EE1 - Module 1-Basic Electrical Ideas

Basic Electrical Ideas
Module 1
1st Sem, S.Y. 2022-2023 EE 1 – CIRCUITS 1

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module:
• Understand the basic SI units and unit prefixes.
• Describe the units of charge, force, work and power and
perform simple calculations involving these units.
• Understand the units of electrical potential, e.m.f.,
resistance, conductance, power and energy and perform
calculations relating these units.
Unit 1 - Basic Concepts and Definitions and Analysis of Simple Circuits| Basic Electrical Ideas
INTRODUCTION
In this course, it discuss the transferring energy from one point to another.
Thus, requires an interconnection of electrical devices. Such
interconnection is referred to as an electric circuit, and each component of
the circuit is known as an element
Electrical Circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
It consists of three basic

elements: Source, load, Image from: Alexander, Charles K., et.
and connecting wires. al. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 5th
edition (2013)
SI UNITS
The international measurement language is the International System of
Units (SI), adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in
1960.
QUANTITY BASIC UNIT SYMBOL
Units simply
Length meter m
tell you how
Mass kilogram kg
much of
Time second s
something you
have. Electric Current ampere a
Thermodynamic
kelvin k
Temperature
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Charge coulomb c
Note: six basic SI units and 1 derived unit relevant to this text
UNITS USED IN ELECTRONICS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND UNIT
PREFIXES
One great advantage of the SI unit is that it
uses prefixes based on the power of 10 to
relate larger and smaller units to the basic
unit.
Scientific notation is basically a shorthand
method of telling how many zeros to add to a
number using our decimal system, which is
based upon powers of 10.
Example:
EXAMPLE
Rewrite the following parameters in the required units:
1. 2000 pF = _____ nF
2. 0.01 uF = ______ pF
3. 5000 kHz = ______ MHz
4. 10 kΩ = ______ Ω
5. 0.42 mA =______ µA
ELECTRON THEORY OF ELECTRICITY
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and
electrons.
Proton Positive electrical

charges
Neutron No electrical charges
Negatively charged particles.

Electron
which revolve around the nucleus
in paths called orbits or shells.
Atoms of different materials differ from one another by having different

numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Elements A substance that is made of atoms that is all the same, is
called an Element.
Compound A substance that is made up of two or more different

elements. The smallest particle of a compound and still
contains all the characteristics of that compound is called a
Molecule.
An equal number of protons and electrons
exist within an atom and it is said to be
electrically balanced, as the positive and
negative charges cancel each other out.
The atomic number of an element equals

number of protons or electrons in an atom.
The Electron
An electron is a negatively charged particle having negligible mass.
Some of the important properties of an electron are :
Charge,e -1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb
Mass,m 9.11 x10 -31 Kg
Radius 1.9 x10-15 metre
The ratio e/m of an electron is 1.77 × 1011 coulombs/kg. This means

that mass of an electron is very small as compared to its charge.
Thus, electron that it is very mobile and is greatly influenced by
electric or magnetic fields.
Electricity is the movement of electrons through a conductor and
Electrons are attracted by the protons.
Electron Shells and Orbits
• Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at a
certain distances from the nucleus.
• The farthest the electron from the nucleus, the
higher the energy .
• Each discrete distance (orbit) has certain
discrete values of energy that corresponds to
the a certain energy level. The orbits are
grouped into energy bands known as shells.
An electron moving around the nucleus possesses two types of energies.
kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to the charge on
the nucleus. All atoms are bound together by powerful forces of attraction
existing between the nucleus and its electrons. .
Electron Shells and Orbits
• Each shells has fixed number of
maximum number of electrons at
permissible energy levels.
• The maximum number of electrons
(Ne) that occupy the given shell or nth
shells can be calculated by:
Ne = 2n2
• The differences in the energy levels within the shells are

much smaller than the difference in the energy between
the shells.
•The number of electrons in any orbit is given by 2n2
where n is the number of the orbit. For example,
– First orbit contains 2 × 12 = 2

