Course 2 Unit 4

Geometry
4
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
Unit Overview
In this unit you will extend your knowledge of two- and three- Why is it important to
dimensional figures as you solve real-world problems involving angle understand properties of
measures, area, and volume. You will also study composite figures. angles and figures to solve
problems?
Key Terms Why is it important to be
As you study this unit, add these and other terms to your math able to relate two-
notebook. Include in your notes your prior knowledge of each dimensional drawings with
word, as well as your experiences in using the word in different three-dimensional figures?
mathematical examples. If needed, ask for help in pronouncing
new words and add information on pronunciation to your math
notebook. It is important that you learn new terms and use them
correctly in your class discussions and in your problem solutions. EMBEDDED ASSESSMENTS
These assessments, following
Academic Vocabulary Activities 14, 17, and 19, will give
• unique you an opportunity to demonstrate
• orientation how you can use your understanding
• decompose of two- and three-dimensional
figures to solve mathematical and
Math Terms real-world problems involving area
© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.
and volume.
• angle • vertex
• complementary angles • supplementary angles Embedded Assessment 1:
• adjacent angles • conjecture Angles and Triangles p. 156
• vertical angles • included side Embedded Assessment 2:
• included angle • congruent
Circumference and Area p. 188
• similar figures • circle
• corresponding parts • center Embedded Assessment 3:
• plane • diameter Surface Area and Volume p. 223
• circumference • composite figure
• radius • inscribed figure
• semicircle • net
• prism • cross section
• pyramid • right prism
• lateral face • surface area
• lateral area • regular polygon
• slant height • volume
• complex solid
135
UNIT 4
Getting Ready
Write your answers on notebook paper. Show 6. Compare and contrast the terms
your work. complementary and supplementary when
1. Write three ratios that are equivalent to 4 . referring to angles.
6
2. Solve each of the following equations. 7. Think about triangles.
a. 3x + 4 = 21 a. List three ways to classify triangles by side
b. 2x − 13 = 3x + 18 length.
c. 6 = 3 b. List four ways to classify triangles by
51 x angle measure.
3. Sketch each of the following figures.
8. Polygons are named by the number of
a. square
sides they have. Give the names of four
b. triangle
different polygons and tell the number of
c. parallelogram
sides each has.
d. trapezoid
e. right triangle
f. 50° angle
4. Write an expression that can be used to
determine the area of each figure.
a. circle
b. trapezoid
c. parallelogram
d. triangle
5. Determine the area of each plane figure
described or pictured below.
a. Circle with radius 5 inches. Round your
answer to the nearest tenth.
b. Right triangle with leg lengths 4 inches
and 7 inches.

c. Rectangle with length 6 inches and width
10 inches.
d. Trapezoid with base lengths 3 inches and
7 inches and height 12 inches.
e.
136 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

Angle Pairs ACTIVITY 13
Some of the Angles
Lesson 13-1 Complementary, Supplementary, and Adjacent Angles
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Use facts about complementary, supplementary, and adjacent angles to
write equations.
• Solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Close Reading, Think
Aloud, Create Representations, Marking the Text, Critique Reasoning,
Sharing and Responding, Look for a Pattern
Architects think about angles, their
measure, and special angle relationships READING MATH
when designing a building.
A
Two rays with a common endpoint form
an angle . The common endpoint is called B
the vertex . C
1. Angles are measured in degrees and To read this angle, say “angle ABC,”
can be classified by their relationship “angle CBA,” or “angle B.”
to the angle measures of 0°, 90°, and 180°. What angle measures
characterize an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, and a
straight angle?
READING MATH
Some angle relationships have special names. Two angles are complementary A small square at the vertex of an
if the sum of their measures is 90°. Two angles are supplementary if the angle denotes a right angle.
sum of their measures is 180°.
2. Compare and contrast the definitions of complementary and
supplementary angles.
Activity 13 • Angle Pairs 137

ACTIVITY 13 Lesson 13-1
continued Complementary, Supplementary, and Adjacent Angles
My Notes
3. Name pairs of angles that form complementary or supplementary
angles. Justify your choices.
a. b.
37°
c. d. 31°
25°
e. f.
59°
g. h.
53°
143°
MATH TERMS 4. Find the complement and/or supplement of each angle or explain
why it is not possible.
In a pair of complementary angles, a. 32°
each angle is the complement of
the other.

In a pair of supplementary angles,
each angle is the supplement of b. 113°
the other.
c. 68.9°

Lesson 13-1 ACTIVITY 13
Complementary, Supplementary, and Adjacent Angles continued
My Notes
5. Why are angles 1 and 2 in this diagram complementary?
1
2
6. Why are angles 1 and 2 in this diagram supplementary?
1 2
7. Which of the following is a pair of adjacent angles ? Justify your

answer.
MATH TERMS
Adjacent angles have a common
side and vertex but no common
4 interior points.
2
1 3
8. Angle A measures 32°.

a. Angle A and ∠B are complementary. Find m∠B.
READING MATH
Read m∠B as “the measure of ∠B.”

This form indicates the size of the
b. Write an equation that illustrates the relationship between the
angle.
measures of ∠A and ∠B.
c. Solve your equation from Part b to verify your answer in Part a.

continued Complementary, Supplementary, and Adjacent Angles
My Notes
9. Model with mathematics. Two angles are complementary. One
measures (2x)° and the other measures 48°.
a. Draw a pair of adjacent, complementary angles and label them
using the given information.
b. Write an equation to show the relationship between the two

angles and solve for the value of x.
c. Find the measure of both angles. Show your work.
10. Angle C measures 32°.

a. Angle C and ∠D are supplementary. Find m∠D.
b. Write an equation you could use to find the measure of ∠D.
11. Make use of structure. Two angles are supplementary. One angle
a. Draw a pair of adjacent supplementary angles and label them
using the given information.

angles. Solve the equation for x.
c. Find the measure of both angles. Show your work.

Complementary, Supplementary, and Adjacent Angles continued
My Notes
Check Your Understanding
12. Explain how to find the complement and the supplement of an

angle that measures 42°.
13. Reason quantitatively. What angle is its own complement?
What angle is its own supplement? Explain.
LESSON 13-1 PRACTICE

Find m∠ABC in each diagram.
14. 15. A
C
36° 47°
C B
B A
Find the complement and/or supplement of each angle. If it is not

possible, explain.
Angle Complement Supplement

16. 14°
17. 98°
18. 53.4°
19. ∠P and ∠Q are complementary. m∠P = 52° and m∠Q = (3x + 2)°.
Find the value of x. Show your work.
20. ∠TUV and ∠MNO are supplementary. m∠TUV = 75° and
m∠MNO = (5x)°. Find the value of x and the measure of
∠MNO. Show your work.
21. ∠ABC and ∠TMI are complementary. m∠ABC = 32° and
m∠TMI = (29x)°. Find the measure of ∠TMI.
22. Make use of structure. ∠ZTS and ∠NRQ are supplementary.
m∠ZTS = (5x − 3)° and m∠NRQ = (2x + 1)°. Find the measure of
each angle.
23. Model with mathematics. The supplement of an angle has a
measure that is three times the angle. Write and solve an equation to
find the measure of the angle and the measure of its supplement.

continued Vertical Angles and Angle Relationships in a Triangle
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Write and solve equations using geometry concepts.
• Solve problems involving the sum of the angles in a triangle.
• Solve equations involving angle relationships.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Predict and Confirm,
Think-Pair-Share, Create Representations, Identify a Subtask
Vertical angles are pairs of nonadjacent angles formed when two lines
intersect. They share a vertex but have no common rays. ∠1 and ∠3 are
vertical angles, as are ∠2 and ∠4.
1 4
2 3
1. Visually inspect the diagram above. Then make a conjecture about

MATH TERMS the measures of a pair of vertical angles.
A conjecture is a statement that
seems to be true but has not been
proven to be either true or false.
2. Find m∠1 and m∠3 above using your protractor.
3. Find the measure of ∠2 and ∠4 using geometry concepts.
4. Construct viable arguments. Do your answers to Items 2 and 3

support your conjecture? Support your reasoning.
5. Reason quantitatively. Two angles are vertical angles. One angle

a. Draw the pair of vertical angles and label them using the given
information.

angles. Then solve the equation for x.

Lesson 13-2 Activity 13
Vertical Angles and Angle Relationships in a Triangle continued
My Notes
A triangle is a closed figure made of three line segments that meet only at
their endpoints. The sum of the angle measures of a triangle is 180°.
6. Triangle ABC is shown.
A
60° 45°
C B
a. Find the measure of ∠A. Explain your answer.
b. Write an equation that illustrates the relationship between the

measures of ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C.
7. Reason quantitatively. Triangle DEF is shown.

F
(2x + 2)°
x°
D
(x + 10)°
E
a. Write an equation that illustrates the relationship between the
measures of ∠D, ∠E, and ∠F.
b. Solve the equation to find the value of x.
c. Find the measure of all three angles of DEF.

continued Vertical Angles and Angle Relationships in a Triangle
My Notes
8. Explain how to find the value of x in the diagram shown.
T
P
79° (4x + 15)°
R
Q Y
9. Construct viable arguments. If you know the measure of one

non-right angle of a right triangle, can you always find the measure
of the third angle? Explain.

