 4
🔠🔠❓ In India, the central bank’s function as the ‘lender of last resort’ means what? (क� द्रीय ब�क को
अं�तम उपाय का ऋणदाता कहा जाता है इस श� का मतलब �ा है) (Prelims-2021)
1. Lending to trade and industry bodies when they fail to borrow from other sources. [�ापार औद्यो�गक
सं �ाओं को जब कहीं और से कजर् नहीं �मले तो क� द्रीय ब�क कजर् देता है]
2. Providing liquidity to the banks having a temporary crisis.[अ�ाई सं कट के दौरान ब�कों को तरलता देता है]
3. Lending to governments to finance budgetary deficits [बजट घाटा पूरा करने के �लए सरकार को कजार् देता है]
Codes: a) 1 and 2 b) 2 Only c) 2 and 3 d) 3 Only
13.12🏦🏦 � SCHEDULED BANKS (अनुसू�चत ब�क)
When RBI is satisfied with TWO conditions simultaneously (दो शत� का एक साथ पालन होना चािहए)
⇒ #1: That a public sector or pvt sector bank has (Paid Up Capital + Reserves#1) = Min ₹5 Lakhs

⇒ #2: Bank is not conducting business in a manner harmful to its depositors. (जमाकतार्ओ ं के िहतों का
नुक़सान न हो इस िहसाब से ब�क अपना कायर् कर रहा है)
then such bank is listed in the 2nd Schedule of RBI Act → then it is known as a Scheduled Bank.
⇒ 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: What is paid up capital? Ans. Explained in the video.

⇒ 🚩🚩🚩FAQ#1: Which reserves are included in this ₹5 lakh formula? Ans. Routine books did not
bother to elaborate so I did not bother to do Google search. Such technical things not imp4exam.
⇒ 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: “₹5 lakh is very small!!! It should be ⏫ to ensure safety in bank”. Ans 1) neither
economic survey, NITI Aayog, Court-PIL, nor any big columnists have demanded reform here.
So we need not apply our brain here. 2) Send your suggestion to PM Modi to amend the British
Era provisions of ₹5 lakh from RBI Act. Until that happens, prepare the present facts.
⇒ 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: “nowadays every bank will easily have five lakh rupees of deposits so automatically
all bank will become schedule bank from DAY1!” Ans. No. Because, RBI will also check
condition#2. Usually RBI ticks condition#2 after observing bank for one year from its birth. So
the Scheduled status will not be given on DAY1. (धं धा चालू करने क� एक साल तक तो �रज़वर् ब�क उसका मुआयना
करेगी क� दू सरी शतर् का अनुपालन हो रहा है िक नहीं. पहले ही िदन से �रज़वर् ब�क उसको अनुसू�चत नहीं बना देगी।)
🐴🐴 Scheduled Bank (अनुसू�चत ब�क) 🐭🐭 Non-Scheduled Bank (गैर- अनुसू�चत)

Can be subdivided into two parts Many cooperative banks are non-Schedule. But
1) Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCB) e.g. we need not see their list at
SBI, Axis, ICICI Rbi.org.in/CommonPerson/English
Schedule Cooperative Banks like Haryana Rajya /scripts/banksinindia.aspx
Sahakari Bank, Tamil Nadu State Apex
Cooperative Bank
Required to deposit CRR money to RBI’s Can maintain the CRR money with themselves
office/vault (CRR का पैसा ट�क म� भरके �रज़वर् ब�क म� प�ँ चाना in their own office/vault. (खुद क� �तजोरी म� रख सकते ह�)
होगा)
Eligible to borrow / deposit funds in RBI’s Depends on RBI’s discretion. (�ववेकाधीन/�रज़वर् ब�क
window operations. E.g. LAF-Repo, MSF, etc. क� मज़� – आने भी दे सकता है, लात मार के भगा भी सकता है)
are required to protect the interests of Ofcourse, they also have to do it, else RBI can
depositors and abide to RBI norms. (जमाकतार्ओ के shut them down under Banking Regulation Act.
िहतो क� र�ा करनी होगी, और �रजवर् ब�क के �नयमो का पालन करना
होगा)

🐴🐴 Scheduled Bank (अनुसू�चत ब�क) 🐭🐭 Non-Scheduled Bank (गैर- अनुसू�चत)
Govt departments and big private sector Less likely to happen. (ग़ैर अनुसू�चत ब�कों म� सरकारी �वभाग
companies are more likely to open their bank या बड़ी कं प�नयों वाले अपने ब�क-खाते खोले इसक� सं भावना कम होती
accounts/ employees’ salary deposit accounts in है)
it.
Bank becomes eligible to partner in the govt’s Usually not eligible. (�व�ीय समावेशन क� सरकारी
financial inclusion scheme e.g. PM Jan Dhan योजनाओं म� ग़ैर अनुस�ू चत ब�कों को सामा�त: शा�मल नहीं िकया जाता
Scheme for opening bank accounts of poor है. जैसे िक प्रधानमं त्री जनधन योजना म� गरीबों का ब�क खाता इन ब�को
people. (Ref Pillar1D3: financial inclusion) म� नहीं खोला जा सकता.)
- Airtel Payments Bank and Paytm Payment Bank categorised as a scheduled bank in 2021-22.
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: “After getting scheduled status, Can Payment Banks give loans/credit cards or accept
Fixed Deposits?” Ans. No, they’re prohibited from such activities. Paytm doing such activities as “an
Agent” of a federal bank, IndusIndia bank etc but Paytm cannot do it as ‘its own Banking business’.
13.13🏦🏦 �FI⇒ COMMERCIAL BANKS⇒ PRE-INDEPENDENCE
Table 2: Before Independence (Exact Years Not-IMP.)

1770 Bank of Hindustan, Calcutta (Europeans owned it. So it was not truly ‘Swadeshi’)
1806-42 - Three Presidency Banks at Bengal then Bombay then Madras.
- 1861: all three were given the right to issue currency.
- 1921: They were combined into Imperial Bank of India⇒ SBI (1955)
1865 Allahabad Bank (Europeans owned)
1894 PNB: Indian owned, Lala Lajpat Rai helped in foundation.
1908 Bank of Baroda by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III
1913-30s State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Patiala, the rise and collapse of Banking
industry, then Birth of RBI (1935)
1940s State bank of Bikaner, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Travancore by the respective princely
states / Nawabs. Post-Independence, these banks became ‘Associated Banks of SBI’,
and ultimately, merged in SBI (2017).
13.13.1 🦄🦄 → 🦁🦁 Nationalization of Banks After Independence (आजादी के बाद �नजी ब�कों का रा��ीयकरण)
⇒ NEXUS between Banks and Industrialists: From 1950s to 60- only 188 elite people controlled
the economy by being in board of top 20 banks, 1452 companies. This led to reckless lending to
directors and their firms. So, Banks failed frequently, RBI had to close them. (रसूखदार लोग के क�े म�
थी ब�िकंग �व�ा. भाई भतीजावाद म� अंधाधुन कजर् देते थे)

⇒ Private Banks unwilling to open in rural areas- this did not help in financial inclusion of poor,
farmers, MSME or achievement of Five Year Plan (FYP) targets or reducing regional imbalance.
(�व�ीय समोवेशन, पं चवष�य योजनाओ के ल�ाक हा�सल करने म� �नजी �ेत्र के ब�क मदद नहीं करते थे. �ेत्रीय असमनाताए बढ़ी)
Table 3: Nationalization & Merger of Banks after Independence
1948 RBI Transfer of Ownership Act.
1948: Op. Polo, Hyd. → 1951:1st FYP, → 1953: Air India nationalized from Tata
1955 Imperial Bank nationalized and became SBI.
1955-56 LIC Act took over private life insurance cos.
57: 1st Communist Govt in Kerala
61: Operation Vijay for liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu.
1963 State Bank of Jaipur and Bikaner merged together.
1969 ⇒ 'Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance,
1969: 14 Private banks with ₹ 50 cr/> deposits were nationalized e.g. Bank of
Baroda, PNB, Dena, Canara etc. (बड़ी जमा-रा�श वाले �नजी ब�को का रा��ीयकरण)
⇒ Catholic Syrian Bank (1920, Kerala), Ratnakar Bank, Dhanlaxmi Bank, etc., did
not have such large deposits, so they were not nationalized. So, they are called
“Old Private Banks”.
1972-73 GIC Act- took over private Non-Life (=General) insurance cos. Later GIC was re-
organized with 4 subsidiaries: National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental
Insurance and United India Insurance. More in 📑📑Pillar#1D
1980 6 banks with ₹ 200 cr/> deposits were nationalized e.g. Corporation Bank, Vijaya
Bank, Oriental bank of Commerce etc.
2019 Previously, State Government of J&K owned 60% shares in J&K bank → Article
370 removal → Union Government took-over this shareholding. 🎓🎓✋Further
500 type historical-GK things on how it functioned before and how it’ll function
afterwards...poor cost benefit.
Reform following Committees were made for reforms in banking sector
Committee M Narasimham-I (1991), M Narasimham-I (1997), Dr. Raghuram Rajan
s Committee (2007) and P J Nayak Committee (2014)
Death 2021: Death of M Narasimham. He was ex-Governor of RBI and chairman various
देहांत Committees on Banking Sector Reforms, therefore known as “father of Indian
banking system reforms” (एम नर�संहम भारतीय ब�िकंग प्रणाली सुधार के �पतामह माने जाते है। )
🔠🔠❓(Prelims 2009) Q. In independent India's economy, which was the earlier event to take place?
A) Nationalization of insurance companies B) Nationalization of State Bank Of India
C) Enactment Of Banking Regulation Act D) Introduction of first Five year plan
🔠🔠❓(Prelim-2018) Q. Consider the following events:
1. The first democratically elected communist party government formed in a State in India.
2. India’s then largest bank, ‘Imperial Bank of India’, was renamed ‘State Bank of India’.
3. Air India was nationalised and became the national carrier.

