Nema SB 13-2020 Watermarked - 2022-08-26

NEMA SB 13-2020
Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications
Published by:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association

1300 North 17th Street
Rosslyn, Virginia 22209
www.nema.org
©2020 National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights, including translation into other languages,
reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.
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NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
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© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

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CONTENTS
Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................................iv
Section 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
General ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Standards That Apply ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Terms and Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 2
Section 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Application of Duct Smoke Detection ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Purpose of Duct Smoke Detection .................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Applications ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Applicable Documents ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Typical Scenarios .............................................................................................................................. 5
Section 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Characteristics of Smoke in HVAC Systems .................................................................................................... 6
3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Smoke ............................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Change in Concentration .................................................................................................................. 7
Section 4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Duct Smoke Detection Equipment .................................................................................................................... 8
Section 5 ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Typical Air Handling Systems ......................................................................................................................... 10
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Mixed Air Section ............................................................................................................................ 10
5.3 Conditioning Section ....................................................................................................................... 10
5.4 Fan Section ..................................................................................................................................... 11
5.5 Terminal Section ............................................................................................................................. 11
5.6 Key Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 11
Section 6 ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
How Duct Detection Systems Are Used to Control Smoke ............................................................................ 13
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 13
6.2 NFPA 90A ....................................................................................................................................... 13
6.3 Typical Single-Zone HVAC System ................................................................................................ 13
6.4 Typical Fan Control Circuit .............................................................................................................. 15
Section 7 ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Procedure for Duct Detector Application and Installation ............................................................................... 16
7.1 Application....................................................................................................................................... 16

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7.2 Installation In-Duct Detector............................................................................................................ 16

7.3 Duct Instrumentation ....................................................................................................................... 20
Section 8 ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Testing, Maintenance, and Service of Detectors for Use in Duct S................................................................ 23
8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 23
8.2 Typical Maintenance Practices ....................................................................................................... 23
8.3 Typical Testing Procedures ............................................................................................................ 24
8.4 Recommended Testing and Maintenance Log Procedures ........................................................... 24
Appendix A ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Detector Test Log ........................................................................................................................................... 25

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FIGURES
3-1 RELATIVE SENSITIVITIES OF THREE TECHNOLOGIES AS A FUNCTION OF
PARTICLE DIAMETER
4-1 TYPICAL INSTALLATION USING AIR SAMPLING TUBES
4-2 TYPICAL INSTALLATION WITH SENSOR PROTRUDING INTO THE AIR STREAM
4-3 TYPICAL AIR SAMPLING DETECTOR INSTALLATION
5-1 TYPICAL AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
6-1 TYPICAL SINGLE ZONE SYSTEM
6-2 TYPICAL FAN CONTROL SHUT DOWN CIRCUIT
7-1 “IN-DUCT” AIR DUCT INSTALLATION
7-2 TYPICAL DUCT DETECTOR PLACEMENT
7-3 INLET TUBE ORIENTATION
7-4 AFTER ELECTRICAL AND RPM READINGS ARE TAKEN, THE TOTAL VOLUME OF
AIR, FAN PRESSURE, AND PRESSURE DROPS ARE READ
7-5 115-AV INCLINED MANOMETER FOR VELOCITY PRESSURE READINGS IN
LOW VELOCITY DUCTS, 400 TO 2000 FPM
7-6 MAGNEHELIC GAUGE FOR READING STATIC PRESSURES IN AIR SYSTEMS
7-7 THERMO-ANEMOMETER

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Foreword
Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications
The purpose of this guide is to provide much-needed information concerning the proper use of smoke
detectors in duct applications. Fire protection engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers, fire
alarm system designers, installers, and maintenance personnel should find the contents both
educational and informative.
This information is intended as a technical guide, as distinct from a listing of mandatory requirements.
This Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications has been published by the
National Electrical Manufacturers Association Fire, Life Safety, Security and Emergency
Communications Section, BS-SB for the automatic fire detection and alarm industry.
About the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
NEMA is the association of electrical equipment and medical imaging manufacturers headquartered in
Rosslyn, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D.C. Its Member companies manufacture a diverse set of
products, including power transmission and distribution equipment, lighting systems, factory automation
and control systems, and medical diagnostic imaging systems. Worldwide annual sales of NEMA-scope
products exceed $120 billion. NEMA is divided into seven divisions: Building Systems, Building
Infrastructure, Lighting Systems, Industrial Products & Systems, Utility Products & Systems,
Transportation Systems, and Medical Imaging. Within these divisions are over 50 product-specific
sections. The Fire, Life Safety, Security and Emergency Communication Section is one such section in
the Building Systems Division.
Founded in 1926, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association has been developing Standards
for the electrical manufacturing industry and is one of the leading Standards developing organizations
in the world. Today NEMA contributes to the marketplace and helps ensure public safety.
About NEMA BS-SB

The objective of NEMA BS-SB is to serve as the primary source of technical, training, and educational
materials essential for the specification, application, and manufacturing of reliable life safety products,
as well as their installation, performance, and inspection.
NEMA BS-SB represents manufacturers in support of the automatic fire detection and alarm industry
and the healthcare communications industry. Fire detection and alarm products include life safety/fire
alarm systems and devices that provide early warning of an impending or actual fire or gaseous hazard.
The products detect, notify, and initiate control functions in case of hazard to life or property.
For more information on life safety, go to www.lifefiresafety.org.