Use the diagram for Items 10–12.
10. Find the measure of ∠1. 2
73° 1
11. Find the measure of ∠2. 3
12. Find the measure of ∠3.
Use the diagram for Items 13–15.

A (5x + 20)° C
13. Find x.
B
14. Find the measure of ∠ABC.
E (3x + 66)° D
15. Find the measure of ∠ABE.

16. Reason quantitatively. Find the
123°
measure of each of the angles in
the triangle shown. (x - 2)° (x - 3)°
17. In triangle GKJ, m∠G = 72° and m∠J = 28°. Write and solve an
equation to find the measure of ∠K.
18. In a right triangle, one of the angles measures 29°. What are the
measures of the other angles in the triangle? Explain.
19. Reason quantitatively. In an isosceles triangle, the two base
angles are congruent. One of the base angles measures 36°. What are
the measures of the other two angles in the triangle? Support your
answer with words and equations.

Angle Pairs ACTIVITY 13
Some of the Angles continued
ACTIVITY 13 PRACTICE Lesson 13-2

Write your answers on notebook paper. Show 7. Find the measures of the vertical angles in the
your work. diagram. Then find x in the diagram.
Lesson 13-1
Find the measure of angle DEF in
each diagram.
1. D
155° x°
F
58.2°
E
2. D 8. ∠B and ∠D are vertical angles. m∠B =

(2x + 1)° and m∠D = (x + 36)°.
142°
Find the measure of each angle.
E F
9. Find x in the diagram shown.
3. ∠JKL and ∠RST are complementary.
m∠JKL = 36° and m∠RST = (x + 15)°.
Find the value of x and the measure 140°
of ∠RST.
x°
4. ∠SUN and ∠CAT are supplementary.
m∠SUN = (2x)° and m∠CAT = 142°. Find the
value of x and the measure of ∠SUN.
5. ∠P and ∠Q are supplementary.
m∠P = (5x + 3)° and m∠Q = (x + 3)°. 10. In right triangle TWZ, ∠W is a right angle and
What is the measure of ∠Q? m∠Z = 41°. Find m∠T.
A. 17° B. 26°
C. 29° D. 32°
6. In the diagram shown, which angle pairs form
complementary angles?
E
F
D
40°
65°
25° 50°
A B C
A. ∠ABD and ∠CBF B. ∠DBE and ∠FBE

C. ∠ABD and ∠DBC D. ∠EBF and ∠FBC

ACTIVITY 13 Angle Pairs
continued Some of the Angles
11. In triangle QRS, ∠Q and ∠S have the same 14. Use the diagram shown to find the measures of
measure. If m∠R = 58°, find the measures of the each of the angles of ABC and CDE.
∠Q and ∠S. B
12. For triangle MNP shown, find the value of x
and the measure of each of the three angles. 126° C E
M A 41° 138°
x°
D
15. The angles of an equilateral triangle are
congruent. What are the measures of the
angles?
16. In isosceles triangle ABC, ∠B is a right angle.
What are the measures of angles A, B, and C?
P
(2x - 1)° (2x + 1)°
N Justify your answer.
13. In the diagram, m∠2 = 86°. Erica says that MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
m∠3 = 86° because the diagram shows vertical Reason Abstractly
angles and all vertical angles are congruent. Is
17. Consider the angle pair classifications from
her statement reasonable? Explain.
this activity: adjacent, complementary,
supplementary, and vertical angles. Can two
1
4
angles fit all four categories? Explain.
2
3

Triangle Measurements Activity 14
Rigid Bridges
Lesson 14-1 Draw Triangles from Side Lengths
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Decide if three side lengths determine a triangle.
• Draw a triangle given measures of sides.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Create Representations,
Marking the Text, Use Manipulatives, Predict and Confirm, Shared
Reading, Visualization
When the sides of a drawbridge are raised or lowered, the sides move at
the same rate.
CONNECT TO ENGINEERING
A drawbridge is a bridge that can

be drawn up, let down, or drawn
aside, to permit or prevent ships
and other watercraft from passing
below it.
1. Look at the drawbridge.

a. What will happen if the sum of the lengths of the moving sides is
greater than the opening? Draw an illustration to explain your
answer.
b. What will happen if the sum of the lengths of the moving sides is
equal to the length of the opening? Draw an illustration to explain

your answer.
c. What will happen if the sum of the lengths of the moving portions
of the bridge is less than the length of the opening? Draw an
illustration to explain your answer.
Activity 14 • Triangle Measurements 147

continued Draw Triangles from Side Lengths
My Notes
2. Work with a partner or with your group. Use paper or string to cut out
segments that are the same length as the segments shown. If possible,
connect the segments at the endpoints to create a triangle and draw
the triangle. If it is not possible, explain.
a. DOG
D O
O G
D G
b. CAT
C A
A T
C T
c. RCM
C M
C R
R M

3. Use appropriate tools strategically. Measure the lengths in
centimeters of the segments in Item 2. Then write an equation or
inequality to compare the sum of two side lengths to the longest side
length.
4. Based on your results for Items 2 and 3, make a conjecture about

what side lengths can form a triangle. As you share your ideas with
your group about making the conjecture, be sure to explain your
thoughts using precise language and details to help the group
understand your ideas and reasoning.

Draw Triangles from Side Lengths continued
My Notes
5. Use a ruler to draw each triangle described below. You may want to
cut out segments and use the segments to help form the triangle.
a. Draw a triangle with side lengths that each measure 3 centimeters.
Can you form more than one triangle with the given side lengths?
Explain.
b. Draw a triangle with side lengths that are 3 centimeters,

3 centimeters, and 5 centimeters long. Can you form more than
one triangle with the given side lengths? Explain.
c. Draw a triangle with side lengths that are 3 centimeters,

4 centimeters, and 5 centimeters long. Can you form more than
one triangle with the given side lengths? Explain.
6. Construct viable arguments. When a triangle is formed from

three given side lengths, is the triangle a unique triangle or can more ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
than one triangle be formed using those same side lengths? Explain. The term unique means “only” or
“single.” In geometry, a unique
triangle is a triangle that can be
drawn in only one way.

continued Draw Triangles from Side Lengths
My Notes
7. Is it possible to draw a triangle with sides that are 4 inches,

5 inches, and 8 inches long? Justify your answer.
8. Draw a triangle with sides that are 2 inches, 2 inches, and 3 inches
long. Can you form more than one triangle with the given side
lengths? Explain.
Lesson 14-1 PRACTICE

Determine whether it is possible to draw a triangle with the given side
lengths. Justify your answers.
9. 7 feet, 5 feet, and 2 feet
10. 3 meters, 4 meters, and 6 meters
11. 5 inches, 7 inches, and 15 inches
12. 6 yards, 12 yards, and 6 yards
13. 8 millimeters, 11 millimeters, and 4 millimeters
14. 30 feet, 9 feet, and 16 feet
15. Express regularity in repeated reasoning. To check that three
side lengths can form a triangle, you only have to check the sum of
the two shortest lengths. Explain why.
16. Look for and make use of structure. Two sides of a triangle
measure 3 inches and 6 inches. What is one possible length for the
third side of the triangle? Explain.

17. Draw a triangle with side lengths that are 6 centimeters,
8 centimeters, and 10 centimeters long.
18. Draw a triangle with side lengths that are 2 centimeters,
6 centimeters, and 7 centimeters long.
19. Express regularity in repeated reasoning. A triangle is formed
using three given side lengths. Do these side lengths always form a
unique triangle? Explain.

Draw Triangles from Measures of Angles or Sides continued
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Draw a triangle given measures of angles and/or sides.
• Recognize when given conditions determine a unique triangle, more
than one triangle, or no triangle.
Graphic Organizer, Think-Pair-Share, Visualization
Triangles are rigid shapes. Structures,
such as bridges and towers, are
reinforced with triangles that give the
structures added strength. Notice how
triangles within triangles are used to
support the bridge in the picture.
In the last lesson, you learned that three
given side lengths determine a unique
triangle. Other conditions can also determine a unique triangle.
1. Use a protractor to measure each angle in the triangles.
a.
b.

continued Draw Triangles from Measures of Angles or Sides
My Notes
2. Reason abstractly. When a triangle is formed from three given
angle measures, is the triangle a unique triangle, or can more
than one triangle be formed using those same angle measures?
Explain.
READING MATH
Two sides of a triangle form an angle called an included angle.
B
3. a. Use a ruler and protractor. Draw a triangle with two sides that
measure 4 centimeters each and an included angle of 30°.
A C
Angle A is the included angle b. Is there only one triangle that fits the description given in Part a?
between sides AB and AC. Explain.
READING MATH An included side is the side between two angles.

B 4. a. Use a ruler and protractor. Draw a triangle with two angles
that each measure 30° and an included side that measures
5 centimeters.

A C
Side AB is the included side

between angles A and B. b. Is there only one triangle that fits the description given in Part a?
Explain.

