Fourth Quarter CAE Reviewer

Mesopotamia, Indus and Sumer

- Home to the cradle of human civilization
Byzantine, Rome and Greece
- Influenced by many of the great ancient empire
Beliefs: Judaism, Hinduism and Islam

Quran
● The term Qur’an itself means recitation.
● The revelations were recorded and written down
on tablets and bones by scribes over a span of
23 years of prophet Muhammad's life.
● Abu Bakr, prophet Muhammad's caliph or
successor, collected the written text of the
Qur'an after prophet's death in 632 C.E. Sanskrit - Used as main literary language during the
● The Qur'an is written in the form of Arabic poetry classical period of Indian literature
● Its chapters are organized by length, starting
with the longest ones, except for the opening Hinduism
chapter, the Sura Al-Fatiha. ● Hinduism originated around the Indus Valley
● The Qur'an has been translated into many near the River Indus in modern day Pakistan.
languages. However, Muslims are encouraged ● About 80% of the Indian population regard
to read and recite the Holy Book in Arabic, the themselves as Hindu.
original language. ● Most Hindus believe in a Supreme God, whose
● The Qur'an contains beliefs similar to the ones qualities and forms are represented by the
of the Old Testament in the Holy Bible and the multitude of deities which emanate from him.
Torah. ● Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth,
Migration of Aryans (1500 BC) death, and rebirth, governed by Karma.
● Nomads ● Hindus believe that the soul passes through a
● Pagans cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation
● Poets is always dependent on how the previous life
Vedic Literature - first literature in India was lived.
Vishnu - the protector
Brahma - the creator
Shiva - the destroyer

Mahabharata - great epic in the Bharata Dynasty

The Mahabharata is an important source of information
on the development of Hinduism
The Mahabharata consists of a mass of mythological
and didactic material arranged around a central heroic
character
 ● The poem is made up of almost 100,000
couplets divided into 18 parvans
● its authorship is traditionally ascribed to the sage
Vyasa
● The date and even the historical occurrence of
the war that is the central event of the
Mahabharata are much debated.

Ramayana
● It follows the adventures of Prince Rama as he
rescues his wife Sita from the demon king
Ravana and espouses lessons in morality and Shakuntala
faith for Hindus the world over. ● Shakuntala was a beautiful maiden who was the
● 24,000 verses adopted daughter of Sage Karnva.
● The poet Valmiki is generally credited with ● One day, Dushyanta, the king of Hastinapur,
writing the Ramayana in the 5th century B.C. came hunting in the forest. He saw the beautiful
deer and shot an arrow at it.
● Shakuntala found her deer whimpering in pain
and tried to comfort it.
● She forgave him but asked him to stay in the
forest for a few days to tend to the wounded
deer.
● They fell in love and King Dushyanta married
Shakuntala and gave her a wedding ring with his
name on it.
 8-Anna Coin
Friendship can’t be bought
- Shown in the story: when the Cabuliwallah
returned the 8-Anna Coin to Mini
- Trust - Father

Irony
Mini is interested in cab.
Mini was scared of the Cabuliwallah at first, but they
became friends.
The Cabuliwallah was friendly and harmless to Mini, yet
he was stingy to others which resulted him to kill
because of money.

The Cabuliwallah was…

Generous → stingy
Patient → aggressive

Foreshadowing
Father in law’s house
→ became a joke but it means he would be put into jail
Mother’s suspicions that the Cabuliwallah was not a safe
person for Mini

Social issues
Upanishad
Racism - Indians x Afghan
● Karma
Discrimination - people thinks that he is a prejudice/
● Samsara ( Reincarnation)
kidnapper
● Dharma
Inequality - the caste system in India
● Moksha (Liberation)
Injustice - the police officers didn’t find more evidences
to prove that the Cabuliwallah is the killer
Panchatantra
Panchatantra, (Sanskrit: “Five Treatises” or “Five
Theme of the Story:
Chapters”)
The love of a father can encompass the time, distance
•collection of Indian animal fables, which has had
and circumstance.
extensive circulation both in the country of its origin and
throughout the world.
•In Europe the work was known under the name The
Fables of Bidpai
Song of the Flower (analysis)
The Cabuliwallah
First stanza
3 Literary Elements
- Cycle of life
Allegory - hidden meaning
- Seasons are stages of life
- Symbolism
Second stanza
- Teach a moral/ idea or principle
- The flower gives meaning to people who
Irony - actual ≠ intended meaning
surrounds it
Foreshadowing - premonition, prediction
- Coming of light = you are a blessing
- Gives us a hint to the sequence of the story
- Acceptance : when you accept something, you
need to understand
*in the story*
- Morning → dawn
Allegory
- → new beginning to become a better person
Nut and Raisins
- It is okay to reflect on positivities and negativities
The Cabuliwallah gave nuts/raisins to Mini as a sign of
- Plains represent the world
trust, commitment , friendship and sincerity
- Colors represent different races of humans
 - Fragrance: represents our essence in the world Voices of Verbs- tells whether the subject of the
Third stanza sentence performs or receives the action
- We need time for us to rest
- We need dew (nutrients for us to be nourished) a. Active Voice (default voice)
- We need company (voices of the birds)
● The subject is performing the action
Fourth stanza ● Emphasizing who / what is responsible for the
- Purpose of a flower is to provide comfort and action
happiness ● Subject performs the action denoted by the verb
- Purpose of a flower is to spread positivity ● Can be identified
- Despite all the positivities and negativities, the ● Straightforward
flower remains the same ● Concise
● Sentences are short and understandable
- Nothing is permanent in this world
- Experiences lead us to discovery of ourselves B. Passive Voice
Fifth stanza
- The brighter the light, the darker the shadow ● The subject is being acted upon by the verb
- Balance between positivities and negativities ● Constructed by: conjugated form of be plus past
- Through hope, optimism and resilience will be participle, with an optional by-phrase
built ● Used for an unknown or not essential subject
● Used in writing facts, truths, lab technical reports
- Individuality will be shown because each one of
in which the actor isn’t important
us are unique
Reason to use active voice: Most writers prefer to use
Elements of Poetry active voice because it’s more direct

Figures of Speech Why vary the voices of the verb used in oral and
→ imagery written speech?
→ sound devices
● Appropriate to situations
● Intention (to avoid misunderstanding)
Imagery
- Important as metaphor and simile and can be
written without using any figurative language at
all
- Represents object, action and idea which appeal
our senses

Sound Devices- stress sounds that makes a group of

words vibrant, emotive, and pleasing; creates musical
and painted effects

a. Alliteration- repetitive same first consonant

sounds

ex. With whom winter conceived

b. Consonance- repetitive consonant sounds

(beginning, end, middle)

ex. Kind word uttered and repeated

c. Assonance- repeated vowel sounds (beginning,

end, middle)

ex. The light of the fire is a sight.

Voices of Verbs