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Section 1
General
1.1 Scope
The NEMA Signaling Protection and Communication Section developed this guide. It provides technical
information on basic fire alarm systems with a focus on early-warning smoke detection devices installed in
duct applications. Duct-mounted smoke detectors are designed to provide a specific type of protection that
cannot be duplicated by any other type of system. However, there has been a tendency to misapply these
devices attempting to use them as a substitute for an early warning smoke detection system. This fact,
coupled with new methods of detecting smoke in ducts, has prompted the Section to write this industry
guide. Aspirated smoke detectors may also be listed for use in detecting smoke in ducts but are not
addressed in this guide due to their specialty nature. Similarly, duct-mounted carbon monoxide detectors
are also out of scope since they are not used to detect smoke.
1.2 Standards That Apply
There are several important documents that provide guidance concerning the performance, application,
and installation of duct detectors:
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

180 Technology
Parkway
Peachtree Corners, GA 30092
ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications A54 – Fire and Smoke Management 2019
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (2019)
NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke-Control Systems
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL LLC)

333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60062
UL 268A Smoke Detectors for Duct Application

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1.3 Terms and Definitions
air sampling detector (aspirated smoke detector): an extremely sensitive smoke detection
device that can sample, test, and evaluate the amount of particle concentration within an air
sample drawn through a network of piping.
area smoke detector: a device that will detect visible or invisible particles of combustion, also called a
spot type detector.
coil: a cooling or heating element made of pipe or tubing.
coil, direct expansion: coil using the direct refrigeration method.
CFM: unit volume of air flow—cubic feet per minute.
damper: a valve or plate regulating the flow of air or other fluid.
damper, multiple louver: a damper having a number of adjustable blades used to vary the volume of air
passing through a confined section by varying the cross-sectional area.
duct: a passageway made of sheet metal or other suitable material not necessarily leak-tight, used for
conveying air or other gas at low pressures.
duct smoke detector: a type of smoke detector located within the duct, protruding into the duct, or
located outside the duct that will detect visible or invisible particles of combustion flowing within the duct.
The actuation of the device may allow for the operation of certain control functions.
exhaust tube: usually a round tube that provides a path for sampled air to return from the detection
device to the duct.
fan: an air moving device comprising a wheel or blade and a housing or orifice plate.
humidifier: a device to add moisture to the air.
inches of water: a unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of water at a temperature of
4.0°C (39.2°F).
ionization smoke detector: a type of smoke detector has a small amount of radioactive material that
ionizes the air in the sensing chamber, thus rendering it conductive and permitting a current to flow
between two charged electrodes. This gives the sensing chamber an effective electrical conductance.
When smoke particles enter the ionization area, they decrease the conductance of the air, attaching
themselves to the ions, causing a reduction in mobility. When the conductance is less than a
predetermined level, the detector responds.
light beam smoke detector: a smoke detection device that operates on a smoke obscuration principle.
photoelectric smoke detector: a type of smoke detector in which a light source and a photosensitive
sensor are so arranged that the rays from the light source do not normally fall on the photosensitive
sensor. When smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light is scattered by reflection and
refraction onto the sensor causing the detector to respond.
pitot tube: a device used to measure the total pressure of a fluid stream. It is essentially a tube attached
to a manometer at one end and pointed upstream at the other.

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pressure: the normal force exerted by a homogenous liquid or gas per unit of area on the wall of a
container.
pressure differential: a pressure difference (usually specified in inches of water) between two points in a
duct.
return exhaust: the duct used to return the air to the HVAC processing center for conditioning.
sampling tube: usually a round tube with holes that collects air from the duct and brings it to a detection
device mounted outside the duct.
smoke detector: a device that detects the visible and/or invisible particles of combustion.
stratification: a phenomenon where smoke or other gases travel in layers at different levels within the
duct, rather than being evenly distributed throughout the duct.
supply duct: the duct that distributes conditioned air, i.e., cooled, heated, cleaned, humidified, etc.

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Section 2
Application of Duct Smoke Detection
2.1 Purpose of Duct Smoke Detection

2.1.1 National and local safety Standards and codes recognize the ability of air duct systems to transfer
smoke, toxic gases, and flame from area to area. Often smoke can be of sufficient magnitude to be a
serious hazard to life safety unless blowers are shut down and dampers actuated. The primary purpose of
duct smoke detection is to prevent injury, panic, and property damage by reducing the spread
(recirculation) of smoke. Duct smoke detection can also serve to protect the air conditioning system itself
from fire and smoke damage and can be used to assist in equipment protection applications, for example,
in the ventilation/exhaust ductwork of mainframe computers and tape drives.
2.2 Applications
2.2.1 NFPA 90A subsection 6.4.2.1 smoke detectors listed for use in air distribution systems shall be
located as follows:
1. Downstream of the air filters and ahead of any branch connections in air supply systems
having a capacity greater than 944 L/sec (2,000 ft.3/min).
2. At each story prior to the connection to a common return and prior to any recirculation or fresh
air inlet connection in air return systems having a capacity greater than 7080 L/sec
(15,000 ft.3/min) and serving more than one story.
NFPA 90A 6.4.2.2 return system smoke detectors shall not be required where the entire space
served by the air distribution system is protected by a system of area smoke detectors.
NFPA 90A 6.4.2.3 Smoke detectors shall not be required for fan units whose sole function is to
remove air from the inside of the building to the outside of the building.
Reproduced with permission from NFPA 90A-2021 Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems,
National Fire Protection Association. This material is not the complete and official position of NFPA on the
referenced subject, which is represented solely by the standard in its entirety.
2.2.2 Perhaps more important is the identification of what duct smoke detection is not intended for
rather than what it is.
It is NOT a substitute for area smoke detection.
• It is NOT a substitute for early warning detection