Draw Triangles from Measures of Angles or Sides continued
My Notes
5. Construct viable arguments. Decide if the given conditions create
a unique triangle.
a. When a triangle is formed from two side lengths and an included
angle measure, is the triangle a unique triangle, or can more than
one triangle be formed? Explain.
b. When a triangle is formed using two given angle measures and an

included side length, is the triangle a unique triangle, or can more
than one triangle be formed? Explain.
Two known angle measures and the length of a non-included side also
form a unique triangle. However, two given side lengths and the measure
of a non-included angle may or may not form a unique triangle.
6. Two angles of a triangle measure 40° and 110°. The side opposite the
40° angle is 6 inches long. Can more than one triangle be drawn with
these conditions? Explain.
7. Two sides of a triangle are 4 inches and 7 inches long. The included
angle has a measure of 35°. Can more than one triangle be drawn
with these conditions? Explain.
8. Make use of structure. Two angles of a triangle each measure

70° and 55°. The side adjacent to the 70° angle is 3 inches long. Can
more than one triangle be drawn with these conditions? Justify your
answer.

continued Draw Triangles from Measures of Angles or Sides
My Notes
DISCUSSION GROUP TIPS 9. Is it possible to draw a unique triangle with angle measures of 35°,
As your group explores and 65°, and 100°? Explain.
discusses the relationship between 10. Is it possible to draw a unique triangle with two sides that are each
the sides and angles of triangles in
5 centimeters long and an included angle that measures 40°?
the Check Your Understanding
problems, demonstrate listening Explain.
comprehension of what each
group member says by taking
notes on their contributions. Ask
and answer questions to clearly aid LESSON 14-2 PRACTICE
understanding of all group Determine whether the given conditions determine a unique triangle
members’ ideas.
or more than one triangle. Justify your answers.
11. Two angles of a triangle measure 40° and 75°. The side between the
angles is 3 feet long.
12. Two angles of a triangle each measure 55°. The side opposite one of
the 55° angles is 2 meters long.
13. The angles of a triangle measure 40°, 60°, and 80°.
14. The sides of a triangle are 5 inches, 12 inches, and 13 inches long.
15. Two sides of a triangle are 10 centimeters and 13 centimeters long.
One of the nonincluded angles measures 95°.
16. Two angles of a triangle measure 61° and 48°. One of the sides
formed by the 48° angle is 15 millimeters long.
17. The two sides that form the right angle of a right triangle are
9 centimeters and 12 centimeters long.

18. Look for and make use of structure. If the measures of the angles
of a triangle are known, is the length of one side of the triangle
sufficient to determine if the triangle formed is a unique triangle?
Explain.

Triangle Measurements Activity 14
Rigid Bridges continued

Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. Determine whether the given conditions
Show your work. determine a unique triangle or more than one
triangle. Justify your answers.
Lesson 14-1
For 1–6, determine whether it is possible to draw 11. Two angles of a triangle measure 36° and 102°.
a triangle with the given side lengths. Justify your One of the sides formed by the 36° angle is
answers. 9 inches long.
1. 8 feet, 5 feet, and 9 feet 12. The angles of a triangle measure 25°, 73°,
and 82°.
2. 3 centimeters, 2 centimeters, and 7 centimeters
13. Two angles of a triangle measure 86° and 67°.
3. 14 inches, 6 inches, and 10 inches The side between the angles is 2.5 meters long.
4. 3 yards, 2 yards, and 5 yards 14. Two sides of a triangle are 3.6 meters and
5. 1.5 meters, 1.1 meters, and 2 meters 5.2 meters long. One of the non-included
6. 42 feet, 18 feet, and 23 feet angles measures 48°.
7. Draw a triangle with side lengths that are 15. The two sides that form the right angle of a
3 inches, 5 inches, and 6 inches long. Is this the right triangle are 6 inches and 4 inches long.
only triangle that you can draw using these side 16. The sides of a triangle are 10 centimeters,
lengths? Explain. 12 centimeters, and 14 centimeters long.
8. Multiple Choice: Which of the following 17. Two angles of a triangle each measure 62°. The
cannot be the side lengths of a triangle? side opposite one of the 62° angles is 34 inches
A. 4 inches, 4 inches, and 4 inches long.
B. 3 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches
C. 15 centimeters, 16 centimeters, and Mathematical Practices
17 centimeters Look for and Make Use of Structure
D. 2 centimeters, 10 centimeters, and
18. a. If the lengths of two sides of a triangle are
20 centimeters
known, is the measure of one of the angles
9. Multiple Choice: Which of the following could of the triangle enough to determine a
be the length of the third side of a triangle with unique triangle? Explain.
side lengths 2 feet and 10 feet? b. If the measures of two angles of a triangle
A. 12 feet are known, is the length of one side of the
B. 20 feet triangle sufficient to determine if the
C. 11 feet triangle formed is a unique triangle?
D. 8 feet Explain.
10. Express regularity in repeated reasoning.
Explain how to determine whether a triangle
can be formed from three given segment
lengths.

Embedded Assessment 1 Angles and Triangles
Use after Activity 14 POOL ANGLES
Pool is a game that requires talent and a knowledge of angles to play well.
Bank and kick shots involve hitting a ball (B) into a rail of a rectangular
pool table, and then into a pocket, somewhere on the other side of the
table. As shown below, the angle at which the ball hits the side is equal to
the angle at which it leaves the side.
B P Q
x° x°
L S R
1. Name a pair of adjacent, supplementary angles in the diagram.

2. Angle QPS is supplementary to ∠PSR. Also, m∠QPS = (2x + 12)°
and m∠PSR is x°. Answer each question below and show your work.
a. Find the value of x.
b. Find m∠PSL.
3. The measure of ∠BLS is 90°. Explain why ∠LSB and ∠LBS must be
complementary.
4. The measures of segment BS and segment PS are both 4.5 feet and
m∠PBS = 56°.
a. Find the measure of ∠BSP. Item 2 says that “Angle QPS is
supplementary to ∠PSR.”
b. Is BPS a unique triangle, or can more than one triangle be
formed using the given segment lengths and angle measures?
Explain.
156 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2

Angles and Triangles Embedded Assessment 1
POOL ANGLES Use after Activity 14
Another type of pool shot involves aiming the ball at point C directly at a
pocket, as shown below.
B Q
P
C
L S R
5. The measure of ∠RQC = (x + 12)° and m∠PQC = (2x)°. Set up and

solve an equation to find the value of x.
6. In QPC, m∠C = (x + 11)°, m∠Q = (2x + 6)°, and m∠P = 70°.
a. Set up and solve an equation to find the value of x.
b. Use the value you found for x to find m∠C and m∠Q. Show your
work.
c. Is QPC a unique triangle, or can more than one triangle be
formed using the three angle measures? Justify your answer.
7. Is it possible for QPC to have side lengths of 4 feet, 1.5 feet, and
2 feet? Justify your answer.
8. The measures of two side lengths of a triangle are 6 centimeters and
8 centimeters, and the measure of one angle is 35°.
a. Use a ruler and a protractor to draw a triangle or triangles that
meet these conditions
b. Attend to precision. Is there only one triangle or more than one
triangle that meets these conditions? Explain.
Unit 4 • Geometry 157

Embedded Assessment 1 Angles and Triangles
Use after Activity 14 POOL ANGLES
Scoring Exemplary Proficient Emerging Incomplete

Guide The solution demonstrates these characteristics:
Mathematics • Clear and accurate • An understanding of • Partial understanding of • Incorrect or incomplete
Knowledge and understanding of adjacent adjacent angle relationships adjacent angle relationships understanding of adjacent
Thinking angle relationships and and angle relationships in a and angle relationships in a angle relationships and
(Items 1, 2a-b, 3, 4a-b, angle relationships in a triangle. triangle. angle relationships in a
5, 6a-c, 7, 8b) triangle. triangle.
Problem Solving • An accurate interpretation • A somewhat accurate • Difficulty interpreting a • Incorrect or incomplete
(Items 2a-b, 4a, 5, of a problem in order to find interpretation of a problem problem to find missing interpretation of a problem.
6a-b) missing angle to find missing angle angle measurements
measurements. measurements.
Mathematical • An accurate drawing of a • A drawing of a triangle • Difficulty in drawing a • An incorrect drawing of a

Modeling / triangle given information given information on the triangle given information triangle given information
Representations on the side lengths and side lengths and angles. on the side lengths and on the side lengths and
(Items 4b, 6c, 8a-b) angles. angles. angles.
Reasoning and • Precise use of appropriate • Use of appropriate terms to • A partially correct use of • An incomplete or inaccurate
Communication terms to describe angle describe angle relationships terms to describe angle use of terms to describe angle
(Items 1, 3, 4b, 6c, 7, 8b) relationships and triangles. and triangles. relationships and triangles. relationships and triangles.