4. Goa became a part of independent India.
Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
A) 4 – 1 – 2 – 3 B) 3 – 2 – 1 – 4 C) 4 – 2 – 1 – 3 D) 3 -1-2 -4
13.14🤩🤩 GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY OF NATIONALIZATION- 📔📔📔📔ES20
Economic Survey 2019-20 (released on 31/01/2020) Vol1Ch.07 observed:

First round of bank nationalisation was done in 1969 so, 2019-1969=50 years Golden anniversary of
the bank nationalisation. (�नजी ब�कों के रा�ी� य करण क� �णर् जयं ती)
😍😍Positive (सकरा�क) 🤢🤢Negative (नकारा�क)
 After nationalisation, the number of Bank  From 1960s to 80s: The Government had
branches in India, the amount of loan launched 1) "green revolution" 2) focused on
given to farmers and villagers= has poverty removal through five year plans.
increased.  RBI had initiated selective credit control
 This greatly contributed to agriculture tools & moral suasion to channelize more
production and poverty removal in rural loans to farmers.
areas. कृ �ष उ�ादन और गरीबी �नवारण म� मदद क� है  So, those actions were responsible for
 PSBs account for 70% of the banking boosting agriculture & reducing poverty.
business in India. Thus, Bank nationalization itself not helped in it
much. सरकार और �रजवर् ब�क के कदमों के चलते थोड़ा ब�त अ�ा
काम �आ था. सावर्ज�नक ब�कों ने खुद से कोई चांद �सतारे नहीं तोड़ �लए.
13.14.1 🦄🦄> 🦁🦁: Private sector banks are better than PSBs
⇒ 😰😰2019: PSBs’ total loss more than ₹ 66,000 crore which is even double than India’s budget
allocation for education. And so on.. सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�कों के नुकसान क� रकम सरकार के �श�ा बजट से भी �ादा
है
Indicators 🦁🦁:😫😫PSBs =losers 🦄🦄:😍😍Private
Banks
Total NPA in majority of bad loans / Non-Performing assets less
Indian Banks (NPA: अनजर्क परीसं प�तया) (More in 📑📑Pillar#1B2)
Total Bank frauds >90% of cases occur in PSBs (�व�ीय धांधली/गबन) Hardly 7% (घपले कम)
Profitability Usually, less than private sector Banks More (मुनाफा �ादा)
⇒ Thus, PSBs are clearly not efficient today. If they become more efficient = ₹11 lakh+ crore profit
for the Government. अगर सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�क ढंग से काम कर� तो सरकार को 11 लाख करोड़ से �ादा का मुनाफा हो
सकता है

13.14.2 🦁🦁 = 🐌🐌 PSBs: reasons for inefficiency & remedies?
🐌🐌 Reasons why PSBs are inefficient? Solutions by 📔📔📔📔ES20 (More details in
सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�क प्रभावहीन है �ोंिक → 📑📑Pillar#1B2) हम �ा सुधार कर सकते है?
😰😰PSB staff’s salary does not depend on the - Allow campus recruitment, lateral entry in
profitability of the bank. Employee unions higher management positions
frequently engage in strikes/hartals. → - Make employees ‘part owners’ through
प्रदशर्न आधा�रत तन�ाह नहीं. बार बार हड़ताल पर चले जाते है Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
😰😰They’ve apathetic attitude towards the use - Use Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine
of artificial intelligence, computer technology, Learning (ML), Big Data Analytics,
marketing, and customer satisfaction. → geotagging of mortgaged assets etc.
नई तकनीक� अपनाने म�, तथा ग्राहकों का सं तोष बढ़ाने म� इन ब�कों का - setup an organization PSBN Network to
उदासीन रवैया है implement above ICT-solutions.
Further, Since the government is the majority shareholder in PSBs, (सरकार ब�मती शेयर धारक है इस�लए)
1) 🤡🤡 Usually the persons favored by the present-day ruling party become the Board of directors,
irrespective of merit or qualification. Thus, political considerations have significant
control/influence over bank’s business operations. (बोडर् मे राजनी�तक त�- �जनम� ब�कों का सही प्रबं धन करने का
अनुभव या कौश� नहीं है)
2) � 🕵🕵:😰😰 PSBs are subjected to Right to Information (RTI) act, Central Vigilance Commission
(CVC), Comptroller Auditor General (CAG), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Courts and
media in a more stringent manner. (ब�कर खौफ म� रहते है क� ईमानदार �नणर्य क� भी शक क� �नगाहो से जांच होगी,
और उनक� पदो��त रोक दी जाएगी)
3) Consequently, PSB officials fear harassment under the veil of vigilance investigations & media-
trials. They prefer safety and conservatism over risk-taking and innovation. (�िढ़वाद पसं द, नवाचार
नापसं द)
13.15🏦🏦 � 🔂🔂CONSOLIDATION OF PSBS [एकत्रीकरण]
PSB consolidation = made up of two types of reforms: A) Merger B) Privatization

13.15.1 🔂🔂Consolidation of PSBs → A) Merger (�वलीनीकरण)
Table 4: Notable PSB Mergers before 2019, April. ✋You need not memorize exact years/ HQ for IAS Exam
2008-10 State Bank of Saurashtra and State Bank of Indore merged into SBI.

2013 - Bharatiya Mahila Bank setup as PSB, HQ Delhi, 100% ownership by Union
Government. (भारत सरकार ने �यं बनाया था)
- BMB’s Board of Directors: All women. Staff & Deposit Holders: both men and
women, Loans given predominantly to women- and that too without collaterals
upto Rs.1 crore.
2017, 1st BMB & 5 Associated Banks of SBI viz. State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur (SBBJ), State
April Bank of Hyderabad (SBH), State Bank of Mysore (SBM), State Bank of Patiala (SBP)
and State Bank of Travancore (SBT), merged with SBI from 1st April by swapping of
shares.
2017, Nov - Alternative Mechanism Panel setup under the Finance Minister’s chairmanship.
- This panel examine the proposals for merger/consolidation of the Public Sector
Banks (PSBs) and forward to Cabinet for approval.
- Department of Financial Services coordinates the filework.
2019, 1 st
Vijaya & Dena to be merged into Bank of Baroda.
April - Among these three oldest: BoB (1908) > Vijaya (1931)> Dena (1938)
- BoB & Dena nationalized in 1969, HQ: Mumbai
- Vijaya: nationalized in 1980, HQ. Bengaluru
Table 5: 2019, FM Nirmala.S announced merger of 10 banks into 4 anchor banks
Amalgamating Banks → → → Anchor Bank
(एक�कृ त / �वलीन होनेवाली) (सहारा देनेवाली)
− Oriental Bank of Commerce (1943, 1) PNB. (1984, HQ: Delhi, It’ll become the 2nd
HQ: Gurugram, Haryana), largest bank after SBI, in terms of business size
− United Bank of India (1950, Kolkata) and branch network)
Syndicate Bank (1925, HQ: Manipal, 2) Canara Bank (1906, HQ: Bengaluru,
Karnataka) Karnataka)
− Andhra Bank (1923, Hyd) 3) Union Bank of India (1919, Mumbai)
− Corporation Bank (1906, Mangaluru)
− Allahabad Bank (1865, Kolkata) 4) Indian Bank (1907, Chennai)
After this process is over, we’ll be left with only 12 PSBs (+1 India Post Payment Bank).
- Benefit? Geographical & technological synergies in ATM, Branches, Security Staff, Servers cost
etc. (भौगो�लक और तकनीक� तालमेल)
- resulting into reduced cost of business → better lending & deposit rates. Such bigger banks can
even expand business at global level.
📔📔📔📔ES20 Vol1Ch7 on 50 years of bank nationalization also noted:
⇒ 😰😰2019: Global top-100 banks: China (18 banks), USA (12 Banks), Japan > France > …..India
(only 1 bank: SBI at Rank#55). �व� क� 100 सबसे बड़ी ब�कों म� भारत का �सफर् एक ही ब�क है
⇒ 😰😰Even Sweden and Singapore have more global banks than India, even though these countries’
size of economy (GDP: सकल घरेलू उ�ाद) is much smaller than India.

⇒ So, given India’s size of economy (in terms of GDP), India should have 6-8 banks in the global
top 100. → These large banks provide large loans → India can reach $5 trillion GDP by
31/3/2025. (📑📑 More in Pillar4C) Therefore, merger of public sector banks is necessary.
⇒ It’ll increase the manpower, financial strength of the merged entities, then they can compete at
global level. (सावर्ज�नक �ेत्रों के ब�कों का �वलीनीकरण करने से उनक� �मता म� बढ़ोतरी होगी और वह वै��क �र पे �धार् कर
पाएं गी)
13.15.2 🔂🔂Consolidation of PSBs → B) Privatization (�नजीकरण)

It involves Government selling 51% or larger shareholding to private parties. Then such Public
Sector Bank will convert into a private sector bank. For example, Axis Bank and IDBI Bank.
13.15.2.1 UTI Bank → ‘Privatization’ into Axis Bank (2007)

⇒ Setup in 60s as a Sarkaari Mutual Fund Company through Unit Trust of India Act 1963
⇒ 1993: Obtained License to open UTI Bank.
⇒ 2001: Ketan Parekh Sharemarket Scam, Govt has to bailout UTI → further restructuring 2007
→ Became Axis Bank: 77% private shareholding + 23% by Public sector bodies like LIC, New
India Assurance, SUUTI etc. (as of 2019, Jan). So, presently it’s a private sector bank.
13.15.2.2 IDBI Bank → Purchased by LIC (2018)

⇒ 2014: RBI’s P.J. Nayak Committee that suggest Govt should exit shareholding in smaller PSBs, to
enhance their efficiency. सरकार ने छोटी सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�कों से �नकल जाना चािहए तािक उनक� कायर् �मता म� बढ़ोतरी
हो
⇒ Budget 2016: Govt agreed to reduce its shareholding to <50% in IDBI Bank.
⇒ 2018: IDBI had huge losses among PSB, so no mentally-fit investor willing to buy Govt’s shares.
So, Govt. (forces) LIC to buy its 40% for ~9k crores.
⇒ As of 2022: IDBI Bank ownership: 49.24% by LIC and 45.48% by Govt of India. Government
aims to sell of this shareholding to private investors.
⇒ Though LIC itself is public sector entity, but RBI has declared IDBI as ‘private sector’ bank
(because govt is no longer ‘direct majority shareholder’)
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: Why RBI classified IDBI as 'private sector bank'. Ans. send your suggestion to RBI.
श��कांता को ठीक लगा तो िकया. #🕰🕰थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो
⇒ 💼💼Budget-2021: proposed to take up the privatization of two Public Sector Banks. Names yet to
be disclosed. (दो सरकारी ब�कों का �नजीकरण िकया जाएगा ऐसा बजट म� कहा हालांिक नाम घो�षत नहीं क�ये)
⇒ 2021: Newspapers hint 4 PSBs are shortlisted for privatisation- Bank of Maharashtra, Bank of
India, Indian Overseas Bank, Central Bank of India. (But this news not yet confirmed by Finance

Ministry (चार सरकारी ब�को का �नजीकरण होगा ऐसे अखबारों म� समाचार, िकं�ु �व� मं त्रालय ने अभी इन समाचारों क� पु�� नहीं
क� है)
13.15.3 PSB Privatization: Banking Investment Company (BIC-ब�िकंग �नवेश कं पनी)

