Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of Fourth Year

Criminology Students of Abada College under Online Learning System

In the S.Y 2020-2021

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented To
The Faculty of College of Criminology
Abada College
Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Submitted by:

Egeron, Gerald M.
Herrera, John Darly R.
Manzanal, Rhoy
Monteras, Harold L.
Pineda, Ritchel Ann Marie D.

2021
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Criminology, this thesis entitled: “Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of Fourth

Year Criminology Students of Abada College under Online Learning System in the S.Y

2020-2021” has been prepared and submitted by:

Egeron, Gerald M.
Herrera, John Darly R.
Manzanal, Rhoy
Monteras, Harold L.
Pineda, Ritchel Ann Marie D.

ACCEPTED and APPROVED as partial requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Criminology with the rating of ______________________.

_____________________
Mr. Erland M. Geronimo
Research Adviser

_____________________
Dr. Mark Morris L. Lim
College Dean
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude for all the persons who helped us to

complete this research. Without these people, this research would not possible.

To the Almighty, by whose power the wonders of the universe came into being, for such

case, the very topic and thrust of this research is a part of. We are in gratitude and awe for the

guidance and the knowledge that the Creator has given us.

To our Research adviser, Mr. Erland M. Geronimo, the person of whom we have learned

the basic of the ways of the conquest of knowledge, of research, of guiding hands we are guided

in making this grandiose achievement in our academic days.

To the Faculty of Abada College, those teachers of whose being we are taught in such to

read, write and analyse in an excellent manner, for the time they have allotted in our inquiries

and pleads, for time in making this study.

To our Parents, those who bore us through the years and where with whose hand we are

moulded into the being we are today, for the support and care throughout the creation of this

study, for being patient and understanding to our needs, to fulfil our duties of being college

student.

To our Classmates, those people we are grouped and with whom we grew in knowledge

for four years, for their cooperation as well as their overwhelming support through the hours and

days we spent in making this research.

 To our Friends and Family, those who bear with troubles and burden through the toils of

life, for their indomitable support and limitless guidance as we have pondered upon the questions

of whereby this study revolves to.

Last but not least, we would also want to extend our appreciation to those who could not

be mentioned here but well played their role to inspire and helped us behind the certain.

The Researchers

G.E.,Jd.H.,R.M.,H.M.,Ram.P.
 DEDICATION

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have been our source

of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who continually provide their

moral, spiritual, emotional and financial support.

To our brothers, sisters, relatives, mentor, friends, classmates and special someone who

shared their word of advice and encouragement to finish this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this study to the Almighty God, thank you for the guidance,

strength, wisdom, protection and skills. All of these, we offer to you.

 CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Online learning is the newest and the most popular form of distance education today.

With the fast development of the internet, many colleges and universities have offered online

courses as a viable alternative to traditional face-to-face instruction. However, considerable

concerns and problems have developed, particularly as it relates to the quality of online

education. Online education, according to Harasim (1989), is a new domain of learning that

combines distance education with the practice of face-to-face instruction utilizing computer-

mediated communication. Ascough (2002) suggested that online education has the following

features: (a) it provides a learning experiences different in the traditional classroom because

learners are different, (b) the communication is via computer and World Wide Web, (c)

participation in classroom by learners are different, (d) the social dynamic of the learning

environment is changed, and (e) discrimination and prejudice is minimized.

New technologies, the Internet, streaming video, net-meeting etc. now makes higher

education more accessible and affordable for many students, and for those who would have been

unable to pursue higher education in a traditional in-class setting (Bianco & Carr-Chellman,

2002). Consequently, online learning has now become an integral part of higher education

institutions’ expanding curriculum. Furthermore, there are many factor that will influence

students’ online learning experiences. Song, Singleton, Hill and Koh’s (2004) survey study on 76
students’ perceptions of useful and challenging components in learning online reported that lack

of community, difficulty understanding instructional goals, and technical problems were

challenges in their online learning experiences. Some other factors identified by other researcher

are learner characteristics (Howland & Moore, 2002) and learning environment (Clark, 2002;

Dwyer, 2003; Song et al., 20049.