• It is NOT a replacement for a building’s fire detection system
2.2.3 NFPA 72 17.7.5.2.1 supports this by stating:

17.7.5.2.1 Detectors that are installed in the air duct system in accordance with 17.7.5.1(2) shall not be
used as a substitute for open area protection.
2.2.4 NFPA 72 17.7.4.4 states:

Detectors placed in environmental air ducts or plenums shall not be used as a substitute for open area
detectors. Where detectors are used for the control of smoke spread, the requirements of 17.7.5 shall apply.
Where open area protection is required, 17.7.3 shall apply.

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2.2.5 Area smoke detectors are the preferred means of controlling smoke spread for the following
reasons:
2.2.5.1 Duct smoke detectors can only detect smoke when laden air is circulating in the ductwork. Fans
may not be running at all times, such as during cyclical operation or during a power failure. Area smoke
detectors are required to have a backup power source.
2.2.5.2 Duct smoke detectors normally sample great volumes of air from large areas of coverage. They
cannot be expected to match the detection ability of area detectors.
2.2.5.3 Dirt-contaminated air filters can restrict air flow, causing a reduction in the operating effectiveness
of the duct smoke detectors.
2.3 Applicable Documents
2.3.1 There are several important documents that provide guidance concerning the performance,
application, and installation of duct detectors:
a. ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications A54 – Fire and Smoke Management 2019
b. NFPA 72 Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (2019)
c. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
d. NFPA 90A Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
e. NFPA 92A Smoke Control Systems
f. UL 268A Standard for Smoke Detectors for Duct Applications
2.4 Typical Scenarios

2.4.1 Duct smoke detection may be useful in preventing injury and property damage in instances such as
the following.
2.4.1.1 A heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) fan motor overheats, and the resulting smoke is
sensed by the duct detector installed in the main supply duct. The duct detector may be equipped with an
auxiliary relay that immediately cuts power to the fan motor before significant amounts of smoke can be
distributed to the occupied areas.
2.4.1.2 A fire starts on the second floor of a building. The HVAC system serving the second floor also serves
floors one through four; therefore, smoke is being spread to these floors as well. If area smoke detectors are
not provided, the only means of automatic detection are the duct smoke detectors located in the return air
ducts on each floor ahead of the main return plenum. The quantity of smoke in the duct eventually reaches
proportions sufficient to alarm the second-floor duct detector, which transmits a signal to the building fire
alarm system. Evacuation signaling and HVAC shutdown functions are then provided by the fire alarm
control unit. Refer to NFPA 72-2019, Chapter 17, and NFPA 92 for control of smoke spread.

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Section 3
Characteristics of Smoke in HVAC Systems
3.1 General
3.1.1 Since the primary purpose for detecting smoke in the HVAC system is to automatically initiate
action to minimize the spread of smoke through the air handling system; it follows that the nature of the
smoke to be expected in various parts of the system should be understood. The following discussion is a
theoretical description of smoke characteristics as they pertain to this application.
3.2 Smoke
3.2.1 To begin with, smoke is the totality of the airborne visible or invisible particles of combustion.
Smoke detectors are designed to sense the presence of particles but depending upon the sensing
technology and other design factors, different detectors respond to different types of particles. Detectors
based on ionization detection technology are most responsive to the smaller, invisible sub-micron-sized
particles.
Detectors based on light scattering technology, by contrast, are most responsive to the larger visible
particles. Detectors based on light extinction technology respond to both visible and invisible particles.
Multi-criteria detectors include two or more sensor technologies to combine the sensor output of all
technologies into the alarm decision. Figure 3-1 shows the relative sensitivity of the three technologies as
a function of particle diameter, assuming a constant mass of particles.
Figure 3-1
RELATIVE SENSITIVITIES OF THREE TECHNOLOGIES AS A FUNCTION OF PARTICLE DIAMETER