Removed from handout because outdate/faded topic until Finance Ministry implements it.
13.15.4 🔂🔂🔂🔂Anti-Arguments against Merger and Privatization of PSBs (�वरोध म� तकर् )

- Employees worried seniority, promotion, increments (व�र�ता, पदो��त, वेतन वृ�द्ध);
- Financial burden of Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS: �ै��क सेवा�नवृ�� योजना का �व�ीय बोझ).
🚩🚩🚩What is VRS? Ans. Explained in Video lecture.
- Transfer and VRS of employees → Banks may lose regional identities & customer intelligence.
(�ेत्रीय पहचान चली जाएगी)
- Big customers may shift to other banks for faster service and personalized privileges. (तेजी से सेवा
और ��गत सेवाए नहीं �मलने पर �ापारी दू सरे ब�कों म� खाता खोल�गे)
- Private sector banks are no saints. There have been instances of private sector banks engaging in
money laundering activities, taking bribes to pass loans to unworthy borrowers- which
ultimately harm depositors (�नजी �ेत्र के ब�क काले धन को वैध बनाना, �र�त लेकर गलत लोगों के लोन पास करना, और
दू सरी �व�ीय धांधलीयों म� शा�मल है। इस�लए �नजीकरण को हमारी सम�ाओं का रामबाण इलाज मानना गलत होगा। )
13.16🏦🏦 �COMMERCIAL BANKS ⇒ PVT. SECTOR BANKS (PVB) �नजी-�ेत्र के ब�क
While the nationalization of banks was done with the lofty objectives, but politicization in Public
Sector Banks (PSBs) created new set of problems:
- Government administered loan interest rates for populism= Low profitability for PSBs. (मुनाफा
कम)
- Political Interference= Low recovery difficult (राजनी�तक ह��ेप के चलते दबं ग त�ो से ऋण वसूली मु��ल)
- Employees Unions hampering any innovation or customer responsiveness. (नवाचार, ग्राहक सु�वधा
कम)
- 1991: Balance of Payment crisis (BoP: भुगतान सं तुलन,More in Pill#3) finally forced Govt. to set up a
committee for Banking Sector Reforms under The former RBI Governor M.Narasimham. He
suggested:
o Govt should ↓ its shareholding in Public Sector Banks. (सरकार अपनी शेयर िह�ेदारी कम करे)
o RBI should ↓ CRR and SLR (सीआरआर, एसएलआर मे कटोती करे)
o Govt should not dictate interest rates to Banks. Liberalize the branch expansion policy
(ब�कों को लोनदर, शाखा �व�ार नी�त तय करने मे सरकार दखल न करे।)

o Allow entry of New Private Banks and New Foreign Banks. (�वदेशी ब�क और �नजी �ेत्र के ब�कों को
अनुम�त)
Table 6: Three rounds of bank licensing in India
Round-1 (1993-95) Round-2 (2001-04) Round 3 (2013-16)
1) ICICI 1) Kotak Mahindra Rajan invited applications,
2) HDFC 2) Yes Bank (Founder Rana Bimal Jalan Committee made
3) IndusInd Kapoor). Related Topic: selections:
4) DCB Yes bank scam/Crisis 1. Bandhan (A Microfinance
5) #
UTI → later Axis bank 📑📑Pillar#1B2: Bad loans company based in
6) IDBI → now owned by
#
& other Burning issues in W.Bengal)
LIC Bank/NBFC sector 2. IDFC (An infra finance
7) Global Trust Bank → NBFC based in
Merged with Oriental Bank Maharashtra). Later on,
No. 8-9-10: Bank of Punjab, another NBFC “Capital
Centurian Bank, Times Bank First” merged so renamed
were merged into HDFC into IDFC-First
Above banks are also known as new-generation private banks in India. (नयी पीढ़ी के �नजी �ेत्र के ब�क)
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: In early 90s- UTI Bank & IDBI Bank were not private sector banks, then why have you
kept them here in table? Ans. Because presently, they’re private sector banks. I don’t have to submit
this handout as evidence in the Supreme Court so I don’t care being so pedantic about everything.
You need to change your approach towards studies, to finish syllabus faster.
13.16.1 🏦🏦 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗 ‘On-Tap’ License to open Private Sector Banks (जब मन चाहे तब अज� डाल दो)
A private entity can open Bank only after getting license from RBI under Banking Regulation Act,
1949. Previously, one had to wait till RBI invited applications. But in the On-Tap system (WEF
2016), one can apply to RBI whenever he wishes (like a driving license), provided that:
1. It is a Resident Indian individual, NBFC, or private company
2. min. 10 years of experience in Banking-Finance Sector, (अनुभव)
3. Proposed Bank’s shareholding will be initially controlled by Indians. (शेयरमालीक� भारतीयों के हाथ म�)
4. Must be willing to open 25% branches in unbanked rural areas. (ग्रामीण इलाकों म� कु छ शाखाएं खोली होगी)
5. Min. 500 crore capital required. (�ूनतम इतनी पूंजी होनी ज�री पूंजी)
6. ✋Large industrial groups and NBFC with more than ₹5000 crore asset not allowed.
⇒ Examples of On-Tap Universal Bank Applicants in 2020-21: Chaitanya India, Pankaj Vaish etc.
⇒ RBI’s Shyamala Gopinath committee reviews/pass-rejects the applications. ( समी�ा स�म�त)
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: isn’t above definition conflicting with Scheduled Commercial Bank? Ans, given below

13.16.2 🏦🏦 �Steps or procedure to open a bank (एक ब�क �ा�पत करने के क� प्रिक्रया �ा है?)
Ans. If you open a commercial bank at present, the steps are as following
⇒ First you have to register the company with Ministry of Corporate Affairs, under Companies Act
⇒ Then you've to arrange minimum 500 cr capital. For this, If you want to issue shares in the share
market to acquire this ₹₹ → then you have to get permission from SEBI
⇒ Finally, you apply for bank license from RBI using above “ON-TAP” facility → If RBI is
satisfied with, it will give you license as an “non-scheduled (commercial) bank.”
⇒ After that you run the bank → once you satisfy BOTH conditions to become ‘scheduled bank’
o ✅Condition-A) minimum 5 lakh (capital + reserve)… you may already have THAT
BUT STILL SECOND Condition-B also need to be fulfilled that…
o ✅Condition-B) Your bank is not conducting business in a manner harmful to its
depositors. So, RBI may observe your bank’s business/behavior for some months/years,
to satisfy itself in this.
⇒ After RBI is satisfied with A+B= will give you the status of "scheduled (Commercial) bank."
13.17🚫🚫🏦🏦 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗 ALLOWING NBFC/LARGE CORPORATE TO SETUP BANKS

2016: RBI issued guidelines for 'on-tap' Bank licence. ['On-Tap'= You may apply for it whenever you
are ready - just like a driving licence. You don't have to wait for the notification date or "last date to
apply" like UPSC.]
⇒ On-Tap guideline: Company with minimum ₹500 cr capital can apply. However, its technical
rules about assets/ownership were such that Large NBFCs and industrial houses could not apply
for it.
⇒ 2020-June: RBI’s PK Mohanty committee for Corporate Structure for Indian Private Sector
Banks.
⇒ Mohanty committee recommended allowing large NBFCs/Corporate/Industrial Houses to apply
for Bank licenses. (बड़ी गैर ब�क �व�ीय सं �ान और कॉरपोरेट समूह को ब�क बनाने क� छू ट �मले)
13.17.1 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: 🤩🤩 Arguments in Favour प� म� तकर्

⇒ ⏫ competition, better interest rates, customer services. �ादा �धार्, अ�े �ाज दर, ग्राहकों को �ादा अ��
सेवाएं
⇒ Existing banks' balance sheets have deteriorated by scams & bad loans. So, they've become
overcautious and slow in lending to large business projects. Entry of fresh new banks to
invigorate the banking sector. पुरानी ब�कों म� �व�ीय घपलो/सम�ाओ के चलते बड़े प्रोजे� म� लोन देने म� सु�ी। नई ब�कों
के प्रवेश से इस �ेत्र म� �ू �त आएगी।
⇒ ⏬Chances of scams associated with NBFCs in futures- IF ILFS & other big NBFCs convert
themselves into Banks → RBI can supervise them more effectively. (More in pillar1B2-NPA)

13.17.2 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: 😰😰Arguments Against: �वप� म� तक
⇒ 😰😰Increased competition may lead to a natural tendency of mis-selling the products and
lending money to more risky businesses as evident from 2008's American Subprime crisis.
अ�ा�धक �धार् के चलते येन के न प्रकार से मुनाफा बटोरने के �लए अनाव�क �प से जो�खम लेकर कमजोर कं प�नयों को लोन िदए
जाएं गे
⇒ 😰😰PNB-Nirav Modi loan scam, Yes Bank-Rana Kapoor scam, ICICI-Vodafone loan scam = RBI
has failed to effectively supervise even the existing banks. (�रजवर् ब�क वतर्मान ब�कों क� �नगरानी करने म� भी
कमजोर सा�बत �आ है)
⇒ 😰😰Already large NBFCs are involved in scams: ILFS scam, DHFL scam, Karvy Capital Scam- the
critics are afraid that allowing large NBFCs in the Banking sector = more such scams. �व�ीय घोटालों
क� मात्रा बढ़ेगी
⇒ 😰😰Corporate governance in large industrial houses is not inspiring confidence at present e.g.
Ratan Tata vs Cyrus Mistry, Infosys founder Narayan Murthy versus ex-CEO Vishal Sikka etc.
Allowing them in the banking sector is not advisable. बड़ी कं प�नयों का कॉरपोरेट शासन ठीक नहीं है. सं �ापक
आपस म� ही लड़ते झगड़ते रहते ह�
⇒ 😰😰Large industrial houses like Tata, Ambani, Adani- may use the depositors money mainly to
finance their own projects/ nepotism, even if such projects are not viable- There will be
evergreening of loans for them. भाई भतीजावाद म� लोन िदए जाएं गे, पुरानी लोन चुकाने के �लए नया लोन िदया जाएगा,
भले कजर्दार का प्रोजे� बेकार हो.
⇒ 😰😰Could be misused for money laundering by big industrialists. (काले धन को वैध बनाने म� दु�पयोग)
⇒ 😰😰May concentrate India's economic power, depositors' savings in the hands of few oligarchs.
Then it could destabilize the entire banking system. (बचत कतार्ओ ं क� जमा पूंजी और भारत क� आ�थक श��
कु छ �गने-चुने रसूखदार/कु लीनवगर् के हाथों म� क� िद्रत, �जसे पूरी ब�िकंग �व�ा अ��र होने का खतरा। )
⇒ 😰😰Even in developed countries regulators do not encourage the entry of large corporates in the
banking sector mainly for the apprehensions about governance and financial stability. (�वक�सत
देशों म� भी �व�ीय �नयं त्रक इस प्रकार क� अनुम�त नहीं देते �ोंिक उ�� भी ब�िकंग शासन और �व�ीय ��रता म� जो�खम िदखता है)
2021-Sept: Newspapers indicate that RBI is unlikely to implement PK Mohanty suggestion.
13.17.3 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: Conclusion about banking license to Adani/Ambani? (�न�षर्)