electrons
– Second orbit contains 2 × 22
= 8 electrons
– Third orbit contains 2 × 32 =
18 electrons
ELECTRON Electron
Valence THEORY OF ELECTRICITY
• Electrons that are in orbits farther from the nucleus have higher
energy and less tightly bound to the atom than those closer to the
nucleus. These electrons that exists in the outermost shell known
as the valence shell are called valence electrons.
• These valence electrons play an important role in determining the
physical, chemical and electrical properties of a material.
ELECTRON THEORY OF
Conductor ELECTRICITY
• A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical

current. The best conductor single element material are
characterized by atoms with one valence electrons.
• When the number of valence electrons of an atom is
less than 4 the material is usually a metal and a
conductor.
ELECTRON THEORY
InsulatorOF ELECTRICITY
• An Insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current
under normal condition.
• Most good insulator are compounds rather than single-element
material . The valence electrons are tightly bound to atoms like
rubber, plastic, mica and quartz.
• When the number of valence electrons of an atom is more than 4,
the material is usually a non-metal and an insulator.
ELECTRONSemiconductor
THEORY OF ELECTRICITY
• When the number of valence electrons of an atom is 4 (i.e. exactly
one-half of the maximum 8 electrons), the material has both metal
and non-metal properties and is usually a semiconductor.
• A semiconductor in its pure (intrinsic) state is neither a good
conductor or nor a good insulator.
• The most common

single element
semiconductors are
silicon,
germanium and
carbon.
ELECTRONIONIZATION
THEORY OF ELECTRICITY
• When an atom absorbs energy from a heat source or light, for
example the energies of the electron are raised. The valence
electrons possess more energy and more loosely bound to the atom
and they can easily jump to the higher orbits within the valence shell
when the external energy is absorbed by the atom.
• If the valence electrons acquires a sufficient amount of energy, it can

actually escape from the outer shell and atom’s influence. The
escaped valence electron is called free electrons.
• Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a

negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to
form ions
The free electrons can be easily removed or detached by

applying a small amount of external energy. Free Electrons
moves from one atom to another and such random motion
can continue indefinitely.
If an electric pressure or voltage is applied across any
material there is a tendency for electrons to move in a
particular direction.
This movement of free electrons, known as drift, constitutes
an electric current flow. Thus current is the rate of
movement of charge.
As a matter of fact, these are the free electrons which determine the
electrical conductivity of a material. On this basis, conductors, insulators
and semiconductors can be defined as under :
(i) A conductor is a substance which has a large number of free
electrons. When potential difference is applied across a conductor, the
free electrons move towards the positive terminal of supply, constituting
electric current.
(ii) An insulator is a substance which has practically no free electrons at
ordinary temperature. Therefore, an insulator does not conduct current
under the influence of potential difference.
(iii) A semiconductor is a substance which has very few free electrons at
room temperature. Consequently, under the influence of potential
difference, a semiconductor practically conducts no current.
Electricity is the movement of electrons through a conductor. Electrons
are attracted to protons.
Since we have excess electrons on the other end of the conductor, we

have many electrons being attracted to the protons. This attraction sort
of pushes the electrons toward the protons. This push is normally called
electrical pressure.
The amount of electrical pressure is determined by the number of

electrons that are attracted to protons. The electrical pressure or
electromotive force (EMF) attempts to push an electron out of its orbit
and toward the excess protons.
The unbalanced atom or ion attempts to return to its balanced state so it

will attract electrons from the orbit of other balanced atoms.
Continuously, as one atom captures an electron and another released
an electron , thus, stream of electrons will flow through the conductor
and an electrical current started. The overall effect is electrons
moving in one direction.
The strength of the electron flow is dependent on the potential

difference or voltage. The three elements of electricity are voltage,
current, and resistance.
ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC
CURRENT
Early experimenters believed that electric current was the flow of positive charges, thus
they described electric current as the flow of a positive charge from positive to negative
voltage. Later, experimenters discovered electrons and determined that the flow of
electrons in wires goes from negative to positive voltage..
This states that current flows from positive to negative. Although
Conventional
electrons move toward the protons, the energy or force that is
Theory
released as the electrons move begins at the point and continue
to move in one direction, then the released energy moves in the
opposite direction. This theory is the oldest theory and serves as
the basis for most electrical diagrams. This is called as
conventional current flow
states that since electrons are negatively charged, current flows
Electron Theory from the most negative to the most positive point within an
electrical circuit. In other words, current flows from negative to
positive called electron flow.
CURRENT
The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all
electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is
the electric charge
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles
Charge of which matter consists, usually denoted by Q or q.
The unit used to measure is called the coulomb,
abbreviated C. As a convention generally used, capital
letters are used to represent quantities that do not vary
with time; lowercase letters refer to time-varying
quantities.
Electric charges was that there are two kinds: positive and negative.
Protons are considered positive charges, electrons negative. The charge on
an electron, sometimes called the electronic charges,
CURRENT
Charge on electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602 x 10-19
C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as
the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons
leaves an atom neutrally charged.
EXAMPLE
1. How much charge is represented by 4,600