Another study conducted by Garrison, Cleveland-Innes, and Fung (2004) on online

students’ role adjustment suggested that to see a difference in the learning process and a need for

their role adjustment and the online learning should be viewed as more cognitive or intentionally

oriented. Garrison et. Al (2004) also pointed out that online learners must take more

responsibility, adjust to a new climate, adjust to new context, synthesize ideas, and learn how to

participate, apply ideas or concepts, and stimulate their own curiosity to be successful in online

class.

Theoretical Framework

The study on the “Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of Fourth Year

Criminology students of Abada College under Online Learning System" is anchored on the

following theories:

Educational technologies are used not just to control learning, but the main purpose is to

make the learning process easier by creating an effective learning environment (Jackson, Jones,

& Rodriguez, 2010; Januszewski & Molenda, 2007). Thus a Constructivist model applied to

educational technology would encourage more creation within learning environments and avoid

using technologies to control learning (e.g., presenting information and delivering drills and
practice). Theoretically, technology is more useful when it is used by student to identify a

problem with the appropriate tools for the purpose of supporting learning.

A constructivist approach suggests that students bear the weights of making meaning from

course content and their own learning. The literature suggests the role of the instructor as guide,

mentor, facilitator, and approach needs to be reassessed and better determined (Grundmann,

Wielbo, & Tebbett, 2010; Januszewki & Molenda, 2007; Zen, 2008). Based on these components

of the Constructivists theory and the specific nature of online courses and e-learning

environments, three areas that deserve special attention and which are addressed in this literature

review are; collaboration (i.e., between students and instructor and students to other students).

Methods of content delivery, and teaching approach models.

Another theory relevant to this study is Behaviourism. Behaviourism is a worldview that

operates on a principle of “stimulus-response.” All behavior caused by external stimuli (operant

conditioning). All behavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states

or consciousness. Behaviourism is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable

behaviours and discounts any independent activities of the mind. Behavior theorists define

learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental

conditions.

This theory is relatively simple to understand because it relies only on observable

behavior and describes several universal laws of behavior. Its positive and negative

reinforcement techniques can be very effective– such as in treatments for human disorders

including autism, anxiety disorders and antisocial behavior. Behaviourism is often used by

teachers who reward or punish student behaviours.

 Behaviourism is often seen in contrast to constructivism. Constructivists are more likely

to allow for experimentation and exploration in the classroom and place a greater emphasis on

the experience of the learner. In contrast to behaviourists, they feel that an understanding of the

brain informs teaching.

Howard Gardner in his Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory viewed intelligence as ‘the

capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting.

The theory is an account of human cognition in its fullness. The intelligences provided ‘a new

definition of human nature, cognitively speaking. Human beings are organisms who possess a

basic set of intelligences.

This study was anchored on the assumptions that students' ways of conceiving and

espousing knowledge (epistemological belief) and recognizing and meting out concepts and

experiences to learn (learning styles) correlate with their academic performance. Consequently,

this study was also conceptualized to find out whether learning styles would predict the academic

performance of the students.

Conceptual Framework

IV DV

Extent of factors affecting Levels of Academic

academic performance under Performance in terms of:
online learning system in terms
of:
2.1 Major Examination
1.1 Internet Connection 2.2 Activities
1.2 Procrastination 2.3 Class Participation
1.3 Environment
1.4 Teaching method
1.5 Noise
 Figure I. Show the two set of variables which are given emphasis on this study. The

independent variable is the extent of factors affecting academic performance under online

learning system in terms of internet connection, procrastination, environment, teaching method

and noise.

On the other hand, the dependent variable is the level of academic performance in terms

of major exam, activities; and class participation. The one-tailed arrow shows the significant

relationship between these two variables.

Statement of the Problem

This study examined the factors affecting the academic performance system of Fourth

Year Criminology students of Abada College under online learning system for the S.Y. 2020-

2021. Specifically, this sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the perception of Fourth Year Criminology students on the extent of factors affecting

academic performance under online learning system in terms of:

 1.1 Internet connection;

1.2 Procrastination;

1.3 Environment;

1.4 Teaching method; and

1.5 Noise?

2. What is the level of academic performance of Fourth Year Criminology students in terms of:

2.1 Major examination;

2.2 Activities; and

2.3 Class Participation?

3. Is there any significant relationship between the extent of factor affecting online learning

system and the level of academic performance of Fourth Year Criminology in Abada College for

S.Y. 2020-2021?