⇒ ✋Anti: Considering aforementioned challenges, risks far outweigh the benefits. RBI and
government should focus on improving the administration & supervision of existing bank
instead of allowing large industrial houses here. (आकषर्ण/फायदे कम और चुनौ�तयां �ादा। इस�लए यह करने क�
जगह, वतर्मान ब�कों का प्रशासन और �नगरानी ठीक करने म� जोर देना चािहए.)
⇒ 🤩🤩Pro: Considering above benefits, Large NBFC and industrial houses may be given bank
licences after due diligence & effective supervision. (उ� फायदों को देखते �ए, प्रभावी �नगरानी के साथ इ�� ब�क
का लाइस�स देना चािहए)

13.18🏦🏦 � 🈶🈶 COMMERCIAL BANKS ⇒ FOREIGN BANKS (�वदेशी ब�क)
In Nehruvian Socialist Economy there was disdain & apprehensions about Foreign Banks. So, only a
handful of them were allowed to open branches. But, Post-1991-Reforms: system liberalized. (नेह�-
समाजवादी �वचारधारा के नी�त �नमार्ताओं म� �वदेशी ताकतों के प्र�त घृणा और डर → ब�त कम �वदेशी ब�कों को अनुम�त दी थी)
🤠🤠 Foreign - They’re Incorporated abroad (i.e. registered under the Companies Act of a
Bank in India foreign nation) & opening branch / subsidiary in India e.g. Citibank, Bank of
America, HSBC. उ�ोंने िकसी अ� देश के कं पनी कानून म� पं जीकरण करवाया है और िफर भारत
आकर शाखाएं खुली है
- While CRR, SLR & other norms applicable, but PSL norms vary depending
on number of branches. [📑📑Ref: Prev. Handout: PSL]
- RBI gives them ‘on-tap’ license on reciprocal basis. (REF: Lecture for its
meaning)
🧔🧔 Indian - Foreigners can invest max. 20% in its shareholding. E.g. BoB (15%), SBI
Public Sector (14%), PNB (13%) भारत क� सावर्ज�नक �ेत्रों म� �वदेशी �नवेश क� सीमा
Bank - Although Government thinking of raising it to 49% to help capital
mobilization for BASEL-III norms. [📑📑More in Next NPA handout]
🤵🤵 India - Foreigners can invest upto 49% (automatic-�चा�लत तरीके ) and upto 74% by
Private Sector approval of Government (सरकार क� अनुम�त लेकर). (More in 📑📑Pillar#3A: FDI)
Bank - e.g. HDFC (73%), ICICI (59%) Axis Bank (52%) is owned by Foreigners.
- Although Govt thinking of ⏫ to 100% to help capital mobilization for
BASEL-III norms . [📑📑More in Next Pillar#1B2: NPA handout]
13.18.1 🤵🤵 Foreign Banks in India: LVB merged with DBS (�वलीनीकरण)

⇒ 1926: Lakshmi Vilas Bank (LVB) was set up in Tamilnadu. So it is an Old Private Sector Bank.
(�नजी �ेत्र क� पुराने जमाने क� ब�क) 2020-Nov: Its financial situation became weak.
⇒ So, RBI approved its merger/amalgamation with Development Bank of Singapore DBS- which is,
a Foreign bank operating in India. (�व�ीय हालत कमजोर होने पर अ� एक ब�क म� �वलीनीकरण)
13.19🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🚫🚫COMMERCIAL BANKS ⇒ DIFFERENTIAL BANKS

Difference 🌎🌎Universal Bank (सावर्�त्रक ब�क) 🌎🌎🌎🌎Differential Bank (भेदकर ब�क)
Open Anywhere: example SBI, ICICI Geographical Restrictions on branch opening
Branches [*After opening 25% of branches in for Local Area Bank (LAB), Regional Rural
शाखाएं unbanked rural areas] Banks (RRB)
Both Time & Demand Deposits of Payment Bank – Accept Max. 1 lakh deposit
Accept
any amount. only. In 2021- This limit increased to ₹2 lakh.
Give Loans Anyone [After 40% PSL] - SFB, RRB: 75% to PSL
to - ✋Payment Bank can’t give loans;
Chronology of differential banks: RRB(1976) → Local Area Bank (1996) → Small Finance Bank &
Payments bank(2015) → Wholesale banks (proposed)
13.19.1 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎 Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks⇒ RRB and LAB

Regional Rural Banks (�ेत्रीय ग्रामीण ब�क) Local Area Bank (�ानीय �ेत्र ब�क)
- Based on M.Narasimham’s Committee on - Based on Budget-1996 by Finance Minister
Financial Inclusion in 1970s# Manmohan Singh
- Setup under the provisions of RRB act 1976 - Unlike RRBs, they're not setup by Union or
& its amendment in 2015. Voting power: State govts or by any special act or
(Union + State + Sponsor bank) = 51% parliament. But by pvt entities simply
- e.g. Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank (Sponsor applying to RBI under Banking Regulation
bank- Central Bank of India) Act.
- Subjected to CRR, SLR norms but RBI - Can open branches in Max. 3 districts
could prescribe separate norms. sharing borders with each other. only 1
- PSL: 75%.(More in 📑📑Pillar#1A1) urban centre per district allowed.
- Their loan interest rates can’t be more than Remaining branches need to be opened in
prevailing lending rates of Cooperative rural areas of that district.
Banks in the area. - They’re Non-Sch. Banks so while CRR,
- Restricted to few districts. E.g. Baroda SLR, PSL etc very apply but every norm
Gramin Bank branches confined to with caveats.
Gujarat’s southern districts. - Initially 4: (1) Coastal Bank Andhra
- Ultimate regulator: RBI but immediate Pradesh (first to setup in 99), (2) Subhadhra
regulator NABARD. Local Area Bank, Kolhapur; (3) Krishna
Bhima Samruddhi (Andhra & Karnataka)
and (4) Capital Local Area Bank: Punjab
(Largest). But later Capital LAB converted
into Small Finance Bank (2016), so now
only 3 left.
- Only RBI regulates them.

🚩🚩🚩FAQ#: M.Narasimham committee was made in 1990s so how can he be in 1970s? Ans. Same
gentleman was chairman of many committees ✅(1) Financial inclusion (1970s) ✅(2) banking
reforms-I (1990s) ✅(3) banking reforms-II (1990s).
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: I’ve 500 jaat-ke Doubts about Local Area Banks. Ans. Not Important for UPSC. I’ve
only given short-note of LAB for helping UPSC aspirants trying for Bank-exam as backup/Plan-B.
13.19.2 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks ⇒ SFB & PB

On Nachiket Mor Committee’s recommendations (2013-14), Governor Raghuram Rajan approved
these new types of banks for (1) financial inclusion (2) competition & innovation among players.
Parameters Small Finance Banks लघु �व� ब�क Payment banks भुगतान ब�क
Examples Capital Small Finance Bank (Punjab), 6 at present: Airtel, India Post, FINO,
Ujjivan (Karnataka), Utkarsh (UP): Paytm, Jio, NSDL. (Total 11 were
Total 10 list at selected; but AdityaBirla-Idea & other
rbi.org.in/scripts/banklinks.aspx withdrew later)
Eligibility Min.100cr. capital-walla Resident Min.100cr. capital-walla resident Indians,
during 1st Indian, Local Area Bank, NBFC, NBFCs, PPI-wallets (pre-paid payment
instrument), mobile telephone companies,
round of Micro-finance, with 10 years exp. in
super-market chains, cooperatives & companies
licensing banking / finance controlled by resident Indians
📌📌Area RBI Committee gave selection preference Anywhere
North East & Central India clusters where
Universal Banks’ penetration is poor
CRR, SLR, Same as Indian private banks Same as Indian Private Banks, but
Repo, FDI? special terms & condition in SLR.
Rural Must have 25% branches in unbanked No need but 25% access points must be
Penetration rural areas in rural areas like Business
correspondence (BC), Kiraana Stores
🛒🛒Target Unserved Underserved Farmers, Promoting Small savings
Consumers Micro, Small industries: िकसान, सू�, लघु Remittance of migrant labors, low income
households, unorganized sector, small business.
उद्योग
💰💰Accept Yes, without any restrictions ✋No NRI deposits, ✋No Fixed
Deposits िडपॉ�जट �ीकार करने म� कोई पाबं दी नहीं है deposit**
- Can accept only Demand Deposits
and Max. balance Rs.1 lakh per
customer. (In 2021- limit increased
to ₹2 lakhs)
Debit cards 💳💳 YES can give. 💳💳 YES can give.

Parameters Small Finance Banks लघु �व� ब�क Payment banks भुगतान ब�क
Credit cards 💳💳 YES can give. ✋No (because can’t give “loan”)
Loans - Yes, but 75% in PSL, - Can’t loan, So no PSL.
- 50% of loan portfolio of Rs. 25 - They’re required to invest all
lakhs/< loans. deposits in G-sec, T-Bill and in other
SCBs. ✋How much% notimp.
Evolve/ After 5 years can become Universal After 5 years can become Small Finance
future Commercial Bank, If RBI is satisfied. Bank, If RBI is satisfied with their record.
growth?
- BASEL-III norms applicable on both of SFB & PB. (More in 📑📑Pillar#1B2:BASEL Norms)
- Both SFB & PB can sell Mutual Fund (MF), Pension, Insurance policies with approvals of
respective regulators i.e. SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA.
🚩🚩�FAQ: You wrote that Payment Banks can't accept FD or give loans or credit card but Paytm
is doing that!!?? Ans: Paytm doing FD/Credit Card/Loan activities as “an Agent” of a federal bank,
IndusIndia bank etc. Similarly, Although India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) cannot give loans
because it is a payment bank but signed a deal with HDFC Bank to give home loans as an ‘Agent’.
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: if payment banks cannot give loans, then what do they do with deposit money? Ans. It
is answered within the above table itself. Read properly. If you’re going to glance over this handout
casually & carelessly like a WhatsApp message then handout cannot help you in the UPSC exam.
13.19.3 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎🚗🚗🚗🚗 On-Tap Licenses for starting SFB (मन चाहे तब अज� डालो)
- RBI reviewed & found SFBs have achieved their priority sector targets and helped in financial
inclusion. More competition and new players will help. (अ�धक ब�कों को अनुम�त देने से �धार् म� बढ़ोतरी
�व�ीय समावेशन म� मदद)
- so 2019-June, RBI announced it’ll allow ‘On-Tap’ license for SFB soon. (i.e. no need to wait for
notification unlike IAS exam, apply whenever you wish like a driving license)
Eligibility conditions to start SFB license ‘On Tap’: (Exact norms NOT IMP for IAS Exam)
- Indian persons/Indian companies with minimum “X” years experience in banking/finance.
- Existing NBFCs, MicroFinance, local area banks, Urban cooperative banks (UCB) and Payments
Banks (with 5 years’ experience) may also apply for license.
- Examples of On-Tap SFB Applicants in 2020-21: VSoft Technologies, Akhil Kumar Gupta, and
Dvara Kshetriya Gramin Financial Services, Centrum etc.
- RBI’s Shyamala Gopinath committee reviews/pass-rejects the applications.
13.19.4 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎🌎 Unity Small Finance Bank (SFB) gets license (2021)
⇒ 2021: RBI approved Unity Small Finance Bank, under ‘On-Tap’ licensing system.

