Q1.

PART – A

1. c)Load Balancing
2. d)All of the mentioned above
3. b)2
4. c)AWS
5. b)Amazon Relational Database Service
6. c)Protected

PART – B

1. Public Key Infrastructure

2. Cloud Computing
3. Private Cloud
4. Stateless
5. Web
6. Saas (Software as a service)

Q2.

Cloud Computing is defined as storing and accessing of data and computing services over the internet. It
doesn’t store any data on your personal computer. It is the on-demand availability of computer services
like servers, data storage, networking, databases, etc. The main purpose of cloud computing is to give
access to data centers to many users. Users can also access data from a remote server.

Examples of Cloud Computing Services: AWS, Azure, Google

#Characteristics:-

1. On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user themselves are
able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and heterogeneous
devices.
3. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and in quickly and on
as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as
soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) present are shared
 across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are
provided service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will provide both the user
and the resource provider with an account of what has been used. This is done for various
reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.

Q3.

Google App Engine (GAE) is a platform-as-a-service product that provides web app developers and
enterprises with access to Google's scalable hosting and tier 1 internet service.

GAE requires that applications be written in Java or Python, store data in Google Bigtable and use the
Google query language. Noncompliant applications require modification to use GAE.

GAE provides more infrastructure than other scalable hosting services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2). GAE also eliminates some system administration and development tasks to make writing
scalable applications easier.

Google provides GAE free up to a certain amount of use for the following resources:

 processor (CPU)
 storage
 application programming interface (API) calls
 concurrent requests
 Users exceeding the per-day or per-minute rates can pay for more of these resources.

Q4.

Scalability

Cloud scalability is all about adding or reducing IT resources to meet changes in demand. It’s the ability
of a system to accommodate larger or smaller loads.

Businesses can scale up or down (vertically) and out or in (horizontally). For example, scaling up makes
hardware stronger; scaling out adds additional nodes. More on these later.

If your business requires more data storage capacity or processing power, you want a system that can
scale easily and quickly.

Fault Tolerance
 Fault tolerance in cloud computing means creating a blueprint for ongoing work whenever some parts are
down or unavailable. It helps enterprises evaluate their infrastructure needs and requirements and
provides services in case the respective device becomes unavailable for some reason.

It does not mean that the alternative system can provide 100% of the entire service. Still, the concept is to
keep the system usable and, most importantly, at a reasonable level in operational mode. It is important if
enterprises continue growing in a continuous mode and increase their productivity levels.

Q5.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a stage in the evolution of application development and/or

integration. It defines a way to make software components reusable using the interfaces. 
Formally, SOA is an architectural approach in which applications make use of services available in the
network. In this architecture, services are provided to form applications, through a network call over
the internet. It uses common communication standards to speed up and streamline the service
integrations in applications. Each service in SOA is a complete business function in itself. The services
are published in such a way that it makes it easy for the developers to assemble their apps using those
services. Note that SOA is different from microservice architecture.
 SOA allows users to combine a large number of facilities from existing services to form
applications.
 SOA encompasses a set of design principles that structure system development and provide means
for integrating components into a coherent and decentralized system.
 SOA-based computing packages functionalities into a set of interoperable services, which can be
integrated into different software systems belonging to separate business domains.
There are two major roles within Service-oriented Architecture: 
1. Service provider: The service provider is the maintainer of the service and the organization that
makes available one or more services for others to use. To advertise services, the provider can
publish them in a registry, together with a service contract that specifies the nature of the service,
how to use it, the requirements for the service, and the fees charged.
2. Service consumer: The service consumer can locate the service metadata in the registry and develop
the required client components to bind and use the service.
 

Services might aggregate information and data retrieved from other services or create workflows of
services to satisfy the request of a given service consumer. This practice is known as service
orchestration Another important interaction pattern is service choreography, which is the coordinated
interaction of services without a single point of control. 
 Components of SOA: 
 

Q6.

(a)

Virtualization transforms physical hardware into virtual machines, while cloud computing is a kind of
service that is used to store the transformed data. Put simply, virtualization is the environment itself,
cloud computing is the process that helps you take advantage of the environment.

Virtual machine clustering is an effective technique that ensures high availability of servers and the
network. The virtual machine clusters are used in virtual machines which are installed at various services.
Each virtual machine in a cluster is interconnected by a virtual network. The process helps in fast
deployment and effective scheduling.