Statement of Hypothesis

The information below shows the possible answer to the questions stated at the

previous part of the study.

1. There is no significant relationship between the extent of factor affecting online learning

system and the level of academic performance of Fourth Year Criminology in Abada College for

the S.Y. 2020-2021.

Significance of the Study

The outcome or result of this study hopes to benefits the following sectors and

individuals:

Administrators. This may help them provide better learning and instructional

activities and strategies through the conduct of seminars, workshops and training for their

teachers.

Students. This study will help the students to identify the factors affecting their academic

performance under online class and to know the important factors that can help them improve their

academic performance.

Teachers. This will help the faculty to understand the right teaching technique in online

classes and where to put more effort in class. In time, this will also make them more productive and even

more reliable. As an effect, the teachers for the improvement of their students will demonstrate better

work performance.

Parents. The result of the study may be beneficial to the parents to guide their

children to study and improve their performance.

Future Researchers. This study may serve as guide and basis for further research.

It will be their source of idea for further studies related to the topic to produce a better one.

Scope and Limitation

This study was primarily focused on finding the factors affecting academic performance

under online learning system in terms of internet connection, procrastination, environment,

teaching method and noise.

 A factor affecting academic performance under online learning system serves as the

independent variables while the data on the three factors of academic performance serves as the

criterion or the dependent variables.

The respondents of the study were the fourth year criminology students of Abada College

for the S.Y. 2020-2021.

This study is limited to include fourth year criminology students only, students on the

other grade levels are beyond the scope of the study. Also due to time and resources constraints,

the data collected mainly came from the aforementioned school. So, while the finding might not

apply to the other schools sharing similar characteristics as the said respondents in Abada

College, no claims can be made that the findings are generalizable.

Definition of Terms

The following terms that were used in this study were hereby defined operationally and

conceptually.

ONLINE LEARNING SYSTEM. This refers to the form of distance education in which a

course or program is intentionally designed in advance to be delivered fully online.

INTERNET CONNECTION. This refers to the speed of connection in internet using

computers, laptops etc.

PROCRASTINATION. This refers to a form of self-regulation failure characterized by the

irrational delay of tasks despite potentially negative consequences.

ENVIRONMENT. This refer as the sum total of all the living and non-living elements and

their effects that influence human life.

 TEACHING METHOD. This refers to a method comprises the principles and methods use

for instruction. Commonly use teaching methods may include class participation, demonstration,

recitation, memorization, or combination of these.

NOISE. This refers to a unwanted sound considered unpleasant, loud or disruptive to

hearing.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE. This refers to the extent to which a student has achieved

their required mastery of the subject matter and competencies.

MAJOR EXAM. This refers to the written or oral examination taken to show your

knowledge or ability in a particular subject.

ACTIVITIES. This refers to the task given by the instructor in a particular subject and that

the student should do with the allotted time.

CLASS PARTICIPATION. This refers to the extent to which students participate or

involve themselves in a class.

 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies to guide the researchers

in their studies. This part will enable them to understand better their research topic and it will

help them in pointing out similarities or differences between their findings and the findings of

other researches. It will give the researchers the idea and information about their topic for

research.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

The Internet has made online learning possible, and many researchers and educators are

interested in online learning to enhance and improve student learning outcomes while combating

the reduction in resources, particularly in higher education (Farinella, Hobbs, & Weeks, 2000;

Kim & Bonk, 2006; Pape, 2010). Moreover, there have also been increases in demand for online

learning from students from all walks of life. Given the exponential—some would say

precipitous—growth of online education and its potential in higher education, it is imperative

that researchers and educators examine the effectiveness of online learning in educating students

compared to traditional face-to-face learning. Thus, this addresses the question of “To what

extent does the body of work on online learning indicate that online learning is as least as

effective in educating students as the traditional format?”