⇒ Unity Small Finance Bank’s Ownership: 50:50 between 1) Centrum Finance 2) BharatPe
⇒ Unity-SFB has acquired scam-walli PMC cooperative bank. (= PMC’s depositors, staff,
buildings, assets etc). (से��म ग्रुप पीएमसी ब�क का अ�धग्रहण िकया है)
🔠🔠❓ Find correct Statement(s) about Payment Banks? (Prelims-2016)

1) Mobile telephone companies and supermarket chains that are owned and controlled by residents are
eligible to be promoters of Payment Banks.
2) Payment Banks can issue both credit cards and debit cards.
3) Payment Banks cannot undertake lending activities.
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
🔠🔠❓ What is the purpose of setting up of Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in India? (Prelims-2017)
1. To supply credit to small business units
2. To supply credit to small and marginal farmers
3. To encourage young entrepreneurs to set up business particularly in rural areas.
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
13.19.5 Commercial Banks → 📬📬India Post Payment Bank (IPPB)

- Registered as a Public Limited Company under Companies Act, 100% owned by Department of
Posts (Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.) → Obtained RBI’s License
under Banking Regulation Act to start working as a Payment Bank.
- Airtel Payments Bank was first to launch operations in 2017. Later, IPPB launched in 2018.
- Largest customer reach with 1.55 lakh Post offices across India.
- Doorstep banking through Postmen.
- Bank Account Types: Safal, Sugam, Saral (internal differences not imp4UPSC).
- Account can be opened with zero balance, no minimum balance requirement. Max. Balance 1
lakh per person. Minor Customer Aged 10 years or more can also open account. (नाबा�लग का भी खाता
खुलवा सकते ह�)
- 2019: IPPB announced it desires to convert itself from Payment Bank into a Small Finance Bank
(SFB), so it can offer loans to customers. (But as per RBI guidelines, Payment bank need 5 years’
experience before upgrading their license to SFB. या�न क� अभी मं �जल दू र है। )
13.19.6 📬📬Post Office Savings Bank (PoSB)?

Refer to Pillar: 1D3: Financial Inclusion → Small Savings Schemes.
🔠🔠❓ MCQ. Find correct about India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)? [Asked in UPSC-CDS-2018-1]
1) It has been incorporated as a Public Limited Company.
2) It started its operation by establishing two pilot branches at Hyderabad and Varanasi.
Answer codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

13.19.7 🚐🚐 ⏳ (Proposed) Wholesale & Long Term Finance Banks (WLTF)
- 2017: RBI proposed WLTF Bank. दीघर्का�लक थोक �व� ब�क.
- Entry capital 1000 crores, can’t accept deposits less than 10 crores, can give loans only to large
corporates & infrastructure projects. Other banks may use it for PSLC-certificate trading.
- 🎓🎓✋But since it’s not yet formed, so we need not loose sleep about how exactly it’ll work.
13.19.8 💸💸💸💸: 🏦🏦 Digital Payments- (Proposed) Digital Banks by NITI Aayog (2021)
⇒ 2021: NITI Aayog proposed setting up 'full-stack digital banks’.
⇒ This will be new type of banks under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (BR Act).
⇒ Digital Banks will not have physical branches. They will rely on internet for delivering banking
services. 🤩🤩Benefit? financial inclusion of rural area. (नी�त आयोग ने ऐसा प्र�ा�वत िकया है िक नए िक़� के
िड�जटल ब�क बनाए जाएं जो क� भौ�तक भौगो�लक �प से ब्रांच न हो िक�ु इं टरनेट के ज़�रए ब�िकंग सु�वधा दे इसे गाँव गाँव तक
�व�ीय समावेशन म� मदद �मलेगी)
⇒ 🎓🎓✋But since it’s not yet formed, so we need not loose sleep about how exactly it’ll work.
13.19.9 💸💸💸💸: 🏦🏦 Digital Banking Units in Budget 2022

⇒ Budget-2022 announced to setup 75 DBUs. Then RBI announced rules.
⇒ Basically commercial banks open fancy type of offices wherein every service provided digitally /
paper-less application forms with help of digital kiosks e.g. opening bank account, getting credit
cards etc.
⇒ How is this similar or different than NITI Aayog's Digital Banks? NOT IMP.
13.19.10 💸💸📡📡: 🏦🏦 Digital Payments- NeoBanks (�चकने चुपड़े श�)

- This is a fancy term for Financial technology (FinTech) related startups & Non-Banking
Financial Companies (NBFC) that are helping banking connectivity using digital channels.
🚩🚩🚩FAQ: How NeoBanks are similar or different than “DIGITAL BANKS”? Ans. ✋Not
important. When Startup-wallas want to attract inventors, they plant a lot of paid/PR/embellished
news items & columns with fancy terms like “NEOBANK” → it doesn’t automatically become
“exam worthy current affairs”…First of all let RBI/NITI/Finance Ministry/HC-SC etc make repeated
big headlines around this, then we’ll see. Observe previous years question papers. (�नवेशकों को आक�षत
करने के �लए �ाटर्अप क�नीओ द्वारा �चकने चुपड़े श�ों वाले समाचार �ांट िकए जाते ह�. तो वो अपने आप परी�ा के �लए काम का नहीं बन जाता.
पहले बड़े सरकारी सं �ानों द्वारा कु छ बड़ी बड़ी सु�खयां बटोरने दो िफर देख�ग.े )
13.20🏦🏦 �FI ⇒ BANKS ⇒ COOPERATIVE BANKS (सहकारी ब�क)

Type 🏦🏦 �Commercial 🏦🏦 �Cooperative Banks
Banks
Banking Reg. Applicable since 1949 Applicable since 1966.
Act

Regulator RBI Under RBI’s supervision:
- Multistate Cooperative Banks
- Urban Cooperative Banks
Under Dual supervision
- Other types of cooperative banks are under
dual supervision of RBI + respective State
govt’s registrar for cooperative society.
CRR, SLR, Yes Yes, but, RBI could keep different slabs/ norms.
BASEL-III
Repo, MSF Eligible to borrow Yes, but only selected category of Cooperative
Banks
PSL Lending Yes 40-75% Only urban cooperative banks
Who can Anyone First preference to members
borrow
Vote power Based on Shareholding, According to Cooperative Society norms,
like a Commercial members have vote power. So, 1 member = 1 vote
Company irrespective of how much capital contributed.
Profit Motive Yes, purely profit motive, Desire to help community. So, lending rates little
(मुनाफा करने क� so lending rates may be lower than commercial bank
चाह?) higher than Coop.
Presence (कहा पाई All India & overseas Mainly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra,
जाती है?) branches. Tamilnadu.
😰😰Challenges: Politicization, casteism, poor recovery of loans, scams, money laundering.
(राजनी�तकरण , जा�तवाद, कजार् वसूली म� अ�नय�मतता, घोटाले, धन-शोधन/ काले धन को वैध बनाना)

Table 7: Classification of Cooperative Banks
Urban Cooperative Banks (UCB: शहरी) Rural Cooperative Banks (ग्रामीण)
Further subcategories depending on 1) Notable State Cooperative Bank → District
- Scheduled / Non-Scheduled; OR Central Cooperative Bank (DCCB) →
- Single State / Multi State. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
From 2018, RBI allowed them to voluntarily (PACS: प्राथ�मक कृ �ष ऋण स�म�तयां)**
upgrade to Small Finance Banks, with certain 2) Misc Types: Land Banks, Cooperative
conditions. Agriculture & Rural Development Banks.
(they give longer duration loans compared
to above banks. How long-duration?
NOTIMP)
**PACS are not ‘banks’. They can’t issue
chequebooks. RBI doesn’t regulate them. Only
State registrar regulates them.
- 2021: RBI setup NS Vishwanathan Panel for strengthening Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).
🔠🔠❓ Find correct statement(s) (asked in UPSC-Prelims-2020)

1. In terms of short-term credit delivery to the agriculture sector, District Central Cooperative Banks
(DCCBs) deliver more credit in comparison to Scheduled Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks
2. One of the most important functions of DCCBs is to provide funds to the PACS.
Answer Codes: [a) 1 only [b) 2 only [c) Both 1 and 2 [d) Neither It nor 2
13.20.1 🏦🏦 �😥😥 Cooperative Banks: Negative News (2019): PMC Bank (कांड हो गया)
⇒ The Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative (PMC, HQ-Mumbai, setup 1984) is a Multi-State
Scheduled Urban Co-operative Bank. It functions in Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka, Goa,
Gujarat, Andhra and MP.
⇒ PMC bank loaned large amount to a weak company named ‘HDIL’, because of its cozy relations
with bank directors. Company who couldn’t repay it. NPA became so large, bank might collapse.
⇒ RBI imposed withdrawal limits on the depositors using the powers of Banking Regulation Act.
Because, if there was no withdrawal limit → ‘bank run’ would have been so high even CRR-SLR
can’t fulfill it.
⇒ ⚾📻📻⚾🎓🎓✋Then ball-by-ball commentary of RBI/Govt/SC/HC action = poor cost benefit.
⇒ Budget-2020: Promised to amend the Banking Regulation Act to increase RBI's powers over
cooperative banks. → done through Ordinance, which was later passed as Act ब�िकंग �व�नयमन
(सं शोधन) अ�ादेश/कानून
⇒ 2021-22: Scam-hit Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank Ltd (PMC Bank) aquired by /
merged with Unity Small Finance Bank Ltd. (USFBL). Now, PMC bank’s victim depositors will
get ₹5 lakh from DICGC (What is this org? Ans. 1B2). → if any remaining due amount beyond
₹5 lakhs → Victim depositors to get it from USFBL bank in instalments in next 10 years