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3.2.2 It is generally accepted that particle size distribution varies from sub-micron diameter particles
predominant in the proximity of the flame in flaming fire to particles one or more orders of magnitude
larger, a characteristic of smoke from a smoldering fire. The actual particle size distribution depends upon
a host of other variables, including the fuel and its physical make-up, the availability of oxygen, including
air supply and fire gas discharge, and other ambient conditions, especially humidity. Moreover, the
particle size distribution is not constant, but as the fire gases cool, the sub-micron particles agglomerate,
and the very large ones precipitate. As smoke travels away from the fire source, the particle size
distribution shows a relative decrease in smaller particles. Water vapor, which is abundantly present in
most fires, when cooled sufficiently, will condense to form fog particles, an effect frequently seen above
tall chimneys. Since water condensation is basically clear in color with mixed particles, it can be
expected to change the color of the mixture to a lighter one.
3.2.3 From the above discussion, one can begin to get an idea of what “smoke” is in the various parts
of an air handling system. Specifically, the farther away from the point of observation from the fire
source, the cooler the smoke will be and the more visible because of the growth of sub-micron particles
by agglomeration and recombination. There probably is some loss in the quantity of particles, i.e., the
mass of the smoke particles at the point of entry to a duct system is probably greater than at some finite
point downstream. However, at concentrations of concern, losses by precipitation are probably
negligible.
3.3 Change in Concentration
3.3.1 A much more important consideration is the change in concentration because of dilution by clean
air from other return air ports in the duct system. A simple mathematical consideration will show that the
original concentration is given by Q/V, where Q is the quantity of smoke particles and V the volume in
which they are dispersed. If a return duct has four branches, each with equal air flow (cfm), then after they
join, the concentration will be reduced to Q/4V.
3.3.2 The preceding assumes uniform dispersion of particles, which represents an ideal condition. In
reality, there is frequently non-uniform dispersion, and concentration can and does vary from no smoke to
very high in a cross-section area of a duct.
This is especially true just downstream from any point of entry. For example, in a return air duct,
stratification can be expected immediately downstream from each return air grill. Textbooks teach that
uniform dispersion is reasonably assured at a distance equal to six duct widths downstream for a duct with
turbulent air flow. In those cases where laminar flow is predominant, uniform dispersion might never be
achieved.
3.3.3 Air velocity, per se, has no direct effect upon the characteristics of smoke but does affect the
smoke concentration. For example, in a one-foot square duct, an air flow of one hundred feet per minute
would transport one hundred cubic feet of air each minute. Increasing the velocity to four hundred feet per
minute would increase the volume of air mixing with the smoke to four hundred cubic feet per minute,
thereby reducing the concentration of smoke particles by a factor of four, assuming that the rate of smoke
generation was the same in both cases.

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Section 4
Duct Smoke Detection Equipment
4.1 Duct Smoke Detectors

4.1.1 Definition
A duct smoke detector is a device or group of devices used to detect the presence of smoke in the
airstream of ductwork sections of the HVAC air-handling systems typically used in commercial buildings.
4.1.2 Typical smoke detection devices used for duct application include smoke detectors within an
enclosure mounted outside the duct (utilizing sampling tubes), area smoke detectors listed for in-duct or
partial in-duct mounting, a light beam detector consisting of projector and receiver mounted within the
duct, and an air sampling type detector. In all cases, alarm contacts are available either in the detector or
in the fire alarm control unit to initiate air movement control or to perform other control functions.
4.1.3 An externally mounted duct detector enclosure contains either an ionization, photoelectric, or
multi-criteria type smoke detector. Air stream sampling is accomplished by sampling tubes that penetrate
and traverse either the supply or return air ducts. The sampling tubes are positioned so air may be drawn
through the detector, sampled, and then returned to the air stream within the duct, see Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-1
TYPICAL INSTALLATION USING AIR SAMPLING TUBES
4.1.4 An area smoke detector listed for the application may be mounted on an outlet box totally within
the duct, or they may be mounted on the exterior of the duct with the sensing area of the detector
protruding into the air stream, see Figure 4-2.

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Figure 4-2
TYPICAL INSTALLATION WITH SENSOR PROTRUDING INTO THE AIR STREAM
4.1.4 Another duct detection device may be the light beam type detector. This unit performs best when
utilizing long beam paths, e.g., in large plenums rather than small ducts.
4.1.5 Air sampling detection units are relatively new. Extremely sensitive, they can detect minute
changes in air particle concentration. An air sampling detection tube or head is inserted in the air stream
of the duct. Air is drawn out and through the detection device. The detection unit is typically set at an
operating level of normal background particle concentration. An alarm will sound when the concentration
exceeds a preset alarm threshold value; see Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3
TYPICAL AIR SAMPLING DETECTOR INSTALLATION

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Section 5
Typical Air Handling Systems
5.1 General
5.1.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems as applied to commercial buildings condition and
distribute air usually through a network of ducts.
5.1.2 The air handling system can be divided into four basic segments, and Figure 5-1 shows a
simplified schematic view of a typical air handling system.
Figure 5-1
TYPICAL AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
5.2 Mixed Air Section

5.2.1 This section consists of a plenum where recirculated (return) air and fresh (outside) air are
introduced and mixed. A filter removes dirt, dust, and other airborne particles from the air before it enters
the conditioning section.
5.3 Conditioning Section

5.3.1 The conditioning section generally consists of a heating coil, a cooling coil, a humidifier, or any
combination thereof. These coils may be arranged in series, in parallel, or in a combination of series and
parallel.
5.3.2 The cooling coil lowers the temperature of the air passing through either by using chilled water or
direct expansion of a refrigerant gas supplied from a remote refrigeration compressor.
5.3.3 The heating coil raises the temperature of the air passing through it by means of steam, hot
water, or electric heaters.

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5.3.4 A humidifier is used to add moisture. A humidifier adds dry steam directly into the air stream. A
humidifier will be shut off whenever the system supply fan is not running to avoid moisture damage to the
duct system.
5.4 Fan Section
5.4.1 This section consists of one or more fans powered by a single electric motor. The fan section may
be placed either before or after the conditioning coils.
5.4.2 The fan section may include a device to regulate the static pressure developed by the fan. The
device might be an inlet vane (vortex) damper, discharge damper, suction damper, or a device to regulate
the fan speed.
5.5 Terminal Section

5.5.1 This section controls the volume or the final conditioning of the air before it is supplied to the
conditioned space. Sometimes terminal devices are located in the same mechanical equipment room that
houses the air handler. More often, terminal devices are located remote from the individual spaces that they
serve. These terminal devices can be reheat coils, mixing boxes, variable volume boxes, and induction units.
5.6 Key Parameters