electrons?
-7.369 x 10-16 C
2. Calculate the amount of charge represented

by six million protons.
+9.612 x 10-13 C
CURRENT
Electric Current is the time rate of change of charge, measured

in amperes (A).
where current is measured in amperes (A), and

1 ampere=1 coulomb/second
The charge transferred between time t0and t is obtained by

integrating both sides
CURRENT
There can be several types of current; that
is, charge can vary with time in several
ways.
is a current that remains
Direct Current (dc) constant with time. he
unidirectional flow of
electric charge.
Is a unidirectional flow of electric charge. Produced by
sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and
commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type.
Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but
can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even
through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The
electric charge flows in a constant direction,
distinguishing it from alternating current (AC).
CURRENT
Alternating Current is a current that varies

(ac) sinusoidally with time
Alternating current (AC) electricity is the type of

electricity most commonly used in homes and
businesses all over the world. It is said to “alternate”
because it reverses direction in an electrical circuit
at regular intervals, usually many times per second.
Alternating current is created by an electric generator,
which determines the frequency of these oscillations. In
the United States, alternating current is generated at 60
hertz, meaning that the current alternates 60 times per
second.
CURRENT
Based on this convention, a

current of 5 A may be
represented positively or
negatively as shown in Fig.
1.5. In other words, a
negative current of A.
EXAMPLE
The total charge entering a terminal is given by 𝑞 = 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶.

Calculate the current at t=0.5 s
31.42 mA
Determine the total charge entering a terminal between 𝑡 = 1𝑠 by
𝑡 = 2𝑠 If current passing the terminal is 𝑖 = 3𝑡 2 − 𝑡 𝐴.
5.5 C
A positively charge dielectric has a charge of 3.5C. If 9.75𝑥1018 free
electrons are added to it, what will be the net charge on the said
dielectric.
1.94 C
EXAMPLE
Find the quantity of electricity transferred if a

current of 3 A flows for 1 minute.
180 C
How long must a current of 100mA flow to

transfer a charge of 3C?
30 s
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
A positively charge dielectric has a charge of 3.5 C. If 9.75x1018