🔠🔠❓ MCQ. Recently the RBI has imposed limitations, initially for a period of six months, on the
withdrawal of amount by account holders of this banks: (UPSC-CDS-i-2020) (a) IndusInd Bank
(b) Dhanlaxmi Bank (c) Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank (d) South Indian Bank
13.20.2 ⚖🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance/Act, 2020

- 2020-June: Ordinance issued to amend the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 2020-Sept: Act passed
- Objective? protect depositors, prevent cooperative banks from falling into fraudulent activities.
Table 8:भूतकाल म� दोहरे �नयं त्रण के चलते घोटाले/कांड के बाद कायर्वाही धीमी होती थी, इस�लए अब �ादातर सहकारी ब�को को �सफर् �रजवर् ब�क के दायरे मे लाया गया
Type of Bank 😰😰BEFORE: Regulator(s) 🤩🤩After:
Regulator(s)
Commercial (SBI Axis) 🐯🐯RBI 🐯🐯RBI
Coop (Single State: rural) 🐯🐯RBI + �State Govt (=dual 🐯🐯RBI + �State
regulation) Govt
Coop (Single State: urban) 🐯🐯RBI + �State Govt(=dual 🐯🐯RBI ONLY
regulation)
Coop (Multi State 🐯🐯RBI + 🧔🧔Union Govt(=dual 🐯🐯RBI ONLY
Cooperative) regulation)
Coop: Primary Agricultural �State Govt �State Govt
Credit Societies ("PACS")
⇒ �State Government = State Govt’s Registrar for Coop Societies
⇒ 🧔🧔Union= Agro Ministry’s Registrar Multi-State Coop Societies
Before 😿😿 😿😿 After this Ordinance/Act/Amendment 😾😾 😾😾
If a commercial / cooperative bank was on ⇒ It makes technical reforms for easier/faster
verge of collapse, then RBI would first issue amalgamation / merger / restructuring of weak
“moratorium (रोक)” e.g. banks. (कमजोर ब�कों का आसानी-तेजी से समामेलन / �वलय /
⇒ “single depositor can’t withdraw more पुनगर्ठन)
than XX amount,
⇒ Bank can’t give loans until YY Date.
⇒ Then RBI will begin the process of fixing
the bank. → This disrupted the normal
business of the bank and created panic
among investors. (�नवेशकों म� दहशत फे लती थी)
It was difficult for a coop bank to raise Technical norms relaxed, to make it Easier.
capital/money by issuing IPO-
Shares/Bonds-Debentures. (Ref📑📑#1C)

Before 😿😿 😿😿 After this Ordinance/Act/Amendment 😾😾 😾😾
Provisions were vague / weak. Bank chairman must not be insolvent or a convicted
(कानून म� ��ता नहीं थी / कानूनी प्रावधान कमजोर थे) person etc., else RBI can remove him/her. (िदवा�लया या
अपराधी नहीं होना चािहए)
Provisions were vague / weak. Coop Bank’s Board of directors must have at least
51% of members with knowledge or experience in
accountancy, banking, economics or law. ELSE RBI
can replace board members (हर �ा�नक छू टभैये नेता को अब
बोडर्-सद� नहीं बना सकते)
Provisions were vague / weak. However, if scam in a cooperative bank → RBI can
takeover/supersede its board of directors for upto 5
years, subject to some technical conditions. (घोटाला �आ
तो सहकारी ब�क के बोडर् का अ�धग्रहण कर, �रजवर् ब�क वहाँ अपने लोगों/अफसरों
को 5 सालों तक वहाँ बैठा सकता है- हालाक� कु छ तकनीक� शत� के अधीन)
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find correct Statements about ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India (Pre-21)
1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. [रा� सरकार
उनक� �नगरानी और �नयं त्रण करता है]
2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. [वे इ��टी शेयर और वरीयता शेयर जारी कर सकते ह�।]
3. They were brought under the purview of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment
in 1966. [उ�� 1966 म� एक सं शोधन के मा�म से ब�िकंग �व�नयमन अ�ध�नयम, 1949 के दायरे म� लाया गया था।]
Codes: a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
Related topics: Refer to
DICGC, UCB’s Supervisory Action Framework Pillar##1B2: Bad loans & other burning issues
(SAF)→ refer to in Banking Sector
Jan Dhan Yojana, Lead Bank Scheme etc → Pillar##1D: Financial Inclusion
13.21🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 FORMAL FI ⇒ NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

13.21.1 Development Finance Institutions (DFI: �वकास �व� सं �ान)
⇒ are meant for Medium to long term loans to industries, including support services like arranging
foreign currency, underwriting, technical / management consultancy, Bank guarantee etc.
⇒ They don't accept DEPOSITs from ordinary people.
⇒ Previously the financial intermediaries (�व�ीय म��) were classified into three categories 1) Bank,
2) Non-Bank 3) DFI
⇒ But M.Narasimham-II Committee on Banking sector reforms (1998): recommended only two
categories: Bank or non-bank. DFI were required to join either one category.

Table 9: Exact Years, Full Forms not very important but Chronology is important
Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) owned by the Finance Ministry's

1948
Department of Financial Services.
National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) under the Ministry of Micro, Small and
1955
Medium Enterprises (MSME).
ICICI: Industrial credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd was setup by GoI, World
1955
Bank etc. Later became a Private Sector Bank.
Industrial Development Bank Of India (IDBI) Act. 2004: Transformed into a Public Sector
1964
Bank. 2018: Government sold its majority shareholding to LIC.
India Infrastructure Finance Company Ltd (IIFCL) owned by the Finance Ministry's
2006
Department of Financial Services.
National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) Bill, 2021 (बु�नयादी
2021
अवसं रचना और �वकास के �व� पोषण के �लए रा��ीय ब�क)
13.21.2 DFI → NaBFID: National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development
⇒ 💼💼Budget-2021: We'll set up this org with ₹20,000cr capital.
⇒ NaBFID will give loans worth ₹5 lakh crore in 3 years. Chairman: K.V. Kamath.
⇒ It'll get funding from RBI, Govt, World Bank etc & by issuing bonds in market etc
⇒ As per news reports 1) The govt may order Insurance & Pension companies to invest some ₹₹ in
NaBFID. 2) This org may replace the India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (llFCL)
⇒ 🤩🤩Benefit? It’ll help in National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) project.(📑📑Ref: HDT-
Pillar#5:Infrastructure)
13.21.3 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫What is Bad Bank- NARCL-IDRCL?

📑📑Ref: HDT-Pillar#1B2: Bad Loans
13.21.4 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫Non Bank ⇒ All India Financial Institutions (AIFI):

अ�खल भारतीय �व�ीय सं �ान were setup by respective acts of Parliament
EXIM (Jan 1982) NABARD (Jul 1982) NHB (1988) SIDBI (1990)
आयात �नयार्त के �लए कृ �ष और गाँव �वकास के �लए गृह/आवास �नमार्ण छोटे उद्योगों के �वकास के �लए
Export-Import National Bank for National Housing Small Industries
Bank of India Agriculture and Bank Development
Rural Development Bank of India
Boss: Government Previously RBI had Original boss: RBI Originally 100% owned by
of India (100%) minority-stakes in (100%). But, IDBI. Later on shareholding
NABARD but 2018: 2019-Apr: RBI transferred → SBI, LIC etc
100% Govt owned. sold 100% to
Govt.
Promotes cross - Regulatory - Finance to - Operates Credit
border trade and supervision: banks and Guarantee fund, Small
investment, helps Coop + RRB NBFCs for Enterprises Development
importers-exports - + Indirect housing Fund (SEDF).
with loans and refinance to projects. - Operates udyamimitra.in
foreign currency. farmers, artisans - RESIDEX for loans to small
- Operates Rural index to entrepreneurs via schemes
Infra. monitor like Mudra, Stand-up-
Development residential India. (📑📑Ref: HDT-
fund (RIDF) real estate Pillar#1D: to know more
prices. abt these schemes)
- Earlier it was
Regulator of
Housing
Finance Cos
(NBFC)**
⇒ ** Budget-2019: shifted NHB’s regulatory powers to RBI.
⇒ NABARD Amendment Act 2017: facilitated transfer of RBI shares to Govt.
⇒ AIFIs are not ‘banks’ because can’t accept direct deposits from the public.
⇒ RBI is the regulator over AIFI, BASEL norms applicable but RBI can prescribe different / slabs
norms / deadlines. What/why/how?NotIMP.
⇒ Atmanirbhar Bharat 2020→ RBI announced Special refinance facility for AIFI → they can
borrow more ₹₹ from RBI → circulate loan towards to agriculture, housing, MSME, foreign
trade. (�वशेष पुन�व� सु�वधा)
⇒ ✋5th AIFI = Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI) closed in 2012.

🚩🚩🚩FAQ: Whether NABARD is 100% owned by govt or 100% owned by RBI- what difference
does it make? Ans. Shareholders vote for selecting board of directors. Shareholders receive dividend
from the profit of the organization. So Govt or RBI gets power/benefits depending on who owns
majority shareholding.
🔠🔠❓ MCQ. Which of the following grants direct credit assistance to rural households? (UPSC-Pre-2013)
1) Regional Rural Banks
2) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
3) Land Development Banks
Answer Codes:(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
🔠🔠❓Find Correct Statement(s) (Asked in UPSC-Prelims-2004)
A) NHB, the apex institution of housing finance in India, was setup as a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI
B) SIDBI was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Industrial development bank of India
C) Both A and B D) Neither A nor B
13.21.5 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫FI ⇒ Non-Bank ⇒ Primary Dealers (PD)- (प्राथ�मक �वक्रेता)
⇒ They deal in "primary" market i.e. directly buy fresh G-sec from RBI’s E-Kuber platform and sell
it in the secondary market. Total 20+ PD licensed by RBI: 14 of them are Banks. E.g. Standard
Chartered Bank, HSBC (HongKong), SBI, Kotak etc. (Numbers not important)
Related Topic: Retail/Ordinary Investors also buy G-Sec directly from RBI by opening a ‘Retail
Direct Gilt Account’ (RDG Account). (More in 📑📑Pillar#1C: Deepening of Capital Market)
13.21.6 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫FI ⇒ NBFCs (गेर-ब�िकंग �व�ीय कं प�नया)