5.6.1 The capacity of air handling systems is typically rated in cfm (cubic feet per minute). This is
determined by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the duct in square feet times the velocity of the air in
feet per minute.
Note: For a metric system, the capacity is rated in cubic meters per second.
5.6.2 Air velocities used in the duct systems are typically 500 ft./min (2.54 m/s), which is the rating for
most of the heating and cooling coils used in the systems. Higher velocities may be encountered in
applications where air must be moved through longer ducts. Maximum velocities encountered there can be
as much as 4500 ft./min (22.9 m/s). The air velocity in the supply (fan discharge) side will be larger than in
the return side. Velocities in the return side may be as low as 200-300 ft./min (1.02 - 1.52 m/s).
5.6.3 The range of sizes in ductwork varies greatly. The smaller ducts are similar in size to the air
ducts used in residential dwellings and may be less than 1ft. x 1ft. (.3m x .3m). The maximum duct sizes
used in large air handling systems are:
System Type Supply Side Return Side

High Pressure 8 ft. x 8 ft. Can be very large, 12 ft. x12 ft.
(2.78m x 2.78m) (4.18m x 4.18m) or more
Low Pressure 6 ft. (2.09m) diameter
5.6.4 The air pressure inside a duct with respect to the air pressure outside the duct is positive on the
supply side of the fan and is negative on the return side.

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PRESSURE IN INCHES H20 (kPa)*

System Type Supply Side Return Side
Max In. Typical Max In. Typical
High Pressure +5 (1.24) 4.0 (.99) −2 (.50) −1 (.25)
Low Pressure +2 (.50) +1.5 (.37) −2 (.50) −1 (.25)

*(1” H20 = 0.2486 kPa)
5.6.5 The temperature inside the duct of an operating air handling system will be between 42°F and
180°F (5.6°C and 82.2°C). Cooling applications will have the lowest temperatures. For heating
applications, the typical temperature will be about 100°F (37.8°C); the 180°F (82.2°C) is fairly unusual
and will be encountered only in areas near a steam coil.
a. When the fan is off, temperatures in the vicinity of a steam coil may reach 240°F (115.6°C).
A device located here may be even warmer due to radiation from the steam coil.
b. The temperature of the air in the mixed air and outside air sections is affected by the outdoor
temperature. In very cold climates, the temperature in these sections can get as low as −40°F
(−40°C).
5.6.6 The expected range of temperature surrounding the duct system is:
Indoor areas 45°F to 120°F (7.2°C to 48.9°C)
Outdoor areas −40°F to 160°F (−40°C to 71.1°C)

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Section 6
How Duct Detection Systems Are Used to Control Smoke
6.1 General
6.1.1 An HVAC system supplies conditioned air to virtually every area of a building. Smoke introduced
into this air duct system covers the entire building. Smoke detectors designed for use in air duct systems
are used to sense the presence of smoke in the duct.
6.2 NFPA 90A

6.2.1 Section 6.4.2.1 smoke detectors listed for use in air distribution systems shall be located as
follows:
a. Downstream of the air filters and ahead of any branch connections in air supply systems
having a capacity greater than 944 L/sec (2000 ft.3/min ).
b. At each story prior to the connection to a common return and prior to any recirculation or fresh
air inlet connection in air return systems having a capacity greater than 7080 L/sec (15,000
ft.3/min) and serving more than one story.
Section 6.4.2.2 return system smoke detectors shall not be required where the entire space served by
the air distribution system is protected by a system of area smoke detectors.
Section 6.4.2.3 smoke detectors shall not be required for fan units whose sole function is to remove air
from the inside of the building to the outside of the building.
referenced subject, which is represented solely by the Standard in its entirety.
6.3 Typical Single-Zone HVAC System

6.3.1 Figure 6-1 shows a typical single zone HVAC system.

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Figure 6-1
TYPICAL SINGLE ZONE SYSTEM
6.3.2 A return air fan is not used in all systems. Detectors may be placed in the outdoor air supply to
sense if smoke is being drawn into the system from outside the building. It would then close the outdoor
air damper allowing the rest of the HVAC system to continue operating.
6.3.3 In the typical fan system shown in Figure 6-1, when any duct smoke detector senses smoke, the
fan system will be turned off, and all the dampers shown will go to their closed positions. These actions
are intended to prevent smoke from being distributed via the air handling system to unaffected areas of a
building.
6.3.4 An alternate method that may be used is to only stop the supply fan and keep the return fan
running. In this method, the outdoor air damper and the mixed air damper go closed, and the (exhaust) air
damper is opened. This technique will help exhaust smoke-laden air from the building.
6.3.5 In addition to the requirements of NFPA 90A, duct smoke detectors may also be used within the
duct systems as detection devices in engineered smoke control systems. These systems are engineered
for the specific building. They use the building construction and air handling systems to contain and
reduce the spread of smoke.
6.3.6 NFPA 90A section 6.4.4.2, in addition to the requirements of NFPA 90 A section 6.4.3 where an
approved fire alarm system is installed in a building, the smoke detectors required by the provisions of
section 6.4 shall be connected to the fire alarm system in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 72
National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code.
6.4.4.2.1 Smoke detectors used solely for closing dampers or for heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning system shutdown shall not be required to activate the building evacuation alarm.