Similar Figures Activity 15
The Same but Different
Lesson 15-1 Identify Similar Figures and Find Missing Lengths
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Identify whether or not polygons are similar.
• Find a common ratio for corresponding side lengths of similar
polygons.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Marking the Text,
Summarize/Paraphrase/Retell, Visualization, Create Representations,
Identify a Subtask
The Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of
Defense, is located in Arlington County, Virginia. This building is named
for its shape.
1. Study these two aerial photos of the Pentagon.
Photo 1
Photo 2
a. How are the photos alike?
b. How are the photos different?
Activity 15 • Similar Figures 159

continued Identify Similar Figures and Find Missing Lengths
My Notes
2. Use a protractor and ruler to measure the line segments and angles
in both photos below. Measure segments to the nearest millimeter
MATH TIP and angles to the nearest degree.
The shape of the Pentagon
building is actually a regular
pentagon, but the perspective in B
this picture makes the lengths A
appear to be different.
C
a. AB = b. m∠A =
c. BC = d. m∠B =
e. CD = f. m∠C =
g. DE = h. m∠D =
i. EA = j. m∠E =
G
F
H

J
k. FG = l. m∠F =
m. GH = n. m∠G =
o. HI = p. m∠H =
q. IJ = r. m∠I =
s. JF = t. m∠J =

Identify Similar Figures and Find Missing Lengths continued
My Notes
3. Use the measurements from Item 2 to find the following ratios to the
nearest tenth.
a. AB = ______ b. BC = ______ c. CD = ______
FG GH HI
d. DE = ______ e. EA = ______
IJ JF
4. What can you conclude about the ratio of the lengths of the segments
and the measures of the angles in the photos?
Similar figures are figures in which the lengths of the corresponding

sides are in proportion and the corresponding angles are congruent.
Corresponding parts of similar figures are the sides and angles that are MATH TERMS
in the same relative positions in the figures. Figures that are congruent have
5. Construct viable arguments. Are the two photographs of the exactly the same size and the same
shape
Pentagon similar? Justify your reasoning.
In a similarity statement, such as ABC ∼ DEF, the order of the vertices READING MATH
shows which angles correspond. So, ABC ∼ DEF means that ∠A
corresponds to ∠D, ∠B corresponds to ∠E, and ∠C corresponds to ∠F. The symbol ∼ means “is similar to.”
The corresponding sides follow from the corresponding angles. They are Read the similarity statement
ABC ∼ DEF as “Triangle ABC is
AB and DE, BC and EF, and CA and FD.
similar to triangle DEF.”
6. The lengths of the sides of quadrilateral ABCD are 4, 6, 6, and 8
inches. The lengths of the sides of a similar quadrilateral JKLM are 6,
9, 9, and 12 inches.
a. Write the ratios for the corresponding sides of the quadrilaterals.
b. What do you notice about the ratios of the sides of the similar
quadrilaterals?

continued Identify Similar Figures and Find Missing Lengths
My Notes
If two figures have the same shape with corresponding angles congruent
and proportional corresponding sides, then the two figures are similar.
When the corresponding sides of similar figures are in proportion, they
are equivalent to a common ratio.
7. Rectangle ABCD is 6 feet by 8 feet. Rectangle QRST is 10 feet by
12 feet.
R S
B C
10 ft
6 ft
A 8 ft D Q 12 ft T
a. Name the corresponding angles.
b. Are the corresponding angles congruent? Explain.
c. Name the corresponding sides.

d. Write the ratios of the corresponding widths and lengths of the
rectangles.
e. Are the corresponding sides in proportion? Explain.
f. Is rectangle ABCD similar to rectangle QRST? Explain.

Identify Similar Figures and Find Missing Lengths continued
My Notes
8. Are two congruent figures similar? Explain.

9. When are two polygons with the same number of sides not similar?

Use a protractor and a ruler to measure the angles and sides of
triangles ABC and DEF.
B
E
A F D
10. Are the corresponding angles congruent? Explain.

11. Are the corresponding sides in proportion? Explain.
12. Are the triangles similar? If so, explain why and write a similarity
statement. If not, explain why not.
13. Model with mathematics. Sketch two similar rectangles. Explain
why they are similar.
14. Are the ratios of the corresponding sides of the right triangles shown
MATH TIP
equal? Explain.
When two figures have a different
5 6 orientation, it can be tricky to

3 identify corresponding sides or
angles. Try turning and/or flipping
4 one of the figures until its shape
looks like the other figure.
8 In Item 14, turn the larger triangle
10 to the right until the 8-unit side is
the base. Then flip the triangle
over an imaginary vertical line.
This can help you identify the
corresponding sides.
15. Make sense of problems. Rectangle A is 3 meters wide and

5 meters long. Rectangle B is 2.5 meters wide and 4.5 meters long. ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Rectangle C is 10 meters wide and 18 meters long. Are any of the The orientation of a figure is the
rectangles similar? Explain. way in which the figure is
positioned.
16. Reason abstractly. Are all squares similar? Explain.

continued Indirect Measurement
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Apply properties of similar figures to determine missing lengths.
• Solve problems using similar figures.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Graphic Organizer, KWL
Chart, Think Aloud, Visualization, Discussion Groups, Create
Representations
The corresponding sides of similar figures are in proportion and form a
common ratio. This relationship can be used to find missing lengths.
1. ABC ∼ DEF
E
B
12
3
5 x
A
D
4
C
16
a. Write the ratios of the corresponding sides.

b. What is the common ratio of the corresponding sides with known
lengths?
c. Use the common ratio to write a proportion to find the value of x,

the missing side length. Solve the proportion.
2. Model with mathematics. A rectangular postcard of a painting is

similar to the original painting. The postcard is 4 inches wide and
6 inches long. The original painting is 34 inches wide.
a. Draw similar rectangles to model the problem.
b. Write and solve a proportion for the situation. Let x represent the
length of the original painting.

Indirect Measurement continued
My Notes
c. How long is the original painting?
d. Is your answer reasonable? Explain.
Some objects may be too tall to measure with rulers. Similar triangles can
be used to indirectly measure the heights of these objects in real life.
3. A flagpole casts a shadow 8 feet long. At the same time, a yardstick
3 feet tall casts a shadow 2 feet long. The drawing shows how similar
triangles can be used to model the situation.
a. Label the picture with the appropriate lengths. Let x represent the
height of the flagpole.
b. Use the corresponding sides of similar triangles to write and solve
a proportion for the situation.
c. How tall is the flagpole?
d. Is your answer reasonable? Explain.
e. Lars claims that he can solve the flagpole problem using measures
within each figure and writes x = 3 . Is Lars correct? Explain.
8 2

continued Indirect Measurement
My Notes
4. If you know the length and width of one rectangle and the length of
a second rectangle, can you always use corresponding sides to find
the width of the second rectangle? Support your answer.
5. Do you need to know the lengths of all the sides of one triangle to
find a missing length of a similar triangle? Explain.

parallelogram ABCD ∼ parallelogram A 25 B
WXYZ
15
6. What is the common ratio of side ?
AD to side WZ?
D ? C
7. Find the length of segment WX. ?

W X
6
?
Z ? Y
LMN ∼ TUV. Use what you know L
about common ratios to answer
Items 8–9. 15
?
8. How long is segment LN?

M 27 N
9. How long is segment UV? T

10 20
U ? V
10. A 4-meter-tall flagpole casts a 6-meter shadow at the same time that
a nearby building casts a 24-meter shadow. What is the height of the
building? Solve this problem two different ways. First, set up and
solve a proportion in which each ratio compares corresponding side
lengths in the two figures. Then set up and solve a proportion in
which each ratio compares side lengths within each figure.
(Figure not to scale) 11. Make sense of problems. Lena is standing on the beach when she
sees a tall sailing ship pass by 1,000 meters offshore. She holds a ruler
7
8 h
vertically 24 inches in front of her eyes, and the ship appears to be
7
Lena Ship 8 inch high. The figure in the My Notes column represents the
24 situation as two similar right triangles. Find the approximate height
1,000 m (h) of the sailing ship above the water. Explain your answer.

Similar Figures Activity 15
The Same but Different continued
ACTIVITY 15 PRACTICE
Write your answers on a separate piece of paper.
Show your work.
Lesson 15-1
1. Use a ruler and protractor to decide if the 3. ABC ~ EFG, m∠A = 25°, and m∠F = 100°.
figures are similar. Justify your decision. What is m∠C?
W A A. 125° C. 55°
B. 100° D. 25°
Z X 4. Rectangle J is 6 feet wide and 9 feet long.
D B
Rectangle K is 9 feet wide and 12 feet long.
Rectangle L is 15 feet wide and 22.5 feet long.
Are any of the rectangles similar? Explain.
Y 5. a. Are all equilateral triangles similar? Explain.
b. Are all right triangles similar? Explain.
6. How is the mathematical meaning of the word
C
“similar” the same as or different from the
word “similar” in everyday conversation?
2. a. Identify the corresponding sides on the
figures below.
b. Are the ratios of the corresponding sides of
the triangles equal? Explain.
10 7.5
5
8
12
15

ACTIVITY 15 Similar Figures
continued The Same but Different
Lesson 15-2 11. John wants to find the width of a river. He

7. Trapezoid QRST ∼ trapezoid EFGH. Find the marks distances as shown in the diagram.
measures of the missing sides. Which of the following ratios can be used to
find the width of the river?
Q 21 R E ? F
E
35 ?
50 70 River
x
T ? S
C 8 yd
H 80 G
B 12 yd A
10 yd
8. LMN ∼ TUV. Find the measures of the
D
missing sides.
L T A. 10 = 12 B. 10 = 8
8 x 12 x
9 ?
12 12 C. 8 = 12 D. x = 8
10 x 12 10
U 6 V 12. Miguel is 5 feet 10 inches tall. On a sunny day
he casts a shadow 4 feet 2 inches long. At the
M ? N same time, a nearby electric tower casts a
shadow 8 feet 9 inches long. How tall is the
9. QRS ∼ EFG. Find the measures of the tower?
missing sides.
Q ? R E 10 F
MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
Make Sense of Problems
5 ?
24 13. Sam wants to find the height of a window in a
45
G nearby building but it is a cloudy day with no
shadows. Sam puts a mirror on the ground