Distance learning institutions allow access to many students who do not enjoy the luxury

of studying full time at contact-based universities by providing flexibility in terms of time, space

and finances. According to Sad, Goktas and Bayrak 2014 as cited in Reyneke and Shuttleworth
(2018) that there is a tremendous need for distance education globally because individuals with

difficulties in time, geographical and financial are provided with equal education opportunities.

Distance education students usually have fast and ease of access to their study material,

anywhere, anytime allowing them to retain their jobs and simultaneously save on various

education-related costs such as transportation, accommodation and catering.

All the time and efforts of the students in school are recorded on a numerical basis,

coming from paper exams, graded recitations, activities, homework and some are given from the

professional judgement of a teacher based on the students’ performance. The scores are

summarized and computed using a systematic way. The resulting output is the Academic

Performance (GWA). Anon (2013)

According to Maric and Sakac (2014), students’ factors that affect their academic

performance could be classified into Internal and social factors. They found that the internal

factors that influence students’ academic performance included interest in content of a subject,

internal satisfaction, and aspiration. The social factors also included social prestige and material

reward. MeenuDev (2016) corroborated that students' level of interest in a subject influences

their academic performance. Similarly, Kpolovie, Joe, and Okoto (2014) asserted that student’s

attitude to school and their interest in learning influence their academic performance.

As stated in the article by Chazen D. (2020) other factors that greatly influence the

student, such as a student’s academic track record or reported learning challenges, additional

factors affecting student performance pertain to the student’s environment, family status and new

teaching methods. It is also stated that students being remotely learning, spending more time at

home is a greater factor, also, the student who excels in the academic field under the traditional

method, which is face-to-face, might experience difficulty to the new method of learning. 
 Time management also contributes to overall performance of a student. G. Todorov

(2017) discussed the importance of time management in online learning to students in his article

entitled “The Importance of Time Management In Online Learning”. He said that learning online

requires you to set aside some time on your own to study and go through the lessons and that it

requires discipline and a real understanding about how to wisely use your time throughout the

day.

According to an article in Education Week with the title of Survey: Teachers and

Students Are Struggling With Online Learning by S. Schwartz (2020) the results showed that

there is a slower pace of learning which was supported by these information: two thirds of

instructors said that most of their understudies were less ready for grade-level work than they

were as of now a year ago, 56% of educators said that they had covered just half, or not exactly

half, of the educational program content that they would have gotten to around this time a year

ago and Just around 1 out of 5 instructors said that they were on similar timetable as years past.

Fleming (2001) stated that learning style is an individuals preferred way of gathering,

organizing and thinking about information. It is considered as the behaviours related to the

psychological, cognitive, and effective domains of interaction with learning environment.

Learning style involves learners preferred ways to receive, process and recall information

during instruction which is related to learners motivation and information-processing habits.

Learning style creates a big impact on the lives of every student to make their

performance better. A way on how to gather, interpret, organize or to use that information for his

or her improvement. It can also affect the mind and behaviour of each student in communicating

with co-students or with their teacher. Students habit and way of receiving and recalling some

information was affected by their learning style.

 Similarly, Dalmolin et. al (2018) says that determining the learning style of students will

ultimately improve their educational experience. Previous existing literature confirms that

learning styles predict student’s academic performance.

Performance of each student was based on their learning style. It will be easier for them

to understand specific topic depending on what type of learning they have and what type of

strategy the teacher will apply. Academic performance will improve if the strategy will match

their learning styles.

According to Hall (2000) as cited in Wentling et. al (2000) contends that e-learning will

take the form of complete courses, access to content for “just-in-time” learning, access to

components, a la carte courses and services, and the separation of “courses” to acquire and test

knowledge vs. content as an immediate, applicable resource to resolve an immediate, perhaps,

one-time only problem.  Learning is and will continue to be a lifelong process that could be

accessed anywhere at any time to meet a specific need or want.  Hall added that more links to

real-time data and research would become readily available.  Given the progression of the

definitions, then, web-based training, online learning, e-learning, distributed learning, internet-

based learning and net-based learning all speak of each other (Hall & Snider, 2000; Urdan &

Weggen, 2000).  

