CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE CORRECTION DUE TO SAG

SURVEY
ING where:
where:
❖ w=linear weight of tape
❖ α =coeff . of linear (¿ thermal)expansion wt . of tape
➢ use 11.6 x 10-6 ° C if not given ➢ ¿
➔ measurement of dimensional relationships lengthof tape
❖ L=measuredlength /length of tape ❖ L=distance between supports
among points, lines, and physical features on or
❖ T =temp . during measurement ➢ length of tapena nag-sag
near the Earth’s surface
➔ divided into two categories: ❖ T O=standard temperature
Ltape = 100 Example: @ every
◆ Plane Surveying - mapping small areas ➢ given∈the problem quarterpoint

Note: C T =correction per tapelength , not total error

m Ltape = 100 m
◆ Geodetic Surveying - mapping large
areas of the globe ¿ add algebraically
L= L L L L
For total correction:
100 m L = 25
given distance
TAPE CORRECTION C T (total) =CT x
length of tape
m
❖ P=applied pull/ tension
ERROR IN TAPE Note: C S=total correction due ¿ sag
CORRECTION DUE TO PULL
¿ depends on what Lis used
“Too Long” “Too Short”
¿ always subtract
Measure Add Subtract

Lay-out Subtract Add

where:
❖ P=applied pull/ tension
S L A M S ❖ PO =standard pull/tension
➢ given∈the problem
“Too SHORT LAYING-OUT ADD MEASURED SUBTRACT”
❖ L=measured length /length of tape
where: ❖ a=cross−sectional areaof tape
● Measure - measuring the distance in ❖ E=elastic modulus of steel
between 2 points
● Lay-out - measure predetermined Note: C P =correction per tape length, not total error
distancese ¿ add algebraically
to
Giv For total correction:
Lcorrect = Linitial ± L initi
Ltap
tal en given distance
Errorarea = |Acorrect - are C P (total )=C P x
e al length of tape
e Aerroeneous| a
MEASURING:
A B 1) A rectangular lot having a dimension of 217.3 m b) Error in area
8 by 148.5 m was measured by a 30 m tape which
cm is 0.04 m too long.

Required:
8 cm a) What is the correct width of the lot?
Standar b) Find the error in area.
d
c) If the same tape is used to set a baseline
errone
with length 837.5 m, determine the actual (217. errone
ous
7.5 cm distance to be laid out. ous errone
3 m)
Too SOLUTION (148. ous
errone
Long 217.5 ous
Assume that the given dimensions are erroneous. 5 m)
90 m
148.6
8.5 cm 217. 98 m
Too
Short
3m width
148.
5m
LAYING-OUT:
a) Correct width of the lot
A B c) Actual distance to lay-out 837.5 m
8 S L A M S using same tape
cm
“Too SHORT LAYING-OUT ADD MEASURED SUBTRACT”
S L A M S
Standar
d “Too SHORT LAYING-OUT ADD MEASURED SUBTRACT”

Too
Long

Too
Short
 2) A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the
distance of the line and is found to be 1539.28 m C T (total) =0.19641 m
long. During measurement, the tape is
C P (total )=−0.04402 m
supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and
the observed mean temperature is 31°C. The
C S (total )=1.41193 m
tape is of standard length at 20°C and a tension
of 12 kg. The cross-sectional area of the tape is
0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear expansion is
0.0000116/°C, and the modulus of elasticity of
steel is 2.0x106 kg/cm2. The tape weighs 1.5 kg.
Answer is just the correction per tape length, not
Required: total.
a) Determine the total correction for
temperature.
b) Find the total correction due to pull/tension.
c) Determine the total correction due to sag.
d) What is the correct length of the line?

SOLUTION:
c) Total Correction due to Sag
a) Total Correction due to Temperature
C T =α L(T −T O )
Answer is just the correction per tape length, not
total.
C T =α L(T −T O )
.
C T =(11.6 x 10−6 /° C)(100 m)( 31−20)° C 12 13 14 15 39
00 00 00 00 28
C T =0.01276 m
L L L
1539.28 m
C T (total) =0.01276 m x
100 m

C T (total) =0.19641 m

d) Correct length of the line

b) Total Correction due to Pull/tension
LEVELING

DEFINITION OF TERMS

➔ Leveling is the operation of measuring vertical

1 . A
distance, either directly or indirectly, to 0 1
determine the difference in elevation B .
➔ Methods - the difference in elevation may be . 3
measured by the following methods:
6
2 6
◆ Direct/Spirit Leveling - by measuring 2
6 2
vertical distances directly/most precise 2
b) Error
0 in the line of sight
method of determining elevations and is
the one commonly used e
1
◆ Indirect/Trigonometric Leveling - by 2 A B
2
measuring vertical angles and horizontal .1 . .
or slope distances 8. 6 8
72 2 7
1) To adjust a dumpy level by peg method of 95 3 5
adjustment, two points A and B were set up. 6
With the instrument at Point A was 1.623 m and
the foresight at B was 2.875 m. The level is
transferred at B and the backsight at B was
1.622 m while the rod reading at A was 0.362 m. 0 A 1
1 . B .
Required: . 3 6
a) Find the true elevation between A and B. 2 6 2
b) What is the error in the line of sight? 5 2
c) Determine the correct reading at A that 2
6
will give the level line of sight with the c) Correct reading at A with instrument at B
instrument.
a) Total Correction due to Temperature

1
1 . A B
2
.
. 6 8
2 2 7
5 3 5
2