S
between himself and the building. He tilts it
10. A rectangular room is 42 feet wide and 69 feet toward him so that when he is standing up, he
long. On a blueprint, the room is 14 inches sees the reflection of the window. The base of
wide. How long is the room on the blueprint? the mirror is 1.22 meters from his feet and 7.32
meters from the base of the building. Sam’s eye
is 1.82 meters above the ground. How high up
on the building is the window?
56°
56°

Circles: Circumference and Area ACTIVITY 16
Gardens Galore
Lesson 16-1 Circumference of a Circle
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Investigate the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
• Apply the formula to find the circumference of a circle.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Think Aloud, Create
Representations, Discussion Groups, Summarizing, Paraphrasing
Rose wants to create several circular
gardens in her yard. She needs to find
the distance around and the area of MATH TERMS
each garden.
A plane is a flat surface that extends
A circle is the set of points in the same in all directions. A parallelogram is
plane that are an equal distance from a usually used to model a plane.
given point, called the center. The
distance around a circle is called the
circumference.
A line segment through the center of a circle with both endpoints on the
circle is called the diameter. A line segment with one endpoint on the
center and the other on the circle is called the radius.
1. A circle is shown.
a. Use the information given above to label the center and the
circumference of the circle
b. Draw and label a diameter and a radius in the circle.
2. What is the relationship between the length of the diameter and the
length of the radius of a circle?
Activity 16 • Circles: Circumference and Area 169

continued Circumference of a Circle
My Notes
There is also a relationship between the circumference and the diameter
of a circle. Work with your group to complete the activity below to find
the relationship.
3. Measure the circumference and diameter of the circular objects
provided by your teacher. Use the table to record the data. Then
calculate the ratios.
Object 1 Object 2 Object 3 Object 4 Object 5

Description of object
Circumference
Diameter
Ratio of circumference to
diameter (as a fraction)
Ratio of circumference to
diameter (as a decimal)
The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is called pi,

denoted by the Greek letter π. A commonly used approximation for pi is
WRITING MATH π ≈ 3.14.
The digits following the decimal 4. Which measurement tools used by your class gave the most accurate
point in the decimal representation
approximation of pi? Why do you think this is true?
for pi never end or repeat, so all
values found using pi are
approximations. The symbol ≈
means “approximately equal to.”

5. Express regularity in repeated reasoning. Using the data on
CONNECT TO LANGUAGE your table, write the equation that relates the circumference of a
The Greek letter π is the first letter circle, C, to pi (π) and the diameter, d, of a circle.
in the Greek words for perimeter
and periphery.
6. Rewrite the equation from Item 5 to show the relationship of the

circumference of a circle, C, to its radius (r) and π.
The equations you wrote for Items 5 and 6 above are the formulas for
finding the circumference of a circle given its diameter or radius.

Circumference of a Circle continued
My Notes
7. Sometimes 22 is used as an approximation of π. Why is this fraction
7
a good approximation?
8. Attend to precision. Should the circumference of a circle be

labeled in units or in square units? Explain.
Now you have an equation you can use to find the circumference of a
circle. Use what you know to help Rose find the distance around one of
her gardens.
9. One of the circular gardens Rose wants to make has a diameter of
6 feet.
a. Use a circumference formula to find the amount of decorative
fencing that Rose needs to enclose this garden. Use 3.14 or 22 for π.
7
Show your work. Tell which value you used for pi.
b. Decorative fencing is sold in packages of 12-foot sections. How

many packages must Rose buy to enclose this garden? Explain
your reasoning and show your work.

continued Circumference of a Circle
My Notes
10. Explain how you could decide which approximation of π—3.14 or

22 —to use to compute the circumference of a circle.
7
11. Explain how the circumference of a circle and the definition of pi
are related.

12. For Items a–d, find the circumference of each circle expressed as
a decimal.
a. b.
3 in.
14 cm
c. a circle with a radius of 8 ft

d. a circle with a diameter of 25 m
13. Find the circumference of a circular dog pen that has a radius of
35 meters. Use 22 for π.
7
14. A window shaped like a circle has a diameter of 15 centimeters.
What is the circumference of the window? Use 3.14 for π.
15. A circular tablecloth has a radius of 18 inches. What is the
circumference of the tablecloth? Use 3.14 for π.

16. Make use of structure. A circle has a circumference of
125.6 centimeters. What is the diameter of the circle to the
nearest centimeter? What is the radius to the nearest centimeter?
17. Make sense of problems. The diameter of a bicycle wheel is
26 inches. About how many revolutions does the wheel make
during a ride of 500 feet? Use 3.14 for π. Explain your answer.

Area of a Circle continued
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Approximate the area of a circle.
• Apply the formula to find the area of a circle.
Think Aloud, Think-Pair-Share, Use Manipulatives
Rose also needs to know the area of each of the circular gardens.
1. On a separate sheet of paper, trace the circle shown. Shade half of the
circle. Then cut your circle into eight congruent pie-shaped pieces.

continued Area of a Circle
My Notes
2. Arrange the eight pieces using the alternating pattern
shown.
3. Sketch the shape you made with the circle pieces.
a. What geometric shape does the shape resemble?
b. What do you know about the area of the circle and the area of the
figure you make?
4. On your sketch, draw and label the height of the figure. What part of
the circle does the height represent?
5. What other measure of the circle do you need to know to determine

the area of the shape you sketched? Label it on your sketch and
explain your reasoning.
6. Model with mathematics. Use words, symbols, or both to describe

how you can now calculate the area of the circle. Start with the

formula A = b × h and substitute into the formula. Refer to your
labeled sketch as needed.
7. Use your answer from Item 6 to write the formula for the area of a
circle A in terms of its radius r and π. Explain how you found the
formula.
8. Should the area of a circle be labeled in units or in square units?

Explain.

Area of a Circle continued
My Notes
9. A circle with a radius of 3 units is
graphed.
a. Estimate the area by counting the
number of enclosed squares. Show the 6 units
calculations that lead to your
estimation.
b. Use the formula you wrote in Item 7 to find the area of the circle.
Use 3.14 for π.
10. Make sense of problems. One

of Rose’s gardens will have a tree
in the center as shown. The garden
radius of the large outer circle will
be 4 feet while the radius of the tree
inner circle for the tree will be 1 1 ft 3 ft
foot. Find the area of the garden
without the tree. Show your work.
11. Is the circumference of a circle enough information to determine

the area of the circle? Explain.
12. What is the formula for the area of a circle in terms of its
diameter, d?

continued Area of a Circle
My Notes
13. Find the approximate area of each circle. Use the value for π that
makes the math simplest for you.
a. b.
9 in.
14 cm
c. a circle with a radius of 8 km

d. a circle with a diameter of 25 ft
14. What is the approximate area of a circular pond that has a radius of
35 meters? Tell what value you used for π.
15. A penny has a diameter of about 26.5 millimeters. What is the area of
a penny to the nearest hundredth? Use 3.14 for π.
16. One trampoline has a diameter of 12 feet. A larger trampoline has a
diameter of 14 feet. How much greater is the area of the larger
trampoline? Use 3.14 for π.
17. Make sense of problems. A painting shaped like a circle has a
diameter of 20 inches. A circular frame extends 2 inches around the
edge of the painting. How much wall space does the framed painting
need? Use 3.14 for π.
18. The circumference of a circle is 31.4 centimeters. What is the area of
the circle?
19. Reason abstractly. In ancient Egypt, a scribe equated the area of a

circle with a diameter of 9 units to the area of a square with a side
length of 8 units. What value of π does this method produce?
Explain.

Circles: Circumference and Area Activity 16
Gardens Galore continued
Show your work.
Lesson 16-1 Lesson 16-2
1. Find the circumference of each circle below. 8. What is the area of a pizza with a diameter of
Use 3.14 for π. 12 inches?
a. b. 9. A circle has circumference 28.26 cm. What is
10 in.
6 mm the area of the circle? Use 3.14 for π.
10. Find the area of the shaded region.
Use 3.14 for π.
2. The diameter of a pizza is 14 inches. What is
the circumference of the pizza? Tell what value
you used for π. 3m
3. The radius of a circular mirror is 4 centimeters. 2m

What is the circumference of the mirror? Tell
what value you used for π.
4. The radius of a circular garden is 28 feet. What
is the circumference of the garden? Tell what
value you used for π.
5. Find the diameter of a circle if C = 78.5 feet. 11. Multiple Choice. The circular base of a
Use 3.14 for π. traditional tepee has a diameter of about
15 feet. Which of the following is the
6. Find the radius of a circle if C = 88 yards.
approximate area of the base of the tepee?
Use 22 for π.
7 A. 23.6 square feet
7. Multiple Choice. A standard circus ring has B. 47.1 square feet
a radius of 6.5 meters. Which of the following C. 176.6 square feet
is the approximate circumference of the D. 706.5 square feet

circus ring?
A. 13 meters
B. 20.4 meters
C. 40.8 meters
D. 132.7 meters

ACTIVITY 16 Circles: Circumference and Area
continued Gardens Galore
12. A window is shaped like a semicircle. The base 16. A pizza with a diameter of 8 inches costs $10.
of the window has a diameter of 3 1 feet. Find A pizza with a diameter of 14 inches costs $16.
2 Which is the better buy? Explain your thinking.
the area of the window to the nearest tenth of a
foot. Explain how you found the answer. 17. The radius of a circle is doubled.
a. How does the circumference change?
13. A circle has a diameter of 5 meters and a square
b. How does the area change?
has a side length of 5 meters.
a. Which has the greater perimeter? How
much greater? MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
b. Which has the greater area? How much Reason Abstractly and Quantitatively
greater? 18. Is it possible for a circle to have the same
14. A circle with center at (1, −1) passes through numerical value for its circumference and area?
the point (1, 2). Find the radius and then the Explain your reasoning.
area of the circle. Use 3.14 for π. Make a sketch
on graph paper if it is helpful.
15. A quiche with a diameter of 12 inches can feed
6 people. Can a quiche with a diameter of
10 inches feed 4 people, assuming the same
serving size? Explain your thinking.