LOCAL LITERATURE

As stated in the book of Educational Technology 2 by Paz I. Lucido, Ph.D and Lorimar

Publishing, INC. (2012) the standard student evaluation of learning must change. This is justified
by the fact that not only has the new generation changed into digital learners, but the traditional

world has metamorphosed into a digital world. As efforts are exerted to go digital in instruction,

we need to go digital in learning assessment. Assessment need to conform, not with the literacy

of the past century but the new literacy of the 21 st century. This is a literacy that uses digital tools

in preparing students to face a high-tech world. The comparison is made by the Swiss watch-

makers which failed to adopt to digital watch making. The Swiss watch lost its prime position

less than 2 years of neglect to the need to go digital.

Teachers must adopt a new mind set both for instruction and evaluation. Evaluation must

be geared to assessment of essential knowledge and skills so that learners can function

effectively, productively and creatively in a new world. It must use evaluative tools that measure

the new basic skills of the 21st century digital culture.

A written article in Rappler.com by Luz (2020) states some of the difficulties in different

regions in the Philippines. It discussed the factors that had been identified from the immediate

transition of traditional face-to-face classes to online classes. Luz  “The world is rapidly

changing,” said Principal Espulgar, “and along with it comes new innovations and technologies.

“Philippine is not a developed country.” Investopedia (2019) it is a known fact that the economy

of the Philippines is not doing at its best even before the COVID-19 Pandemic. Resources and

technology are scarce especially now. Not to mention that a family in the Philippines is only

earning an average amount of 22,250 pesos according to Philippine Statistics Authority, an

average family cannot afford the additional expense of online class; the internet and gadgets.

Technological factors include technologies, which are used in both traditional learning

(TL) and blended learning (BL) delivery. The use of technologies in TL and BL includes

multimedia technologies and applications (e.g. application technologies refer to the software
used in educational settings) that are used in teaching and learning processes. These technologies

involve skill and competence of learners in the use of technology to carry out specific activities

in BL and TL. Moreover, as Muniasamy et al. (2014) points out the use of technology is intended

to enhance the traditional classroom setting and provide new opportunities for adapting

technologies in virtual environments.   Andersen (2007) stated that digital learning environments

such as the Internet and Web-based are now defined as the highly interactive learning

environment redefining as well the concept of teaching. Net generation allows learners to use

technologies to communicate with world scientists to acquire experience skills. Although the use

of technology in fields of BL and TL is important to learners, yet, there are problems cited

regarding the use of technologies in BL and TL domains. In addition to that, there is the lack of

communication between students and instructors in the declared domains. All the stated

problems represent real challenges for both instructors and learners in the BL and TL delivery.

In line with the article of Chazen D (2020), another important factor is the general

modernization, with technology comes a greater availability of online materials and access to

online tools. From digital libraries with more books students can access online to the creation of

Bitmoji classrooms, effective educators are leaning on technology tools to facilitate better remote

learning opportunities. Web accessibility, as more materials and instruction happen online,

usability and design is key. Ensuring students have a ‘clean’ platform and clear instruction to

consume course content effectively and in multiple formats is undoubtedly helpful.

Distance learning, also known as distance education, e-learning, and online learning, is a

type of education in which teachers and students are physically separated during instruction and

various technologies are used to facilitate student-teacher and student-student communication

(Simonson, 2020).
 This is aligned with Means' definition of online learning as "educational instruction that

occurs using web-based technology, which may be done completely asynchronously or with

components of synchronous learning, and with no scheduled face-to-face class time" (Means, et.

al., 2009).

Distance education technology allows students to benefit from the convenience and

flexibility of taking classes when and where they want (Tuckman, 2007). We can see from these

definitions that teachers and students are separated by distance or space, but not necessarily by

time.

Online learning is thought to have several advantages over traditional face-to-face and

blended education, including the flexibility and accessibility to study anywhere, at any time,

without the need for physical presence at a campus location (Means, Toyama, Murphy, Bakia, &

Jones, 2009; Van Doorn & Van Doorn, 2014).