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6.4.4.3 Where smoke detectors required by section 6.4 are installed in a building not equipped
with an approved fire alarm system as specified by 6.4.4.2, the following shall occur:
1. Smoke detector activation required by Section 6.4 shall cause a visual signal and an
audible signal in a normally occupied area.
2. Smoke detector trouble conditions shall be indicated visually or audibly in a normally
occupied area and shall be identified as air duct detector trouble.
6.4.4.4 Smoke detectors powered separately from the fire alarm system for the sole
function of stopping fans shall not require standby power.
referenced subject, which is represented solely by the standard in its entirety.
6.4 Typical Fan Control Circuit

6.4.1 Figure 6-2 shows a typical fan control circuit.
Figure 6-2
TYPICAL FAN CONTROL SHUT DOWN CIRCUIT

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Section 7
Procedure for Duct Detector Application and Installation
7.1 Application
7.1.1 Select supply and exhaust ducts to be smoke detector monitored1.
7.1.2 Locate supply or exhaust input/output ports, filters, diluters, dampers, chillers, heaters,
humidifiers, dehumidifiers, air cleaners, control devices, deflectors, bends, and restrictors in
engineering drawings and specifications.
Supply duct installation should be downstream of fan, filters, chillers, heaters, and humidifiers.
7.1.3 Duct detectors in the return air stream should be located at every return air opening within the
smoke compartment where the air leaves each smoke compartment or in the duct system before the air
enters the return air system common to more than one compartment.
EXCEPTION: ADDITIONAL SMOKE DETECTORS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO BE INSTALLED IN
DUCTS WHERE THE AIR DUCT SYSTEM PASSES THROUGH OTHER SMOKE COMPARTMENTS
NOT SERVED BY THE DUCT.
7.1.4 Location of detectors mounted in or on-air ducts should be at least six duct widths downstream
from any duct openings, deflection plates, sharp bends, or branch connections.
EXCEPTION: WHERE IT IS PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO LOCATE THE DETECTOR
ACCORDINGLY, THE DETECTOR CAN BE POSITIONED CLOSER THAN SIX DUCT WIDTHS, BUT
AS FAR POSSIBLE FROM THE OPENING, BEND, OR REFLECTION PLATES.
7.1.5 Upon selection of location for duct detector installation, drill a hole into the duct and measure duct
air velocity, humidity, and temperature. Refer to duct instrumentation for instruments used in this manual.
7.1.6 Measure room temperature and humidity in the area of intended duct detector installation.
7.1.7 Detectors should be listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) for the
environment measured in the duct and room at the installation site. The detector should be relocated if
measurements fall outside of rated limits.
7.2 Installation In-Duct Detector

7.2.1 Installation of duct detectors may be within the duct, protruding into the duct, or mounted in an
enclosure with sampling tubes protruding into or traversing the duct.
1 See NFPA 90A, 2012 edition for details of where duct smoke detectors can be eliminated in systems of
less than 15,000 cfm capacity or in buildings equipped with a system of smoke detectors providing total
area coverage.

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7.2.2 Drill only required holes for duct installation. A template should be provided to locate mounting
holes for detector enclosure, sampling tubes, access panels, or doors and to give specified hole
diameters and/or duct entry dimensions.
7.2.3 Detector installation within the duct can be of the pendant or beam types.
7.2.3.1 The pendant duct detector should be mounted to an appropriate electrical box. The box pendant
extension arrangement should be mounted from either the top or sidewalls extending to the center of the
air duct stream.
7.2.3.2 Access panels or doors are incorporated in the duct side walls and are used during installation
and for maintenance and testing.
7.2.3.3 An “in-duct” detector arrangement should be mounted rigidly to withstand the pressure and
resonant vibrations caused by the air velocity, see Figure 7-1.
Figure 7-1
“IN-DUCT” AIR DUCT INSTALLATION
7.2.4 Following are procedures that will aid in properly installing smoke detectors that mount to the side
of the duct and sample smoke via tubes that project into the duct.
7.2.4.1 A well-placed duct detector monitors representative samples of air flowing through a duct. While
any air sample may seem sufficient, there are several problems that should be dealt with:
7.2.4.1.1 Dilution
Outside air, if mixed with circulated air, can dilute combustion particle concentration and can prevent a
detector from sensing a fire condition. Remember that detectors will alarm only when combustion particles
constitute a specified percentage of air being sampled. To avoid dilution, detectors should be located
before fresh air intakes and before the exhaust air output.
7.2.4.1.2 Stratification
Detector placement should be such that there is uniform air flow in the cross-sectional area. In practice,
this ideal condition may not always be achievable. The distance from a bend or vent is usually given as a
multiple of the duct width or diameter. Within a duct, air and combustion particles may stratify in such a
way that proper sampling cannot take place. The wider the duct, the greater the possibility of stratification
taking place. A method of getting a representative air sample is to locate a duct detector just after a bend
in the duct or after an air inlet that creates turbulence, see Figure 7-2. A distance of six duct widths should
separate the duct housing from the bend or inlet. See 7.1.5.1 for the exception.

