INDIA AND THE cONTEMPORARY wORLD-I

1
CHAPTER
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

During the
nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a
Nationalism torce
brought sweeping changes in the mental and political world ot Burope
of changes was the emergence of nation state in place of multinational
ne ninal result these
dynastic empires of Europe.
The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
that could create
1ne French revolutionaries introduced
sense
many measures and practices
of common identity amongst the French people.
The main purpose of the revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from
despoi8m, in the other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.
Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles,
make the whole system more rational and efficient.
in order to
The Civil Code of 1804, which was formed by Napoleon, did away with all privileges
based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
In the mid-eighteenth century, Eastern and Central Europe were under despotism and
autocratic monarchies, within the territories of which, lived diverse people.
Politically and socially, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in the European
continent.
This powerful aristocracy was numerically a small group. Majority of the population
was made up of the peasants.
In Central and Western parts of Europe, the growth of industrial produetion and trade
meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes,
In the beginning of 19th century, new social groups came into being; a working-class
population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals
It was among the educated, liberal minded middle classes, that ideas of national unity
following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality
of all before the law.
Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical
privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
In the economic field, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition
of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of capital and goods.
After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in year 1815, European governments were
driven by a spirit of conservatism.
 Conservatives
the socialbelieved that
hierarchies, established,
ike
be preserved.
property, traditional institutions
In 1815, family, monarchy and of state anda
who had representatives of the European the C
settlement for defeated Napoleon powers--Britain, Prussia, RussiaChurch-shoul
up a collectively
The
representatives Europe. Bonaparte, met at Vienna and Austio
Vienna of 1815 with of Britain, congress to dra
in the Russia, Austria and lraw
Europe during the objective of undoing most of Prussia drew
Conservative regimes set Napoleonic wars. the
changes that
up the
Treatu .
had come
During the years up in 1815 abont
underground. following 1815, the fearwere of
autocratic. out
Secret societies repression drove many
European states to train liberal-nationalista
spread their ideas. sprang up in various
One such
member ofindividual
the secret
was the
Italian revolutionaries and
Culture played an revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini
society of the Carbonari.
who became
Romantic poets and important role in creating the a
and focused artists generally idea of the
instead criticised the nation.
Language also playedonanintuition, emotions and mystical glorification of reason and
science,
According to German important role in developing feelings.
was popularised philosopher
through folk
Johann Gottfried
Herder,
nationalist sentiments.
The 1830s were
of
poetry, folk songs and folk the true spirit of the nation
years great economic dances.
population,
In the year
rising food prices, unemployment andhardship in
Europe, in which
of Paris on the1848, food
shortages and widespread poverty were the increasing
roads. prominent.
unemployment brought the population
When revolts of the
poor, unemployed and
European countries were starving peasants and
taking place in the year 1848, a revolution workers in many
middle classes under way.
was led by the
Men and women of educated
the liberal middle
constitutionalism with national classes combined their demands for
like a constitution, freedom unification, which was based on parliamentary
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected
of the press and freedom of
association. principles
their places in the Frankfurt representatives marched in a festive
procession to take
The parliament was dominated
parliament in the Church of St. Paul.
by the middle classes who went against the
of workers and artisans, and
consequently lost their support, and the assembly demands
forced to disband. was
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial point within the
liberal movement.
Conservative forces were forced to suppress the revolution in the year 1848,
Due to the efforts of middle class nationalists, different regions of Germany and I t .
taly
united into a nation-state.
Prussia took on the leadership of Ottovon Bismarck.
William I, was declared German Enmperor in
in a
inJanuary 1871, the Prussian king,
ceremony held at Versailles. fragmentation.
had long history of political into seven states.
k e iermany, Italy also a divided int
was
Italy
In the middle of the nineteenth
tury,
to put together
a coherent pro
"Young m e
rogram
had sought secret society called
During1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini constituted a
leaiy.
aly'
Italian Republic and of United
for a unitary proclaimed king
Victor Emmanuel II was

in 1861,
 World-11 13
India and the Contemporary
Ttalian unification was the result of colours of Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, Garibaldi
and Victor Emmanuel II.
n 5ritain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval,
but it was the result of a
There was no
long-drawn-out process.
British nation prior to the
eighteenth century.
The Bnglish pariament, which has seized power from the monarchy in 1688, at the
end of protracted
a conflict, was the instrument which a nation-state, with
through
England at its centre, came to be forged.
The Act of Union (1707) between ion
England and Scotland, that resulted in tne ro
of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain!, meant that England was able to upus
its influence on Scotland.
In the year 1801, Ireland was
forcibly incorporated into the United Kingaom
Inthis way, a new 'British nation' was
forged through a propagation ot a aon
English culture.
Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries, personified a nation and represented a ntry
as if it were a person.

Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female figure became an allegory
of the nation.
By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow creed with
imperialist purposes and limited ends.
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called
the Balkans.
The Balkans was the region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-
day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
Inhabitants of this region were broadly known as Slavs.
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
All through the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire strengthened itself, but, one by one,
its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster, the First World War
in the year 1914.
But meanwhile, many European colonies in the world started to oppose imperial
domination.
Important Dates and Events
YEAR EVENTS
1688 A.D. The English parliament seized power from the monarchy and formed a nation
state.
1707 A.D. The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation
of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
1785 A.D. Birth of Jacob Grimm, the liberal leader of Germany.
1786 A.D. Birth of Wilhelm Grimm, the liberal leader of Germany.
1789 A.D. French Revolution.
1797 A.D. Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began.
1801 A.D. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804 A.D. Civil Code which was usually known as the Napoleonic Code, was framed
in France.
 Mazzini.
Science Giuseppe
Italian revolutionary
Birth of famous brothers (Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
A.D. tales of Grimm
The first collection of folk
12 A.D. was published.
Settlement.
Vienna Peace
Fall of Napoleon; the
1814-15 A.D. Waterloo
1815 A.D. The Battle of
Otto-Peters.
1819 A.D. Birth of Louise the Greeks.
1821 A.D.
struggle for independence amongst
The beginning of
1821 A.D. Death of Napolean.
1830 A.D. The July revolution of France.
took place.
1831 A.D. An armed rebellion against Russian
Greece as an independent nation
1832 A.D. The Treaty of Constantinople recognised
initiative of Prussia and
1834 A.D. union or Zollverein was formed at the
A customs most of the German states.
joined by revolted against
1848 A.D. in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants
Kevolutions constitutional representative
economic hardships; middle classes demanded
demanded nation
governments. Magyars, Poles, Czechs etc.
Italians, Germans,
states.
1858-60 A.D. Unification of Italy
1861 A.D. Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.
1866-71 A.D. Unification of Germany.
Jan 1871 A.D. The Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor in the ceremony
held at Versailles.
1905 A.D. Slav nationalism gathered force in
the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires
1914 A.D. First World War began.

Important Definitive Terms

1. Absolutist A form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and
repressive.
2. Utopian: A vision of a society that is so ideal, that it is unlikely to actually exist.
tebiscite: A direct vote, by which all the people ofa region are asked to accept or
reject a proposal.
4. Nation It is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion.
5..
Suflrage: The right to vote is called suffrage.
6. Zollverein A customs union, which was formed at the initiatives of Prussia and joined
by most of the German states.
7. Conservatism:
institutions
Apolitical philosophy that stressedthe importance oftradition, established
and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick
change.
. Revolution An armed or unarmed rebel led by the common people against the
government or colonial state is called Revolution.
9. Nationalism: It is a feeling of political consciousness and unity among the people
of a state. It is the devotion, love, and patriotic feelings for one's own nation.
10. Helenism Ancient Greek culture is called Helenism.
11. Romanticism: An artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the
century to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
12. Liberalism For the new middle classes of 19th century Europe, liberalism stood for
freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
 India and the Contemporary World-ll 15

13. Feminist Awareness of women's rights and interests based on the belief of the socia,
economic and
political equality of the
14. Ideology System of ideas reflecting a genders.
15. Ethnie Relates to a common racial, tribal, or cultural origin political
particular social and
visi0n. tnau
or background,
community identifies with, or claimns.
16. Act
United
of Union
Kingdom
A document signed by authorities in England and Scotland that formed
United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 A.D.
17. Union Jack The British Flag.
18, God Save Our Noble King The British national anthem.
19. Personified Nation Represent a country as if it were a
person.
20. Allegory : When an abstract idea (for instance-greed, envy, freedom, liberty) 1s epre
has two one literal and
through a person
one symbolic.
or a
thing. An allegorical story meanings,

Important Personss
1. Frederie Sorrieu (A French artist) : In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of
four prints, visualising his dream of a world made up of 'democratic and social republie.
Ernst Renan (1823-92) : (A Famous French Philosopher) : He published a famous essay
entitled Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ' (What is a nation ?) Renan said that a nation is
the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion.
3. Andreas Rebmann (A German Journalist) He was a member of a German Jacobin
group. He designed a cover of a German almanac in 1798.
Kari Kaspar Fritz (A German painter) He prepared a print, whose subject was
the planting of tree of Liberty in Zweibrucken, Germany.
Napoleon Bonaparte A famous French Emperor, he introduced many administrative
5. reforms in France. The civil code of 1804, which was formed by Napoleon, did away
secured the
with all privileges bases on birth, established equality before the law and
right to property.
Friedrich List : A professor of Economics at the university of Tubingen in Germany.
6.
to bind the Germans economically into
He wrote that the aim of the Zolverein was
a nation.
who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815.
7. Duke Metternich Austrian Chancellor
8. Giuseppe Mazzini He was a famous Italian revolutionary. Inspired by patriotism,
secret society of the Carbonari.
he became a member of the
a painting-The massacre at
9. Delacroix A French Romantic Painter who prepared
Chios. German Romantic Philosopher. He claimed that true
10. Johann Gottfried A famous
discovered among the common people-das volk.
German culture was to be
were two brothers born in the German
11, Grimm Brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
of collecting folktales and developing German language
city of Hanau. Their projects French domination and create a German national identity.
were the wider efforts
to oppose
member of
German liberal politician who0 was an elected
12. Carl Welcker: A famous
the Frankfurt Parliament.
state (Germany). He was the
18. Otto v o n

Bismarck The Chief Minister of Prussian

Unification of Germany.
movement for National
chief architect of the
Emmanuel I1 He was the ruler king of Sardinia Piedmont who helped all
14. Victor
aim was the Unification and Independence
to achieve
the revolutionaries whose main

of Italy.
ISocal Science-10
Count camillo de Cavour The Prime Minister of Sardubua, State of Italy. The real
credit for the Unification of Italy goes to Cavour.
Philip Veit A German artist who prepared a painting of Germania in 1848.
Giuseppe Garibaldi He was the most popular freedom fighter of Italy. In 1833 he
joined the Young Italy movement.