(b)

 If this virtualization implements in IT environment it will improve the management of the storage. As

each and everything will properly store and manage there won’t be any congestion and the task will
perform quickly.
 There will be very less downtime as the storage availability is better. All these problems eliminate
with the help of an automated management system.
 Storage virtualization will provide better storage utilization as storing most information in a particular
place can cause loss of data, congestion, and any other problems. So, properly dividing storage and
storing data can be useful.
Storage virtualization can be structured in three ways:

 Host-based. Here, physical drives are handled by a traditional device driver, while a software layer above
the device driver intercepts I/O requests, looks up metadata and redirects I/O.
 Storage-device-based. In this type of setup, virtualization can be built into the storage fabric; for example,
newer RAID controllers allow other storage devices to be attached downstream. A primary storage
 controller (usually a dedicated hardware appliance, though some systems now use switches) handles
pooling and manages metadata, allowing the direct attachment of other storage controllers. Such systems
may also provide replication and migration services across different controllers.
 Network-based. In this configuration, storage virtualization is viewed as a network-based device,
generally using Fibre Channel networks connected as a SAN. Here, too, an appliance or switch-based
implementation is most common.

Q7.

(a)
MapReduce is a processing technique and a program model for distributed computing based on
java. The MapReduce algorithm contains two important tasks, namely Map and Reduce. Map
takes a set of data and converts it into another set of data, where individual elements are broken
down into tuples (key/value pairs). Secondly, reduce task, which takes the output from a map as
an input and combines those data tuples into a smaller set of tuples. As the sequence of the name
MapReduce implies, the reduce task is always performed after the map job.
The major advantage of MapReduce is that it is easy to scale data processing over multiple
computing nodes. Under the MapReduce model, the data processing primitives are called
mappers and reducers. Decomposing a data processing application into mappers and reducers is
sometimes nontrivial. But, once we write an application in the MapReduce form, scaling the
application to run over hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of machines in a cluster is
merely a configuration change. This simple scalability is what has attracted many programmers to
use the MapReduce model.

(b)

Hadoop is an open-source framework that allows to store and process big data in a distributed
environment across clusters of computers using simple programming models. It is designed to scale up
from single servers to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and storage.
This brief tutorial provides a quick introduction to Big Data, MapReduce algorithm, and Hadoop
Distributed File System.

Q8.

Cloud service requirements

1. Efficiency / cost reduction

2. Data security
3. Scalability
4. Mobility
5. Disaster recovery
6. Control
7. Market reach
 8. Automatic Software Updates

1. Efficiency / cost reduction

By using cloud infrastructure, you don’t have to spend huge amounts of money on purchasing and
maintaining equipment. 

2. Data security 

Cloud offers many advanced security features that guarantee that data is securely stored and handled.
Cloud storage providers implement baseline protections for their platforms and the data they process,
such authentication, access control, and encryption. 

3. Scalability

Different companies have different IT needs — a large enterprise of 1000+ employees won’t have the
same IT requirements as a start-up.Using cloud is a great solution because it enables enterprise to
efficiently — and quickly — scale up/down according to business demands.

4. Mobility

 Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via smartphones and devices, which is a great
way to ensure that no one is ever left out of the loop. Staff with busy schedules, or who live a long way
away from the corporate office, can use this feature to keep instantly up-to-date with clients and
coworkers.

5. Disaster recovery

Data loss is a major concern for all organizations, along with data security. Storing your data in the cloud
guarantees that data is always available, even if your equipment like laptops or PCs, is damaged. Cloud-
based services provide quick data recovery for all kinds of emergency scenarios.

6. Control

Cloud enables you complete visibility and control over your data. You can easily decide which users have
what level of access to what data. 

7. Market reach

Developing in the cloud enables users to get their applications to market quickly.

8. Automatic Software Updates

Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update themselves.

1. IAAS: Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS) is means of delivering computing infrastructure as on-

demand services. It is one of the three fundamental cloud service model servers storage network
operating system. In the user purchasing servers, software data center space, or network equipment and
rent those resources as a fully outsourced service can demand model. It allows dynamic scaling and the
resources are distributed as a service. It generally includes multiple-user on a single piece of hardware.  
Ex. :- Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute Engine

2. PAAS: Platform As A Service (PAAS) is a cloud delivery model for applications composed of

services managed by a third party. It provides elastic scaling of your application which allows
developers to build applications and services over the internet and the deployment models include
public, private and hybrid. Ex. :- AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, and Adobe Commerce  
3. SAAS,are: Software As A Service (SAAS) allows users to run existing online applications and it is a
model software that is deployed as a hosting service and is accessed over Output Rephrased/Re-written
Text the internet or software delivery model during which software and its associated data are hosted
centrally and accessed using their client, usually an online browser over the web. SAAS services are
used for the development and deployment of modern applications. Ex:- Gmail, Slack, and Microsoft
Office 365