Parameter Commercial Banks Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
Registration Banking Regulation Act Companies Act
Supervision RBI Depends.Mutual funds-SEBI, Insurance Co:
IRDAI etc.
Entry Capital 500 Cr. Differs. Rs. 5cr for MicroFinance Company, 200
cr. For reinsurer etc. [figures not imp]
Numbers 13 Public Sector (incl. Post Payment Total 10,190. Out of them 108 deposit Taking,
Bank), 56 RRBs, 39 private sectors remaining are non-deposit-taking (ND).
(including SFB, PB), 44 Foreign Banks.
[figures not imp]
Can accept - Can accept Time & Demand - Only NBFC-Deposit-Taking (NBFC-D) &
Deposits? deposits [also known as even they can accept only Time Deposits. E.g.
chequable deposit]. Bajaj Finance.
- Payment banks- can’t accept - Deposits are not insured under DICGC Act.
time deposits e.g. Fixed 📑📑 More in Pillar#1B1
Deposits.
- Their deposits are insured
under DICGC Act.
Can issue - Yes, Banker can issue these - Can’t issue their chequebook, debit/credit
Chequebook, instruments. card.
Credit Card, - 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: Bajaj Finserv is issuing Credit
Debit Card? Cards!!?? Ans. Bajaj Finserv is giving you the
credit card of RBL-Bank. So Bajaj Finserv is
acting as an 'Agent' of the RBL Bank.
Prudential CRR, SLR, applicable - SLR applicable ONLY on NBFC-D. but RBI
Norms सावधानी can prescribe different slabs / formulas than
के मानदंड banks.
- CRR not applicable on any type of NBFC.
BASEL Yes, Applicable. - Applicable on 108 NBFC-D and
Capital 📑📑 More in Pillar#1B2 - Applicable on 276 NBFCs – ND – SI (non-
Adequacy deposit taking Systematically Important with
Norms, LCR- assets over ₹ 500 crores)
HQLA norms - e.g. L&T Finance, Cholamandalam etc.
But RBI can prescribe different slabs / norms /deadlines.
Investment They can keep depositor’s money Can invest clients’ money in share market. E.g.
ग्राहक का पैसा in RBI approved securities. But Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies.
िकधर �नवेश करते can’t invest in share market per se,
directly.

Parameter Commercial Banks Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
Loan Interest Decided as per RBI’s methodology Varies & depends on nature of biz.
Rate �ाज दर from time to time (BPLR, MCLR,
External Benchmark etc.) Ref:
1A1
Recovery Loan recovery powers under - Housing Finance Companies have SARFAESI
बकाया रा�श क� SARFAESI Act. powers. But, all types of NBFCs don’t have it.
वसूली 📑📑 More in Pillar#1B2 (More in 📑📑Pillar#1B2)
Consumer RBI’s Ombudsman, Bank’s RBI’s separate Ombudsman for NBFCs starting
Complaints Internal Ombudsman ** �शकायत the NBFC-D since 2018**.
�नवारण
**More about these Ombudsman in 📑📑Pillar#1D: Insurance handout
🔠🔠❓ Find correct Statement(s) about NBFCs in India [Asked in UPSC-Prelims-2010]
A) They cannot engage in the acquisition of securities issued by government.
B) They cannot accept demand deposits like savings account.
C) Both A and B D) Neither A nor B
🔠🔠❓ The main functioning of the banking system is to [Asked in UPSC-CDS-2013-II]
(a) accept deposits and provide credit (b) accept deposits and subsidies
(c) provide credit and subsidies (d) accept deposits, give credit and subsidies
13.21.7 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 NBFCs Regulated by RBI 🐯🐯 (�नयं त्रण/देखरेख)
Table 10: 🎓🎓✋no need to remember examples, just observe pattern

Investment and They mainly help buying ‘assets/machinery’ like tractor, bulldozer, etc
Credit Company E.g. SREI Equipment Finance, Limited
Consumer Durable - Help buying TV, Fridge, Mobile, AC etc. with Buy now Pay later
Loan Finance /BNPL (BNPL) / Equated Monthly Instalment (EMI) model. (How they’re
similar or different = PHD not required. हर चीज़ का �विकपीिडया बनना ज�री
नहीं है पुराने पेपर देख लो)
- Eg. Bajaj Finserv, Flexpay, Zestpay etc.

Core Investment - They do long term investment in Companies. E.g. Tata Capital,
Company (CIC) Reliance Capital, Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited
(IL&FS)
- IL&FS in controversy because couldn’t repay interest to lenders. 📑📑
More in next NPA handout.
Infrastructure Internal difference notimp for UPSC. Basically, they give loan for infra.
Finance Company Projects like highway, airport, powerplants. ( बु�नयादी अवसं रचना के �लए दीघर् अव�ध के
(IFC) लोन)
Infrastructure Debt - E.g. Rural Electrification Company ltd. (REC)
Fund (IDF) - L&T IDF, Kotak IDF, IDFC IDF (“IDFC First” has separate license
for Private Sector Bank).
Asset Reconstruction They buy bad loans / NPA from Banks & other NBFCs, and try to salvage
Companies (ARC) value from the underlying assets. E.g Anil Ambani’s Reliance ARC.
Factoring They lend short term money to client against his invoices / accounts
Companies receivable. E.g. IFCI Factors, Siemens Factoring. (What is Factoring?
Ans. 📑📑Pillar#1C)
Gold Loan e.g. Muthoot gold loan, Mannapuram Gold.
Companies RBI decides their Loan to Value ratio (LTV) (More in 📑📑Pillar#1A2).
Micro Finance - 2010: RBI’s Y. H. Malegam Committee → RBI created a new NBFC
Institutions category called Micro Finance Institution (MFI)
(MFI: सू� �व� सं �ान) - They give small loans to poor without collateral, flexible EMI.
- eg:Bandhan (W.Bengal, separately got PvB license), Disha (A'Bad:
separately got SFB license), SKS (Andhra), Cashpor (UP), Ujjivan
(Karnataka).
- 📔📔📔📔ES20 appreciated the role of MFI in Helping the weaker section
because Majority of its borrowers are women (97%), SC/ST(30%) and
minorities (29%)
- Who regulates them? RBI + Ministry of Corporate Affairs
- Who can borrow from MFI? Ans. Household whose annual income is
not more than ₹ 1.25 lakh (rural) or ₹ 2 lakhs (urban).
- How much can one person borrow from an MFI? Ans. Not More than
₹ 1.25 lakh. [**Before 2019-Oct above limits were lowers.]
MUDRA (2015) - A non-deposit taking NBFC owned by SIDBI. It gives indirect loans to
Micro enterprises through PM Mudra Yojana.
- 📑📑 More in Pillar1D- Financial Inclusion.

Fintech cos: P2P - It is like Olx-Quickr connecting sellers of second hand goods with
Lenders buyers. the P2P lending websites connect borrowers and lenders. E.g.
Faircent.com, Cashkumar.com, CRED Mint etc.
- 2021- CRED Mint launched. Newspapers gone crazy so Babushonas
are demanding that I should teach them PHD thesis on its business
model. ✋Bhai, I’ll not teach it. Look @previous exam MCQs in this
Handout
Fintech cos: Account - They manage information of a customer’s financial assets & display it
Aggregators (AA) to him or to third party (like loan giver, credit rating company &
Apps)
- 2018: RBI gave license to 5 cos- NeSL,Cookiejar etc.
Fintech cos: - E.g. Loanadda.com, Moneytap.com, Loanbazaar, Paisabazaar etc.
Loan Aggregators portals
(ऋण समूहन) - 😰😰Challenges? Often these digital platforms that act as outsourced
agents of banks/NBFCs to sell loans.
- But, customers face difficulty in complaint/grievance redressal.
- Now even Google Pay app developing features for loans. So RBI has
expressed its displeasure and is presently working on rules to fix this.
Residuary (अव�श�) Any NBFC not regulated by any other regulator- falls under RBI’s
purview.
13.21.8 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫Credit Information Companies (CIC) versus Credit Rating Agencies (CRA)
Credit Information Credit Rating Agencies (CRA)
Companies (CIC)
Regulator RBI SEBI
E.g. CIBIL TransUnion, CRIF Standards and Poor's, Moody’s, CRISIL,
High Mark, Equifax and CARE, ICRA, FITCH Ratings India Pvt.
Experian. Ltd, Brickwork Ratings India, SMERA.
check the credit “Individual Persons” (एकल companies, NBFCs, governments, local
worthiness/ loan �� के कजर् वापस चुकाने क� औकात है िक bodies, non-profit organizations.
repayment capacity of नहीं उसका मू�ांकन करते ह�) They do not check it for individual
persons. ( सं �ानों क� कजार् वापस चुकाने क� औकात
का मू�ांकन करते ह�. एक एक इं सान के �लए नहीं करते)
Rating numerical scores. e.g. CIBIL alphabetical symbols e.g. AAA, AA-, D-
Score between 300-900. etc.
Utility? Better the score → similar to the left cell.

🤩🤩1) your loan application
will be passed more easily by
the Bank/loan-giving NBFC.
🤩🤩2) You'll have to pay lower
interest rate.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find Correct about credit rating agencies (CRA) in India? (Prelims-2022)
1. They are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India.
2. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company.
3. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
13.21.9 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 NBFCs Regulated by SEBI 🐱🐱 (📑📑More in Pillar#1C)
- They help clients buy-sell shares and bonds (=debentures) depending

on his instructions E.g. Motilal Oswal, Indiabulls, Sherkhan, Karvy etc.
Stock Broker - 2019: Karvy Stock Broking transferred clients money & shares into its
own group company Karvy Realty without clients’ consent, so SEBI
banned Karvy.
- They pool clients’ money and MF-manager invests it in shares/bonds
using his own discretion & expertise.
Mutual Funds (MF) - E.g. SBI's Shariah Equity Mutual Fund: clients' money invested in
Sharia compliant Cos. That don’t deal with alcohol, pork, debt, tobacco
or weapons.
- Pool & invest money in real estate / infra projects e.g. IRB. <📑📑More
REITs / InvITs
in Pillar#1C: SEBI Handout>
⇒ Underwriting, Merger & Acquisition, Wealth Management of rich
Investment Banks: people:
(USA term) & ⇒ E.g. Kotak Mahindra, Citigroup, Bank of America, DSP Merrill Lynch,
Merchant Banking Morgan Stanley, SBI capital
Companies: ⇒ 2021: SEBI allowed payments banks to act as investment bankers (after
(UK term) fulfilling the rules/regulations of SEBI). सेबी से अनुम�त लेकर भुगतान ब�क ये कर
सकते ह�
Venture Capital VCF Help startup companies to arrange capital e.g. IFCI-VCF, IDG-VCF
Fund

13.21.10 🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫 NBFCs Regulated by Others 🦊🦊
Regulator Example NBFC Companies