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7.4.1.1.3 Excess Humidity

As with open area detectors, high levels of humidity or condensation within the duct can cause false
alarm problems. Duct detectors should be located at a minimum of 10 feet downstream from humidifiers.
7.4.1.1.4 Air Filters

Air filters within ducts tend to collect paper, lint, and trash—all flammable materials. For this reason, duct
detectors should be located on the downstream side of filters.
7.4.1.1.5 Air Velocity

Duct smoke detectors are usually designed to be used in air handling systems having a certain range of
air velocities. Be sure to check engineering specifications to make sure duct air velocity falls within these
parameters.
7.4.1.1.6 Placement
Duct detector assemblies mounted within the duct should be located on the sides or top of a duct.
Detectors listed for use in open-air applications should not be used inside a duct in place of a duct
detector.
7.2.4.2 Duct detectors mounted in an enclosure with sampling tubes can be installed onto any wall of the
duct unless otherwise restricted by the manufacturer’s instructions.
7.2.4.3 Select sampling tube length for duct enclosure installation. If the duct is more than three feet
wide, drill an appropriate diameter hole directly opposite to support the sampling tube of lengths longer
than three feet.
Note: Always refer to manufacturer’s published instructions for recommended sampling tube lengths and
sizing for your particular duct’s width.
Figure 7-2
TYPICAL DUCT DETECTOR PLACEMENT
Refer to 7.1.5.1 for the
exception
7.2.4.4 Exhaust tube length is not usually a critical dimension. It may vary from a stub to almost the full
width of the duct. Be sure to follow the recommendations of the manufacturer regarding the exhaust tube.
7.2.4.5 Install the sampling and exhaust tubes to the mounting holes on the duct enclosure. Refer to
manufacturer’s installation instructions as methods may vary.

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Figure 7-3
INLET TUBE ORIENTATION
7.2.4.6 Tubes may be marked, or as indicated in manufacturer’s installation instructions, provided

with inhibitors to ensure that the tubes are installed in their proper duct input and output ports.
7.2.4.7 Position holes or openings along the length of the inlet tube in the direction of airflow. Secure
the tube position with locking means provided.
7.2.4.8 Position holes or openings (if provided) along the length of the exhaust tube in the
downstream direction of airflow. Secure the tube position with locking means provided.
7.2.4.9 Plug sampling tube end with air stopper.
7.2.4.10 The duct smoke detector enclosure and sampling tubes should be mounted rigidly to prevent
noise chatter and mechanical fatigue.
7.2.4.11 Air leaks should be avoided. Air leaks in or out of the duct or detector will dilute or redirect
smoke within the duct. Gaskets and duct seals can be used to avoid or seal any leaks.
7.2.4.12 If the duct sampling tube protrudes through the opposite side of the duct, seal the
opening around the tube on the outside of the duct with duct sealant.
7.2.4.13 After mounting the duct enclosure to the duct and installing the sampling and exhaust tubes,
verify that there is air flow through the duct detector. This is accomplished by measuring the static
pressure difference between the inlet and outlet tubes using a manometer, as illustrated in the instrument
section of this manual. If the pressure differential cannot be attained within the manufacturer’s
specifications, check for leaks, proper orientation of hole placement on exhaust and sample tubes, air
velocity, and stratification of airflow in the duct. Relocate the duct detector installation if the pressure
differential specified by the manufacturer cannot be attained after checking all possible fault-causing
problems.
7.2.4.14 Prior to completing the installation, clean the duct enclosure and perform all operational and
functional testing per manufacturer’s installation instructions.

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7.3 Duct Instrumentation

7.3.1 Pressure Reading Instruments.
7.3.1.1 Used for reading:

a. Air velocities in ducts
b. Pressure drops across components
Figure 7-4
AFTER ELECTRICAL AND RPM READINGS ARE TAKEN, THE TOTAL VOLUME OF AIR,
FAN PRESSURE, AND PRESSURE DROPS ARE READ
Figure 7-5
115-AV INCLINED MANOMETER FOR VELOCITY PRESSURE READINGS IN LOW-VELOCITY
DUCTS, 400 TO 2000 FPM

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Figure 7-6
MAGNEHELIC GAUGE FOR READING STATIC PRESSURES IN AIR SYSTEMS

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7.3.1.2 Instrument readings taken by inclined liquid manometer, vertical liquid manometer, pressure
differential gauges, or micrometer liquid hook gauges.
7.3.1.3 Manometer gauges are used in conjunction with pitot tubes, straight metal tubes, and various
static pressure sensors.
7.3.1.4 Pressure drops are best read with a Magnehelic gauge. For lower velocity readings in the range
between 400 and 2000 fpm a ¼ inch, a manometer is the most accurate instrument to use along with the
pitot tube. For higher velocity readings in ducts, the 10-inch vertical or the one-inch inclined manometer is
required. See Figure 7-4 for an example of manometer and gauge use. See Figure 7-5 for manometer
type and Figure 7-6 for magnehelic gauge.
7.3.2 Air Velocity Reading Instruments

7.3.2.1 Used for reading:
a. Air flow through duct openings
b. Air flow through duct filters, coils, louvers
7.3.2.2 Instrument readings taken by:

a. Velometer
b. Thermo-Anemometer
7.3.2.3 The thermo-anemometer is illustrated in Figure 7-7.
Figure 7-7
THERMO-ANEMOMETER

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Section 8
Testing, Maintenance, and Service of Detectors for Use in Duct S
8.1 General
8.1.1 Smoke detectors are designed to be as maintenance-free as possible. However, dust, dirt, and
other foreign matter can accumulate inside a detector and change its sensitivity; this is especially true
with duct-type smoke detectors. Detectors can become either more sensitive, which may cause unwanted
alarms, or less sensitive, and may reduce the level of protection; both are undesirable. Therefore, detectors
should be tested periodically and maintained at regular intervals. Closely follow the manufacturer’s specific
recommended practices for maintenance and testing. Also, refer to Annex B of NFPA 90A and Chapter 14,
NFPA 72 (2019) National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code.
8.2 Typical Maintenance Practices