free electrons are added to it, what will be the net charge on the said
dielectric?
Solution: 𝑄1 = 3.5𝐶
𝑄2 = (9.75𝑥1018 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠)(−1.602𝑥10−19 𝐶/𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛)
𝑄2 = −1.56 𝐶
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 3.5𝐶 + −1.56𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝑪
GRAPHICAL CHARGE AND CURRENT
Link to youtube: LCA 1.3 (Alexander) Graphical Charge & Current (In
English)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NShWDFhclQk
EXAMPLE
Suppose that the current i(t) in a conductor has waveform
shown below . Find and graph the charge q(t).
i(t) [A]
+4
t [s]
5 10
-4
SOLUTION
@0≤𝑡 ≤5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 4 − 0 4 4
𝑚= = = ∴ 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝐴)
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 5 − 0 5 5
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑡 5
4 4 2
𝑝𝑡. (5, 4) 4 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 = 𝟏𝟎𝑪
4 = (5) + 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0 5 10
5
0=𝑏
@ 5 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10
∴ 𝑖 𝑡 = −4 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝐴)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −4 − (−4) 0
𝑚= = = =0 𝑡 10
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 10 − 5 5
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = −4 𝑑𝑡 = −4𝑡 = −𝟐𝟎𝑪
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 5
𝑝𝑡. (10, −4) −4 = 0(10) + 𝑏
𝑞 𝑡 = −4𝑡 +C
−4 = 𝑏
SOLUTION
i(t) [A] q(t) [C]
+4 10C
t [s] t [s]
5 10 5 10
-4 -10C
𝑞 𝑡 = −4𝑡 +C
10 = −4(5) + C C = 30
𝑞 𝑡 = −4 10 + 30
EXAMPLE
Suppose that the charge q(t) in a conductor has waveform
shown below . Find and graph the charge i(t).
q(t) [C]
+40
10t2
t [s]
2 3 4
-40
SOLUTION
@0≤𝑡 ≤2
𝑡=2
𝑞 𝑡 = 10𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
𝑖 = 20𝑡 = 20 2 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆 (𝑨)
𝑑𝑞 𝑑(10𝑡 2 )
𝑖= = = 20𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝐴)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
@2≤𝑡 ≤3
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 40 − (40) 0
𝑚= = = =0 ∴ 𝑞 𝑡 = 40 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶)
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 3−2 1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑞 𝑑(40)
𝑖= = = 𝟎 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆 (𝑨)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑝𝑡. (3, 40) 40 = 0(3) + 𝑏
40 = 𝑏
SOLUTION
@3≤𝑡 ≤4
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0 − (40) −40
𝑚= = = = −40
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4−3 1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑝𝑡. (3, 40)
∴ 𝑞 𝑡 = −40𝑡 + 160 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶)
40 = −40(3) + 𝑏
𝑑𝑞 𝑑(−40𝑡 + 160)
160 = 𝑏 𝑖= = = −𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆 (𝑨)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
SOLUTION
q(t) [C] i(t) [A]
+40 +40
10t2
t [s] t [s]
2 3 4 2 3 4
-40 -40
EXAMPLE
The current in a conductor changes uniformly from zero to 2
amp for 5 sec, remains steady at 6 sec, and then drops
uniformly to 1.5 amp in 7 sec. Calculate the amount of
charge transferred in the elapsed time of 18 sec.
EXAMPLE
Find the Charge 𝑞 𝑡 flowing through a device if the
current is:
a. 𝑖 𝑡 = 3𝐴, 𝑞 0 = 1𝐶
b. 𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝑡 + 5 𝑚𝐴, 𝑞 0 = 0
a. 𝒒 𝒕 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟏 𝑪
b. 𝒒 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟓𝒕 𝒎𝑪
MECHANISM OF CURRENT
CONDUCTION IN METALS
During random motion, the free electrons collide with positive ions again and again and after
each collision, their direction of motion changes. Considering all the free electrons, their random
motions average to zero. In other words, there is no net flow of charge (electrons) in any
particular direction. Consequently, no current is established in the conductor
When potential difference is applied across the ends of a
conductor electric field is applied at every point of the copper
wire. The electric field exerts force on the free electrons
which start accelerating towards the positive terminal (i.e.,
opposite to the direction of the field).
Relaxation time (t) The average time that an electron

spends between two collisions. Its
value is of the order of 10–14 second.
Drift Velocity The average velocity with which free electrons get drifted in a metallic
conductor under the influence of electric field. The drift velocity of free
electrons is of the order of 10–5 m/s.
RELATION BETWEEN CURRENT AND
DRIFT VELOCITY
Consider a portion of a copper wire through which current I is flowing. Clearly, copper wire is
under the influence of electric field.
Therefore, a charge per second passes the cross section at P.
EXAMPLE
A 60 W light bulb has a current of 0.5 A flowing through it. Calculate:

a. the number of electrons passing through a cross-section of the filament.
b. the number of electrons that pass the cross-section in one hour.
Solution:
𝑄 𝑛𝑒
a. 𝐼= =
𝑡 𝑡
0.5𝐶
𝐼𝑡 1𝑠
𝑠
Let say for 1: 𝑛= = −19 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑒 1.6𝑥10 𝐶/𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
b. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 1 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 3.1 𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
3.1𝑥1018 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑛= 3600 𝑠 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑠
EXAMPLE
A copper wire of area of X-section 4 mm2 is 4 m long and