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDAI) regulates:
IRDAI
- 1) Life Insurance companies e.g. LIC, HDFC Standard Life Insurance
(📑📑More in
- 2) Non-Life (=General) insurance e.g. IFFCO-Tokyo General Insurance.
Pill1D)
- 3) Policy aggregator web-platforms such Policybazaar.com
PFRDA Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) regulates all
(📑📑More in Pill1D) Pension Funds, except EPFO & other statutory funds.
National - Housing Finance Companies such as DHFL, Muthoot Housing finance
Housing Bank etc. These companies were earlier regulated by NHB but after Budget-
(NHB) 2019, this category’s is regulated by RBI.
1. NIDHI Companies: Mutual benefit club, only members can borrow. e.g.
Ministry of South Madras Benefit Fund ltd, Maben Nidhi Ltd (of Mannapuram group)
Corporate 2. Microfinance Companies: learned in previous section. Microfinance
Affairs Companies’ some of the regulation work done by RBI and some of the
regulation work done by Corporate Affairs Ministry.
It regulates ‘Chit funds’. e.g. Shriram
State Registrar
Chit fund is a type of collective investment scheme with monthly
of Chit Funds
contributions & borrowing by contributing members Chits. (Ref 📑📑Pillar#1D)
13.21.11 👻👻(🚫🚫🚫🚫): NBFC: Shadow Banking (आभासी / प्र�तछाया ब�िकंग प्रणाली)

⇒ 📔📔📔📔ES20 observed: Shadow banking is a set of activities and institutions. They operate
partially (or fully) outside the traditional commercial banking sector. They are not fully regulated
by the RBI. ये सं �ाए पारंप�रक ब�िकंग �नयमो के दायरे से बाहर काम करती है.
⇒ A shadow banking system can be composed of a single institution or multiple entities forming a
chain.
⇒ They mobilize funds by borrowing from banks, issuing Commercial Papers (CP) and Bonds
(=Non-convertible debentures)
Table 11: Three important segments of the shadow banking system in India
HFCs Housing Finance Companies. E.g. Dewan Housing Finance Limited (DHFL)
LDMFs - Liquid Debt Mutual Funds invest clients money into short term debt instruments
such as T-bill (of Govt) and Commercial Papers (of companies).
- e.g. certain schemes by UTI, Kotak, L&T, Tata mutual funds
Retail- Retail Non-Banking Financial Companies such As Gold Loan Companies, Asset
NBFCs Finance Companies etc.

Shadow banking system’s assets are risky. Sometimes they can’t honour their obligations/bond
repayments. It results into severe crisis, as seen in the ILFS crisis (2019). (उनक� सं प�तया जो�खमपूणर् होती है)
(More in 📑📑Pillar#1B2)
13.21.12 🧕🧕NBFC-not allowed in India: Islamic Banking
- Interest (Riba) is prohibited (Haram) in Islam. So, Islamic Banking operates through Ijara,
Murbaha, Musharaka mechanisms- in which depositors’ money is invested in borrower’s
property / business and returns are shared in form of rent / profit but not in the form of Interest.
- While previous committees said give permission to Islamic Banks in India, but RBI is opposed
(2017).
- 2017: Kerala Govt allowed opening of a Islamic Bank by registering it as “co-operative society”,
so as to avoid the RBI’s ban. But further, legal controversy notimp. 🎓🎓✋
- 👍👍Pro-Arguments? Financial inclusion of Minorities/Muslims. अ�सं �कों का �व�ीय समावेशन
👎👎Anti-Arguments against allowing Islamic Banking in India?
- Specialized Manpower required. Secular India’s PM-Jan-Dhan Yojana & Post Office Payment
bank efforts are sufficient. (ब�क-बचत क� धमर्�नरपे� सेवाएं उपल�. अलग से एक धमर् �वशेष के �लए �व�ीय सेवा
अनाव�क)
- USA Govt alleges their involvement in terror finance & money laundering. (आतं क� �व�पोषण, काले
धन को वैध बनाना)
13.21.13 🧔🧔🧔🔪🔪💵💵😱😱 Informal Financial Intermediaries (अनौपचा�रक �व�ीय म��)
- Unlike banks/NBFCs, they provide loans without formal application procedure, etc but require
Property/Vehicle/Home/Goods/Crop/Gold etc. as collaterals/pawn. (सं प�� गरवी रखवा के कजर्)
- They charge very high compound interest rates & use muscle power for recovery (ऊंचे �ाजदर,
वसूली के �लए धमकाना-बलप्रयोग करना.)
- For every Rs.100 borrowed by a rural household, 33% from informal money lenders, remining
from banks, friends-family etc. (2012 data)
- They don’t fall under RBI purview, but State Govts have individual laws to regulate them e.g.
Bombay Moneylenders Act 1947, Kerala (1958), Gujarat (2011). These laws require such
informal lenders to register, impose ceiling on the interest rate & prohibit strong-arm tactics.
(�रजवर् ब�क क� �नगरानी म� नहीं िकंतु रा� सरकारों ने �नयं त्रण के �लए कानून बनाएं - पं जीकरण, �ाज क� मह�म सीमा �नधार्�रत
करना, बलप्रयोग/जबरन वसूली पर रोक)

Table 12: Following Examples/Differentiation not imp for IAS Exam but Banking Exams
Types → Indigenous Banker (देशी ब�कर) Moneylender / Brokers

Shroff, Shikarpuri, Chettiar, Kabuli Pathan, Quistwala, Arhatia,
Medieval time
Marwari, Aiyar, Rastogi Village Bania, Soni, Mahajan & Seth,
known as →
Pawnbrokers, Financial Brokers
They used to mobilize money They use their own savings-money
Money
from Public via: 1) Hundi: bill of (or sometimes some villain’s black
mobilization →
exchange; money- �यं का पैसा कज� पर देते या िकसी भ्र� नेता
पैसा कहां से लाते ह�
2) Commercial bills अफसर का काला धन कज� पर घुमाते)
13.21.14 ✍🎷🎷 Mock Questions for Mains

1. “Discuss the evolution / structure / function / objective of Payment bank/RRB etc”= This is a too
simplistic Mains Question for UPSC. These institutions have to be seen in the context of
GDP/Economic Growth, Investment/NPA-Bad loans, Inclusive growth/Financial Inclusion. So,
indirectly you may use’em as fodder points in such questions. (इस प्रकार के सामा� प्र� नहीं पूछे जाते
यूपीएससी मु� परी�ा म�)
2. “Suggest reforms for public sector bank, discussion their success after nationalization” etc. =
Those topics are still half-finished until we study Pillar#1B2: Bad loans, BASEL and other
burning issues in the banking sector. (सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�को म� सुधार िक चचार् क��जए ये मुद्दा अभी हमने पूरा नहीं
पढ़ा �ोंिक िदवा�लयापन क� सम�ा के बारे म� अगले Pillar#1b2 म� और पढ़ाई होगी)
📑📑Next HDT: 🔥🔥 1B2: Burning Issues in Banking: Bad Loans, NPA, IBC, SARFAESI, BASEL etc.

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Pillar#1B-1: Classification of Financial Intermediaries: Bank & NBFC

🚩🚩🚩FAQ: This handout is very lengthy, contains lot of Banking GK😰😰!!.

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 104

13 🏛🏛 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES → BANKS

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 105

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 106

📑📑 Related Topics: RBI Autonomy, Dividend Controversy, Section 7, PCA/BASEL:

13.11.2 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI Offices & Departments

13.11.3 🏦🏦 ₹ 🖨🖨 RBI: Functions of

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 107

🔠🔠❓ RBI acts as a bankers’ bank. What does it mean? (UPSC-Pre-2012)

13.12🏦🏦 � SCHEDULED BANKS (अनुसू�चत ब�क)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 108

⇒ 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: What is paid up capital? Ans. Explained in the video.

🐴🐴 Scheduled Bank (अनुसू�चत ब�क) 🐭🐭 Non-Scheduled Bank (गैर- अनुसू�चत)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 109

13.13🏦🏦 �FI⇒ COMMERCIAL BANKS⇒ PRE-INDEPENDENCE

Table 2: Before Independence (Exact Years Not-IMP.)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 110

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 111

Economic Survey 2019-20 (released on 31/01/2020) Vol1Ch.07 observed:

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 112

PSB consolidation = made up of two types of reforms: A) Merger B) Privatization

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 113

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 114

13.15.2 🔂🔂Consolidation of PSBs → B) Privatization (�नजीकरण)

13.15.2.1 UTI Bank → ‘Privatization’ into Axis Bank (2007)

13.15.2.2 IDBI Bank → Purchased by LIC (2018)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 115

13.15.3 PSB Privatization: Banking Investment Company (BIC-ब�िकंग �नवेश कं पनी)

13.15.4 🔂🔂🔂🔂Anti-Arguments against Merger and Privatization of PSBs (�वरोध म� तकर् )

13.16🏦🏦 �COMMERCIAL BANKS ⇒ PVT. SECTOR BANKS (PVB) �नजी-�ेत्र के ब�क

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 116

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 117

13.17🚫🚫🏦🏦 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗 ALLOWING NBFC/LARGE CORPORATE TO SETUP BANKS

13.17.1 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: 🤩🤩 Arguments in Favour प� म� तकर्

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 118

13.17.3 🚫🚫🚫🚫 � 🚗🚗🚗🚗: Conclusion about banking license to Adani/Ambani? (�न�षर्)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 119

13.18.1 🤵🤵 Foreign Banks in India: LVB merged with DBS (�वलीनीकरण)

13.19🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🚫🚫COMMERCIAL BANKS ⇒ DIFFERENTIAL BANKS

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 120

13.19.1 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎 Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks⇒ RRB and LAB

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 121

13.19.2 🏦🏦 � 🌎🌎🌎🌎Commercial Banks ⇒ Differential Banks ⇒ SFB & PB

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 122

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 123

🔠🔠❓ Find correct Statement(s) about Payment Banks? (Prelims-2016)

13.19.5 Commercial Banks → 📬📬India Post Payment Bank (IPPB)

13.19.6 📬📬Post Office Savings Bank (PoSB)?

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 124

13.19.9 💸💸💸💸: 🏦🏦 Digital Banking Units in Budget 2022

13.19.10 💸💸📡📡: 🏦🏦 Digital Payments- NeoBanks (�चकने चुपड़े श�)

13.20🏦🏦 �FI ⇒ BANKS ⇒ COOPERATIVE BANKS (सहकारी ब�क)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 125

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 126

🔠🔠❓ Find correct statement(s) (asked in UPSC-Prelims-2020)

(Batch:PCB7) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#1B1: Bank-NBFC Classification → Page 127

13.20.2 ⚖🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance/Act, 2020