Composite Area ACTIVITY 17
Tile Designs
Lesson 17-1 Area of Composite Figures
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Determine the area of geometric figures.
• Determine the area of composite figures.
Discussion Groups, Identify a Subtask, Think-Pair-Share, Visualization
Each year the students in Ms. Tessera’s classes create a design for a
stained-glass window. They draw two-dimensional figures on grid paper
to create the design for their stained-glass windows.
1. This drawing shows the design for one of the projects done last year.
1
2
5 3
a. What is the area of the entire stained-glass window? Explain.
b. What is the most precise geometric name for each of the

numbered shapes in the design?
Activity 17 • Composite Area 179

continued Area of Composite Figures
My Notes
c. Find the area of each numbered shape.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
MATH TIP
Recall the following area formulas. Figure 4 Figure 5
Triangle: A = 1 bh
2
Parallelogram: A = bh d. Explain why the students might be interested in finding the areas
Trapezoid: A = 1 h(b1 + b2 ) of the different shapes used in the design of the stained-glass
2
Circle: A = πr2
window.
Some geometric figures have formulas that can be used to find the area of
the figure. Other shapes do not have their own formulas.
A composite figure is made up of two or more geometric figures. You
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY can find the area of a composite figure by dividing, or decomposing, it
In geometry, when you divide a into simpler geometric shapes with known formulas.
composite figure into smaller
2. The composite figure below can be divided into two rectangles.
figures, you decompose the figure.
5 cm
9 cm 7 cm
3 cm
a. Draw a line segment on the diagram to divide the figure into two
rectangles. Label the length and width of each rectangle.

b. Find the total area of the composite figure. Show your work. Label
your answer with the appropriate unit of measure.
c. Find the perimeter of the composite figure. Show your work.

Label your answer with the appropriate unit of measure.

Area of Composite Figures continued
My Notes
3. Use the trapezoid shown. b. Find the area of the trapezoid using the
simpler geometric shapes you found in
6 in.
part a.
c. Use the formula for the area of a trapezoid
to find the area. Compare this area to the
13 in. 13 in. area you found in Part b.
12 in.
4. Construct viable arguments. When
dividing a composite figure into simpler
geometric shapes to find the area, explain why
16 in. the simpler figures cannot overlap or
have gaps.
a. Explain how to find the area of the trapezoid
by dividing it into simpler geometric shapes.

For Items 5–10, find the perimeter and area
of each figure.
5. 6.
7.8 ft 6 ft 10 ft
9 in. 8 in.
5 ft 8 ft
10 in.
7. 9 yd
8. 8 in.
6 yd 11 in.
4.6 in.
18 in.
10.8 yd
9. 1 cm 10. 2 ft
3 ft
3 cm
2 cm 4 ft
8 ft
7 ft
2 cm
12 ft

continued Area of Composite Figures
My Notes
11. What is the area of the arrow in square units? Justify your answer.
12. Make sense of problems. A 4-inch-wide by 6-inch-long picture

is placed on a solid mat that forms a frame around it. The mat is
8 inches long. The mat and the picture are similar rectangles. What is
the area of the mat?
13. Make use of structure. Parallelogram 1 has a base of
26 centimeters and a height of 15 centimeters. Parallelogram 2 is
identical to it. A triangle with a base of 8 centimeters is cut from
parallelogram 2 and placed so its base rests on the top of the original
figure. How does the area of the resulting composite figure compare
to the area of parallelogram 1? Explain.
14. Reason quantitatively. A kite is formed by connecting the bases
of two triangular frames. The height of the top frame of the kite is
8 inches. The height of the lower section is 14 inches. The bases of
the frames are 10 inches long. What is the least amount of material
needed to make two kites?

More Areas of Composite Figures continued
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Determine the area of composite figures.
• Solve problems involving area.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Chunking the Activity,
Group Presentation, Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Identify a Subtask,
Visualization
Composite figures may contain parts of circles. To find the area of these
figures, it is necessary to identify the radius or the diameter of the circle.
1. The composite figure shown can be divided into a rectangle and
a semicircle.
20 in. MATH TERMS

A semicircle is an arc whose
measure is half of a circle. The area
12 in. of a semicircle is half of the area of
a circle with the same radius.
a. What is the diameter of the semicircle ?
b. Find the total area of the figure. Use π = 3.14. Show your work.
c. Find the distance around the figure. Show your work.
5 cm
2. The figure in the My Notes column is divided into a right triangle

and a quarter-circle. Find the area of the composite figure. Use 4 cm
π = 3.14. 4 cm
3. A student dropped a piece of stained glass.

A fragment has the shape shown below.
a. Divide the fragment into smaller shapes
you can use to find its total area.

continued More Areas of Composite Figures
My Notes
b. Find the area of the fragment if each square on the grid represents
1 cm2. Use π = 3.14. Show the calculations that led to your
answer.
Student calculations will differ depending on how they divide the
figure. Sample answer: Area = 10.5 + 12 + 20 + 12.56 ≈ 55.06 cm2
You can break a composite figure into geometric shapes and add the areas
of the shapes to find the area. You can also subtract to find the area of
part of a composite figure.
4. The stained-glass design on page 179 contains a circle
that fits exactly in a square, as shown.
a. Shade the region that is inside the square but outside the circle.
b. Describe a method for finding the area of the shaded region.

Sample answer: Find the area of the square and subtract the area
of the circle.
c. Find the area of the shaded region if each square on the grid
represents 1 cm2. Use π = 3.14. Show your work.
100 − 78.5 ≈ 21.5 cm2

5. What is the area of the shaded region? Explain your thinking.
3 cm
4 cm 12 cm
18 cm
6. Construct viable arguments. Explain how to find the area of a

composite figure composed of simpler geometric shapes.

More Areas of Composite Figures continued
My Notes
Find the area of each figure. Use π = 3.14.
7. 8. 8 in.
6 in.
4 in.
Find the area of the shaded region. Use π = 3.14.

9. 8 cm 10.
6 cm
13 cm
11. An athletic field has the shape of a 40-yard-by-100-yard rectangle

with a semicircle at each end. A running track that is 10 yards wide
surrounds the field. Use this information to answer the questions
below. Use π = 3.14.
10 yd
100 yd
40 yd
a . Find the area of the athletic field, without the track.

b. Find the area of the athletic field with the track included.
c. Find the area of the track, the shaded portion of the diagram.
d. Suppose a rectangular fence of 180 yards by 80 yards encloses the
athletic field and running track. How much of the fenced area is
not a part of the field and track?
12. Make sense of problems. A circular plate has a diameter of
6 inches. A pancake in the center of the plate has a radius of 2 inches.
How much of the plate is not covered by the pancake? Use π = 3.14.
13. Reason quantitatively. A section of stained glass is made by
placing a circle at the top of a triangle with a base of 10 centimeters
and a height of 8 centimeters. The diameter of the circle is equal to
the height of the triangle. What is the area of the section of stained
glass? Show your work. Use π = 3.14.

ACTIVITY 17 Composite Area
continued Tile Designs
Show your work.
Lesson 17-1
For Items 1–4, find the area of the figure. For Items 5–8, find the area of the shaded region.
Use π = 3.14. Use π = 3.14.
1. 13 cm 5. 10 mm
5 cm
12 cm
10 mm
7 mm
7 cm
2.
4 in. 6. 6m
4 in.
6m
4 in.
12 in.
7.
3.
10 in. 6m
8m
12 in. 10 m

4. 8.
4 ft
16 cm
36 cm

Composite Area Activity 17
Tile Designs continued
Lesson 17-2
9. Sue wants to paint the wall shown. What is 12 feet
the area of the wall to the nearest tenth?
Use π = 3.14.
A. 72.2 ft2
B. 75.1 ft2 8 feet
C. 77.7 ft2 6 feet
D. 80.4 ft2
2.6 feet
10. A room with the dimensions shown needs

carpet. How much carpet is needed to cover
the entire floor of the room? 14 feet
A. 576 sq ft
B. 492 sq ft 6 feet
C. 472 sq ft 4 feet
D. 388 sq ft 32 feet
11. A square blanket has a design on it as shown.