carries a current of 10 A. The number density of free
electrons is 8 × 1028 m–3. How much time is required by an
electron to travel the length of wire ?
Solution: 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑣𝑑
𝐼 = 10𝐴; 𝐴 = 4𝑚𝑚2 = 4𝑥10−6𝑚2 ; 𝑒 = 1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶; 𝑛 = 8𝑥1028 𝑚−3
1𝑥10 −3 𝑚 2
4𝑚𝑚2 ∗
1𝑚𝑚
𝐶
𝐼 10 𝑚
𝑣𝑑 = = 𝑠 = 1.95𝑥10 −4
𝑛𝐴𝑒 (8𝑥1028 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝑚3 )(4𝑥10−6 𝑚2 )(1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶) 𝑠
𝑙 4 4 𝑠 = 𝟓. 𝟕 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔
𝑡= = = 2.05𝑥10
𝑣𝑑 1.95𝑥10−4
EXAMPLE
A conductor material has a free-electron density of 1024 electrons per
meter. When a voltage is applied, a constant drift velocity of 1.5x10-2
meter/second is attained by the electrons. If the cross-sectional area of
the material is 1 cm2,calculate the magnitude of the current. Assume
the electronic charge is 1.6 x 10-19coulomb.
Solution:
𝑖 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑉 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑛 = 1024 ; 𝐴 = 1 𝑐𝑚2 = 10−4 𝑚2
𝑒 = 1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶; 𝑣 = 1.5 𝑥 10−2 𝑚/𝑠
𝑖 = 1024 𝑥10−4 𝑥1.6𝑥10−19 𝑥1.5𝑥10−2 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝑨
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
When a body is charged, work is done in charging it. This work done is stored in the
body in the form of potential energy. The charged body has the capacity to do work by
moving other charges either by attraction or repulsion.
The ability of the charged body to do work is called electric

Electric Potential
potential.
The work done is measured in joules and charge in coulombs. Therefore, the unit
of electric potential will be joules/coulomb or volt.
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through
an element, measured in volts (V).
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
If two bodies have different electric potentials, a potential difference exists
between the charged bodies.
Consider two bodies A and B having potentials of 5 volts and 3 volts
respectively. Each coulomb of charge on body A has an energy of 5 joules
while each coulomb of charge on body B has an energy of 3 joules. If the two
bodies are joined through a conductor then electrons will flow from body B to
body A. When the two bodies attain the same potential, the flow of current
stops.
No potential difference, no current flow. It may be noted that potential

difference is sometimes called voltage.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Keep in mind that electric current is
always through an element and that
electric voltage is always across the
element or between two points
The plus (+) and minus (-) signs are

used to define reference direction or
voltage polarity
The common term signal is used for an electric quantity such as a

current or a voltage (or even electromagnetic wave) when it is used
for conveying information.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Voltages are, for the most part, quite similar to currents with regard to
changes in magnitude and direction. These are therefore referred to by
such terms as d-c or a-c voltage or oscillating emf.
Like electric current, a constant
voltage is called a dc voltage and
is represented by V, whereas a
sinusoidally time-varying voltage is
called an ac voltage and is
represented by 𝑣. A dc voltage is
commonly produced by a battery;
ac voltage is produced by an
electric generator.
EXAMPLE
A charge of 4 coulombs is flowing between points A and B of

a circuit. If the potential difference between A and B is 2 volts,
how many joules will be released by part AB of the circuit ?
8 Joules
How much work will be done by an electric energy source

with a potential difference of 3 kV that delivers a current of 1
A for 1 minute ?
180 kJ
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
The average value of the current or voltage of an alternating wave
shape is the arithmetic mean of the ordinates at equal intervals over a
half cycle of that wave.
However, if the arithmetic mean is found out over the complete cycle,
it will be zero for sinusoidal as well as for non-sinusoidal wave,
provided the wave shape is symmetrical. In such a case, as much
current flows in one direction during one half cycles, as flows in the
opposite direction during next half cycle. This is the basic reason, why
alternating current is not used for charging batteries, electroplating, etc.
As such the average value of alternating current does not have

much practical importance and is used only occasionally.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Graphical method- The average value
of an alternating wave (both sinusoidal
and nonsinusoidal) can be determined
graphically by taking the arithmetic
mean of the ordinates at equal
intervals over half a cycle of the
wave. This method is especially
convenient for non-sinusoidal waves.
The average value of current for non- 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑎𝑣 =
sinusoidal wave is given by, 𝑚
The positive half of the waveform is In terms of current:

divided up into any number of “m” 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑚
𝑖𝑎𝑣 =
equal portions or mid-ordinates. 𝑚
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Example: Find the average voltage
Voltage 6.2 V 11.8 V 16.2 V 19.0V 20.0 V 19.0V 16.2 V 11.8 V 6.2 V 0V
Angle 18° 36° 54° 72° 90° 108° 126° 144° 162° 180°
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Analytical Method- This method is also based on the definition of average
value of alternating current. However, it is more convenient for sinusoidal wave
shapes. The average value is obtained by adding the instantaneous values
of voltage over one half cycle only. But in the case of an non-symmetrical or
complex wave, the average voltage (or current) must be taken over the whole
periodic cycle mathematically.
The average value can be taken
mathematically by taking the
approximation of the area under
the curve at various intervals to
the distance or length of the base
and this can be done using
triangles or rectangles as shown.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Same with the voltage as 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃 .
Mean value of voltage over half cycle,

𝟐
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝅
DISCLAIMER
Contents of these modules were taken directly from
the references and are owned by the respective
authors. No copyright infringement intended
REFERENCES
Books:
• Alexander, Charles K., et. al. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 5th edition
(2013)
• BIRD, JOHN. Electrical and Electronics Principles and Technology 5th
edition (2014)
• MEHTA V. K, et.al. Basic Electrical Engineering (Revised Edition). (2012)
• Malvino, Albert and Bates, David J. Electronic Principles 8th ed, (2016)
• Floyd, Thomas L. Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version. 9thed (2012)
Video:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NShWDFhclQk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiMfkoieWp0&list=PL8T_f_7Y4chY8lZz
PSLDuPBHEHdYnpt-F
Internet:
• https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/average-voltage.html

EE1 - Module 1-Basic Electrical Ideas

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Basic Electrical Ideas

1st Sem, S.Y. 2022-2023 EE 1 – CIRCUITS 1

It consists of three basic

Rewrite the following parameters in the required units:

Proton Positive electrical

Neutron No electrical charges

Negatively charged particles.

Atoms of different materials differ from one another by having different

Compound A substance that is made up of two or more different

The atomic number of an element equals

The ratio e/m of an electron is 1.77 × 1011 coulombs/kg. This means

• The differences in the energy levels within the shells are

– First orbit contains 2 × 12 = 2

• A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical

• The most common

• If the valence electrons acquires a sufficient amount of energy, it can

• Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a

The free electrons can be easily removed or detached by

Since we have excess electrons on the other end of the conductor, we

The amount of electrical pressure is determined by the number of

The unbalanced atom or ion attempts to return to its balanced state so it

The strength of the electron flow is dependent on the potential

1. How much charge is represented by 4,600

2. Calculate the amount of charge represented

Electric Current is the time rate of change of charge, measured

where current is measured in amperes (A), and

The charge transferred between time t0and t is obtained by

Alternating Current is a current that varies

Alternating current (AC) electricity is the type of

Based on this convention, a

The total charge entering a terminal is given by 𝑞 = 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶.

Find the quantity of electricity transferred if a

How long must a current of 100mA flow to

A positively charge dielectric has a charge of 3.5 C. If 9.75x1018

𝑄2 = (9.75𝑥1018 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠)(−1.602𝑥10−19 𝐶/𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛)

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 3.5𝐶 + −1.56𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝑪

i(t) [A] q(t) [C]

q(t) [C] i(t) [A]

Relaxation time (t) The average time that an electron

Therefore, a charge per second passes the cross section at P.

A 60 W light bulb has a current of 0.5 A flowing through it. Calculate:

A copper wire of area of X-section 4 mm2 is 4 m long and

𝑛 = 1024 ; 𝐴 = 1 𝑐𝑚2 = 10−4 𝑚2

𝑒 = 1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶; 𝑣 = 1.5 𝑥 10−2 𝑚/𝑠

𝑖 = 1024 𝑥10−4 𝑥1.6𝑥10−19 𝑥1.5𝑥10−2 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝑨

The ability of the charged body to do work is called electric

No potential difference, no current flow. It may be noted that potential

The plus (+) and minus (-) signs are

The common term signal is used for an electric quantity such as a

A charge of 4 coulombs is flowing between points A and B of

How much work will be done by an electric energy source

As such the average value of alternating current does not have

The positive half of the waveform is In terms of current:

Same with the voltage as 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃 .

Mean value of voltage over half cycle,

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