8.2.1 Under normal conditions, detectors should be given routine maintenance at least once a year
and more frequently in dirtier than normal environments.
8.2.2 Notify the proper authorities that the smoke detector system is undergoing maintenance, and
therefore, the system will temporarily be out of service.
CAUTION: DISABLE THE ZONE OR SYSTEM UNDERGOING MAINTENANCE TO PREVENT

UNWANTED ALARMS AND POSSIBLE DISPATCH OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT.
8.2.3 Most duct smoke detectors have detector heads that can be accessed for cleaning. Use a
vacuum cleaner and remove dust from the detector by placing the nozzle as close as possible to the
openings in the outside housing. A nozzle with a brush attachment will assist in dust removal. Some
detectors can be removed for more thorough cleaning; refer to manufacturer’s recommended procedure
for details. Additionally, check the sampling tube holes to make sure they are not clogged.
8.2.4 Test each detector’s sensitivity.
8.2.5 If a detector’s sensitivity is within specifications, nothing further needs to be done to the detector.
If the detector’s sensitivity is outside specifications, replace the detector or follow the manufacturer’s
recommended procedure.
8.2.6 Restore the zone or system at the completion of testing.
8.2.7 Notify the proper authorities that testing has been completed and that the system is again
operational.
8.2.8 Other checks that should be made during maintenance procedures:

a. Holes or cracks in ductwork near vicinity of the detector
b. Air leaks where detector housing or sampling tubes are attached to the duct
c. Dust accumulations in or on sampling tubes, sampling tube filters, and detector head
d. Wiring terminal screws tightness

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8.3 Typical Testing Procedures

8.3.1 All detectors should be:
a. Tested or inspected at least annually to ensure that they sample the air stream.
b. Tested at least annually by causing them to initiate an alarm at their installed

location to assure that they are operative and produce the intended
response.
c. Checked within one year after installation and every alternate year
thereafter.
8.3.2 It is not recommended that actual duct fires or smoke bombs be used to test duct smoke
detectors. This procedure does not provide a consistent, measurable method of determining if the
detectors are performing properly. Using the test procedures and test equipment recommended by the
detector manufacturer is the best way to test these detectors.
8.3.3 Most detectors are equipped with a built-in test mechanism, electronic metering equipment, or
aerosol test apparatus; refer to manufacturer’s specifications for details.
8.3.4 Notify the proper authorities that the smoke detector system is being tested. All persons who
would automatically receive a real fire alarm signal should be notified to prevent an unnecessary
response.
Note: Follow the manufacturer’s recommended test methods.
8.3.5 If a detector functions properly and its sensitivity is within specifications, nothing further needs to
be done to the detector. However, the routine maintenance procedure (described in section 8.2) is
recommended. If a detector’s sensitivity is not within specifications, it should be replaced or refer to
manufacturer’s recommended procedure.
8.3.6 Restore the zone or system at the completion of testing.
8.3.7 Notify all the persons notified at the beginning of the test that testing has been completed and
that the system is again operational.
8.4 Recommended Testing and Maintenance Log Procedures

8.4.1 It is recommended that a permanent detector test log be set up and maintained, with a record for
each individual smoke detector in each building. Each detector should be clearly described, with
information on the type of detector, the model number, the serial number (if any), the location, and the type
of environment. Data entries should include test dates, type of test mode, test results, maintenance, and
comments. A sample detector test log page is shown on the following page. See also Chapter 7, NFPA 72.

Appendix A
Detector Test Log
Detector Identification Information
Manufacturer and Serial Date

Detector Model: Number: Installed:
Description of Detector Location:
Example: Third floor of west wing in elevator lobby.
Test Results and Maintenance Data
Date Test Test Maintenance

Tested Mode Results Performed Comments
Example:
detector
8/5/20 test button passed none

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NEMA SB 13-2020

Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

7.2 Installation In-Duct Detector............................................................................................................ 16

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications

About the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

About NEMA BS-SB

For more information on life safety, go to www.lifefiresafety.org.

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

1.2 Standards That Apply

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (2019)

NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke-Control Systems

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL LLC)

UL 268A Smoke Detectors for Duct Application

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

1.3 Terms and Definitions

coil: a cooling or heating element made of pipe or tubing.

coil, direct expansion: coil using the direct refrigeration method.

CFM: unit volume of air flow—cubic feet per minute.

damper: a valve or plate regulating the flow of air or other fluid.

humidifier: a device to add moisture to the air.

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

2.1 Purpose of Duct Smoke Detection

• It is NOT a substitute for early warning detection

2.2.3 NFPA 72 17.7.5.2.1 supports this by stating:

2.2.4 NFPA 72 17.7.4.4 states:

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

2.3 Applicable Documents

2.4 Typical Scenarios

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

3.3 Change in Concentration

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

4.1 Duct Smoke Detectors

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

5.2 Mixed Air Section

5.3 Conditioning Section

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

5.4 Fan Section

5.5 Terminal Section

5.6 Key Parameters

System Type Supply Side Return Side

Low Pressure 6 ft. (2.09m) diameter

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

PRESSURE IN INCHES H20 (kPa)*

Low Pressure +2 (.50) +1.5 (.37) −2 (.50) −1 (.25)

© 2021 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

6.2 NFPA 90A

6.3 Typical Single-Zone HVAC System