Find each of the following in square inches and
in square feet. Use π = 3.14.
9 in. 1 1 ft
a. area of the design 2
b. area of the blanket without the design 1 ft
12. Each square section of a quilt has the design

shown. Use π = 3.14. 6 cm
a. What is the area of the circular section

between the two squares?
b. What is the area of the four corner sections?
Mathematical Practices
Look for and Make Use of Structure 8 cm
13. How does knowing the area formulas of simple

geometric shapes help you find the area of
composite figures?

Embedded Assessment 2 Circumference and Area
Use after Activity 17 IN THE PAINT
An NBA basketball court is 94 feet long and 50 feet wide. It contains three
circles, each with a diameter of 12 feet. Two of these circles are located at
the free-throw lines, and the third circle is at the center of the court.
Within the third circle is another circle with a radius of 2 feet.
baseline
free-throw backboard
50 feet line
12 feet 12 feet
19 feet rim
(basket)
94 feet
1. One gallon of paint will cover 110 square feet. How many gallons of
paint will be needed to paint the shaded regions on the court?
Use π ≈ 3.14. Explain your thinking.
2. The region including the free throw line
circle at the free-throw line
12 feet
to the baseline is shown.
Find the area of this region. 19 feet
Use π ≈ 3.14.
3. The key is the rectangular region on the basketball court from the
free-throw line to the backboard. The backboard is 4 feet from the
baseline.
a. Is the key similar to the basketball court? Explain.

b. Is the inner circle similar to the entire circle in the center of the
court? Explain.

Circumference and Area Embedded Assessment 2
In the Paint Use after Activity 17
A vertical backboard located 4 feet from the 2 ft

baseline supports the rim of the basketball net. 1
1 2 ft
4 ft
The backboard measures 6 feet wide and 4 feet
high. The shooter’s square is a white box above
the rim of the basket. It must measure 1 1 feet 6 ft
high and 2 feet wide, as shown at right. 2
4. What is the area of the portion of the backboard that is NOT white?
5. The rim of the basket has a radius of 9 inches.
a. What is the approximate circumference of the basket?
Use π ≈ 3.14.
b. Explain why 3.14 is used when finding the circumference of
circles.
6. The design of a basketball team’s logo sometimes includes geometric
designs. The shapes below are from the logos of two teams. Find the
area of each shape.
a. 14 cm b. 5
1.4 ft
4 ft
8 cm 1.4 ft
4 cm 4 cm
7. Michael claims he can find the area of the composite shape shown by
inscribing it in a rectangle and subtracting. Devora claims that to
find the area you need to use addition. Which student is correct?
Justify your answer.

13 cm
6 cm
4 cm 13 cm
21 cm

Embedded Assessment 2 Circumference and Area
Use after Activity 17 IN THE PAINT

Mathematics • Accurately and efficiently • Finding the circumference • Difficulty finding the • No understanding of finding
Knowledge and finding the circumference and area of circles and the circumference and area of the circumference and area
Thinking and area of circles and the area of composite figures. circles and the area of of circles and the area of
(Items 1, 2, 3a-b, 4, area of composite figures. composite figures. composite figures.
5a-b, 6a-b, 7)
Problem Solving • An appropriate and efficient • A strategy that may include • A strategy that results in • No clear strategy when
(Items 1, 2, 4, 5a, 6a-b) strategy that results in a unnecessary steps but some incorrect answers. solving problems.
correct answer. results in a correct answer.
Mathematical • Clear and accurate • An understanding of similar • Difficulty recognizing • No understanding of similar
Modeling / understanding of similar figures. similar figures. figures.
Representations figures. • Recognizing that composite • Difficulty in working with • No understanding of
(Items 3a-b, 7) • Solving composite figures figures are made up of composite figures. composite figures.
by adding or subtracting. simpler figures.
Reasoning and • Precise use of appropriate • An adequate explanation of • A partially correct • An incomplete or inaccurate
Communication terms to explain similar similar figures, finding area, explanation of similar explanation of similar
(Items 1, 3a-b, 5b, 7) figures, finding area, and π. and π. figures, finding area, and π. figures, finding area, and π.

Sketching Solids Activity 18
Putt-Putt Perspective
Lesson 18-1 Shapes That Result from Slicing Solids
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Draw different views of three-dimensional solids.
• Identify cross sections and other views of pyramids and prisms.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Visualization, Look for a
Pattern, Use Manipulatives, Create Representations
The Service Club at Park Middle School is creating a miniature golf
course to raise funds for a food bank. The theme is interesting structures
around the world. Buildings that will be included are the Washington
Monument, the Flatiron Building, the Louvre Pyramid, and the
Pentagon Building.
CONNECT TO GEOGRAPHY
The Washington Monument is

located in Washington, DC. The
Pentagon is nearby in Arlington
County, VA. The Flatiron Building is
in New York, NY. The Louvre
Pyramid is the entrance to the
Louvre Museum in Paris, France.
1. Compare and contrast the two- and three-dimensional shapes in

these four buildings.
Activity 18 • Sketching Solids 191

continued Shapes That Result from Slicing Solids
My Notes
To prepare for drawing and building the structures for the mini-golf
course, the students explore relationships between shapes, views of
shapes, and drawings of shapes.
A prism is a solid with two parallel congruent bases that are
both polygons.
2. The net shows a two-dimensional pattern for a prism.
MATH TERMS
Figure 1
A net is a a two-dimensional
pattern that can be folded to form
a solid.
a. Cut out Figure 1 on the next page. Fold it along the dashed lines
to form a prism.
b. A prism is named using the shape of its bases. Name the solid
formed by the net in Figure 1.
c. The faces of a prism are the sides that are not the bases. What is
the shape of the three faces?

d. Reason abstractly. Imagine making a slice through the prism
parallel to the bases. What is the shape of the two-dimensional
slice?
e. Reason abstractly. Imagine making a slice through the

prism perpendicular to the bases. What is the shape of the
two-dimensional slice?

Shapes That Result from Slicing Solids continued
My Notes
Figure 1
Figure
Figure 2

This page is intentionally blank.

My Notes
3. Consider the hexagonal prism shown G H
on the right.
a. Why do you think some of the A
B L I
lines are dotted?
F K
C
J
E D
b. Imagine making a slice that goes through points B, D, J, and H of

the prism. What is the shape of the two-dimensional slice?
A pyramid is a solid that has only one base. That base is a polygon. The
faces of a pyramid are all triangles.
4. The net shows a pattern for a pyramid.
Figure
Figure 2 2
a. Cut out Figure 2 on page 193. Fold it to form a pyramid.
b. A pyramid is named using the shape of its base. What is the name
of the solid formed by Figure 2?
c. Reason abstractly. Imagine making a slice through the pyramid

parallel to the base. What is the shape of the two-dimensional slice?
d. Model with mathematics. Sketch and label the view of the

base, side, and top of the pyramid.

My Notes
5. Three views of a hexagonal pyramid are shown.
a. Label each view as side, top, or base.
b. Explain the significance of the dashed segments in the second view.
6. Model with mathematics. Sketch and label the bottom, top, and
side views of the Pentagon Building.

My Notes
A cross section of a solid figure is the intersection of that figure and
a plane.
MATH TIP
Cross
You can think of a cross section as
section
a slice of a solid that is parallel or
perpendicular to the base of the
solid.
Bottom of the solid
7. Reason abstractly. Several cross sections of a hexagonal pyramid

are shown. Label each cross section as parallel or perpendicular to the
base of the pyramid.
For Items 8–10, consider a rectangular pyramid.

8. Describe the shape of the base and the faces of the pyramid.
9. a. What shapes are formed by cross sections parallel to the base?
Explain your thinking.
b. Are all of the cross sections parallel to the base the same size?
10. Construct viable arguments. Are all of the cross sections
perpendicular to the base the same shape and size? Justify your
answer.

My Notes
11. What is the name of the solid formed by
the net?
Use the solid to the right for Items 12–14.

12. What is the name of the solid?
13. Reason abstractly. Imagine making slices
through the solid parallel to the bases. What
two-dimensional shapes are formed?
14. Reason abstractly. Imagine making slices
through the solid perpendicular to the bases.
What two-dimensional shapes are formed?
15. Model with mathematics. Sketch and
label the bottom, top, and side views of
the rectangular prism.
Use the solid to the right for Items 16 and 17.

16. Sketch the cross section that is parallel
to the bases.
17. Sketch three different cross sections that
are perpendicular to the bases.

For items 18 and 19, consider an octagonal pyramid.
18. Sketch two different cross sections that are parallel to the base of
the pyramid.
19. Sketch three different cross sections that are perpendicular to the
base of the pyramid.
20. Construct viable arguments. Can the cross section of a solid
ever be a point? Explain your thinking.
21. Reason abstractly. How can the name of a prism or a pyramid
help you visualize the cross sections of the solid?

Lateral and Total Surface Area of Prisms continued
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Calculate the lateral and total surface area of prisms.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Use Manipulatives, Create
Representations, Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Think-Pair-Share,
Visualization, Discussion Groups
The students in the service club will paint the structures in the golf
course. They first investigate how to find the surface area of prisms.
1. Work with your group. Look at Net 1, Net 2, and Net 3 on pages 203
and 204. What solids do the nets form?
A lateral face of a solid is a face that is not a base. A right prism is a

GROUP DISCUSSION TIP
prism on which the bases are directly above each other, making the lateral
faces perpendicular to the bases. As a result, all the lateral faces are With your group, read the text
rectangles. The lateral area of a solid is the sum of the areas of the carefully. Reread definitions of
lateral faces. terms as needed to help you
comprehend the meanings or
2. For Nets 1−3, what are the shapes of the lateral faces of the figures? words, or ask your teacher to
clarify vocabulary terms.
Explain.
3. Attend to precision. Find the area of each lateral face and the
lateral area of each prism.
Face 1 Face 2 Face 3 Face 4 Face 5 Lateral Area MATH TIP

Net 1
Net 1: Use the square units on the
Net 2
figure to find the lateral areas.