RELATED STUDIES

FOREIGN

According to a research article by Suresh, et. al. (2018) online classes or also known as e-

learning has changed the college experience for many students rather than sitting in a classroom

taking notes. Online classes started when recent calls for academic innovation in undergraduate

courses and programs. In this research article it is also cited that “Learning delivery is the most

often cited advantage of e-learning and includes increased accessibility to information, ease in
updating content, personalized instruction, ease of distribution, standardization of content, and

accountability.”  Online class offers ease of access to the students

As stated in the study of Arinto P. (2016), Arinto  Rapid advances in information and

communications technology in the digital age have brought about significant changes in the

practice of distance education (DE) worldwide. DE practitioners in the Philippines’ open

university have coined the term ‘open and distance e-learning’ (ODeL) to refer to the new forms

of DE, which are characterized by the convergence of an open learning philosophy, DE

pedagogies, and e-learning technologies. In this time of Pandemic, face-to-face mode of learning

has been forbidden leaving e-Learning the only option to this pandemic. Technology is indeed a

high demand midst Pandemic to students but also to the instruction.

Academic performance is important for an institution for the good outcomes that

lead to the job performance in the future (Kuncel et al., 2005). According to (Hijazi & Naqvi,

2006) the academic performance is not affected by age, gender, and place of residence but they

also said those who live near to university can perform much better than others who live far from

university. According to (Hijazi & Naqvi, 2006) also weak students if a group with good

students will do better in academics and it will lead students to graduate on time. The fact is the

effort from the students themselves if they want to improve their academic performance then

they will (Zajonc, 1980). Moreover, poor study habits also tend to delay the study (McKenzie &

Schweitzer, 2001) and it will affect the Cumulative Grade Points Average (CGPA) of the

students (Chapell et al., 2005). According to (Alimi, Ehinola, & Alabi, 2012) the poor rate of

academic performance also can result in the economy of the country.

Student’s academic performance is an essential part of being in school. Just like for

example, according to Navalta et al. (2012), Grade point Average (GPA) is one of the main
factors associated with the admission test result of a student and it measures how well one is

doing in his academic studies.  GPA ensures that a student’s performance is easily understood by

many institutions around the world that rely on GPA assessment of the performance. 

LOCAL

According to Commission on Higher Education Chairman Prospero De Vera III “We are

ready to open [classes] this August. No ifs, no buts. Learning must continue. We learn as one, we

are ready.” He also added that universities and colleges are ready to open classes in August even

if the country is dealing with the coronavirus pandemic and that flexible learning is not new.

Furthermore, he explained that "We are ready because our top universities have been doing

flexible learning even before COVID. The other universities have shifted to flexible learning

during the quarantine and are moving ahead for the opening of classes."

Republic Act No. 10645 Sec.2 under former president Benigno Aquino III It is hereby

declared the policy of the State to expand and further democratize access to quality tertiary

education through the promotion and application of open learning as a philosophy of access to

educational services, and the use of distance education as an appropriate, efficient and effective

system of delivering quality higher and technical educational services in the country. “According

to the Rationale for Flexible Learning of Commission on Higher Education (CHED) the

Philippines have faced a critical situation due to the emergence of COVID-19 leading to an

urgent need to explore innovative learning modalities that will facilitate migration from

traditional to flexible teaching and learning options.” A statement from Memorandum Order No.
4 series of 2020, “Guidelines on the Implementation of Flexible Learning” signed by Atty.

Cinderella Filipina. Benites-Jaro.

When compared to regular face-to-face classroom sessions, the virtual classroom has a

very different environment. The design and delivery of online courses have a significant impact

on students' satisfaction, learning, and retention in online courses (Irani, 2005). The researchers

discovered that three types of interaction are critical in online learning: learner-learner

interaction, learner-content interaction, and learner-content interaction.

According to the researchers, three types of interaction are critical in online learning:

learner-learner interaction, learner-content interaction, and learner-instruction interaction (Moore

1989). According to a BEAN survey of undergraduate and postgraduate students in Vietnam who

studied online during the pandemic, the internet's stability and speed were rated as the most

important factors.

The following three critical factors influenced students' online learning experiences: a

comfortable and quiet learning environment, the support of teachers, and the ease of use of the

learning platform. As discussed further below, there may be additional factors that influence

learners' learning experiences and intentions to study online in the future.