Net 3 Net 2: Use the given
measurements to find the lateral
areas.
Net 3: Measure the side lengths to
the nearest whole centimeter.
Then find the lateral areas.

continued Lateral and Total Surface Area of Prisms
My Notes
4. Examine the right hexagonal prism.
3 km
3 km 3 km
3 km
5 km
3 km 3 km
a. Find the area of each lateral face. Show your work.
b. Find the lateral area of the solid. Show all your work.
c. Determine the perimeter of the base, P.
d. Multiply the perimeter of the base, P, times the height of the

prism, h.
e. Compare your responses to Parts b and d. What do you notice?

My Notes
The following formula can be used to find the lateral area of a prism:
L = P × h, where L represents the lateral area, P represents the perimeter
of the base, and h represents the height of the prism.
5. Use the formula to find the lateral area of the prisms in Item 24 for
Nets 1 and 2. Are the lateral areas the same as the ones you recorded
in the table?
Net 1:
Net 2:
The surface area of a prism is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces and
the areas of the bases.
6. Attend to precision. Describe the relationship between the lateral

area and the surface area of a prism.
7. Reason quantitatively. Find the surface area of each of the prisms

in Item 24. Explain your thinking.
Net 1:
Net 2:
Net 3:
8. Make use of structure. Why do you think that the lateral area of
a prism is equal to the product of the perimeter and the height
of the prism?
9. Construct viable arguments. Explain how to use a net to find
the lateral and total surface area of a prism.

My Notes
Find the lateral area of the prisms in Items 10 and 11.
10. 4 in. 11. 3 in.
4 in. 4 in. 3 in.
3 in.
9 in.
5 in.
4 in. 4 in.
Use the net to the right for Items 12 and 13.

12. Reason quantitatively. Find the
lateral area of the triangular prism. 6 6
13. Find the surface area of the 6 6 6
triangular prism.
8 8 8 8
6 6 6
5.2 3 3 5.2
Use the prism to the right for Items 14 and 15.

14. Model with mathematics. Draw
4m
a net to find the lateral area of the 2m
prism.
15. Find the surface area of the prism.
6m

Use the prism for Items 16–18. 17
16. A display case is shaped like the prism
8 15 7
shown. The case needs to be covered
with a plastic film. How much film is
needed to cover the lateral area?
17. How much film is needed to cover the surface area of the display
case?
18. Make sense of problems. How much film is needed to cover all
but the face the case rests on?
19. Attend to precision. A cube-shaped block has edges that are
3 inches long. A larger block has edges that are twice as long.
Compare the surface area of the smaller block to the surface area
of the larger block. Support your answer.

My Notes
Net 1
6 in.
7 inches
7 inches
16 inches
10 inches
20 inches
Net 2

My Notes
base Net 3 base

Lateral and Total Surface Area of Pyramids continued
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Calculate the lateral and total surface area of pyramids.
Group Presentation, Marking the Text, Use Manipulatives,
Visualization, Vocabulary Organizer
The students in the service club also investigate how to find the surface
area of pyramids.
Two nets of pyramids the students use are on page 210.
The lateral area of a pyramid is the combined area of the faces. The height
of a triangular face is the slant height of the pyramid.
1. Use Net 4, the net of the square pyramid.
a. Draw the slant height on the net.
MATH TIP
Be sure you do not confuse the
b. Why do you think it is called the slant height? slant height of a pyramid with its
height. Slant height is a measure
along a triangular face. Height is an
internal measure from the vertex to
2. Use Net 4 to find the lateral area of the square pyramid. the base.
Height
The surface area of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of the triangular
faces and the area of the base. Slant height
3. Use Net 4 to find the surface area of the square pyramid. Explain
your thinking.

continued Lateral and Total Surface Area of Pyramids
My Notes
4. Attend to precision. Use a centimeter ruler to measure Net 5.
Then find the surface area of the triangular pyramid.
CONNECT TO History
The triangular pyramid that can be 5. Model with mathematics. Consider a square pyramid with base
created using Net 5 has four edges 12 cm and slant height 10 cm.
identical faces. It is an example of a
a. Draw a net to represent the pyramid and label the dimensions of
Platonic solid. The Platonic solids
are sometimes also called “cosmic the base edges and the slant height.
figures.” There are only five Platonic
solids: cube, tetrahedron,
dodecahedron, octahedron, and
icosahedron.
b. Students found the lateral area of the square pyramid using the
method shown below. Explain the steps of the method.
Step 1: 12 ×12 ×10 + 12 ×12 ×10 + 12 ×12 ×10 + 12 ×12 ×10
Step 2: = 1 ×(12 + 12 + 12 + 12)×10

2
1
Step 3: = ×( 4 ×12)×10
2
1
Step 4: = × 48 ×10
2
Step 5: = 240 cm2

My Notes
The following formula can be used to find the lateral area of a regular
pyramid:
MATH TERMS
L = 1 P × ℓ, where L represents the lateral area, P represents the
2
perimeter of the base, and ℓ represents the slant height of the pyramid. A regular polygon is a polygon
with congruent sides and
6. Construct viable arguments. A student says that the above congruent angles.
formula can be used to find the lateral area of a rectangular pyramid.
A regular pyramid, also called a
Is the student correct? Explain your reasoning.
right regular pyramid, is a pyramid
with a base that is a regular
polygon, and all the lateral faces
are congruent.
7. Make sense of problems. The base of a regular triangular

pyramid has sides that are 8 meters long and a height of 6.9 meters.
The slant height of the pyramid is 6.9 meters.
a. Find the lateral area of the pyramid. Explain your thinking.
b. Find the surface area of the pyramid. Explain your thinking.

8. Why do you need to know the slant height, rather than the height,
of a regular pyramid to find the surface area of the pyramid?
9. Attend to precision. Explain how to use a net to find the lateral
and the total surface area of a pyramid.

My Notes
Use the square pyramid for Items 10 and 11.
10. Model with mathematics. Use a net to
find the lateral area of the pyramid. 6 ft
11. Find the surface area of the pyramid.
3.5 ft
3.5 ft
Use the following information for Items 12 and 13.

A regular triangular pyramid has a base length of 4.6 centimeters and
a slant height of 4 centimeters.
12. Use a net to find the lateral area of the pyramid.
13. If the height of the triangular base is approximately 4 cm, what is the
surface area of the pyramid?
Use the following information for Items 14 and 15.

The Louvre Pyramid has a square base with sides that are 35 meters
long. The slant height of each triangular face of the pyramid is 27.84
meters.
14. What is the lateral area of the Louvre Pyramid?
15. What is the surface area of the Louvre Pyramid?

My Notes
16. A square pyramid has a slant height of 5 meters. The perimeter of
the base is 32 meters. Find the surface area of the pyramid.
17. Construct viable arguments. A regular triangular pyramid has a
base length of 3.5 meters, a height of 1.3 meters, and a surface area
of 21 square meters. What is the approximate slant height of the
pyramid? Justify your answer by showing how you found it.
18. The pyramid of Khufu in Giza, Egypt, is a square pyramid with a
base length of 756 feet. The slant height of this great pyramid is
612 feet. What is the lateral area of the pyramid of Khufu?
19. Make use of structure. A party favor is made from two square
pyramids joined at their bases. Each edge of the square base is
3 centimeters. The slant height of the triangular faces is
4 centimeters. What is the surface area of the party favor?
20. Make sense of problems. A model of a Mayan pyramid has a
square base with sides that are 1.3 meters long. The slant height of
the pyramid is 0.8 meter. It costs $4.59 per square meter to paint the
pyramid. How much will it cost to paint the lateral area of the model?

My Notes
Net 4
Net 5

Sketching Solids Activity 18
Putt-Putt Perspective continued
ACTIVITY 18 PRACTICE 6. A tent with canvas sides and a floor is shown.

Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. How much canvas is used to make the sides
Show your work. and floor of the tent?
Lesson 18-1
Use the solid for Items 1 and 2.
5 ft
4 ft
8 ft
3 ft 3 ft
1. Imagine making slices through the solid 7. A rectangular prism is 10 meters tall. It has a
parallel to the base. What two-dimensional square base with sides that are 4 meters long.
shapes are formed? What is the surface area of the prism?
2. Imagine making slices through the solid 8. Find the lateral and the surface area of the
perpendicular to the base. What two- square pyramid.
dimensional shapes are formed?
Lesson 18-2 12 cm
Find the lateral and surface area of the figures in
Items 3–5.
3.
10 cm
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
4. 5 in.
4 in.
3 in.
4 in.
5.
13 in.
5 in.
8 in.
12 in.

ACTIVITY 18 Sketching Solids
continued Putt-Putt Perspective
Lesson 18-3 12. A cardboard box is 32 centimeters long,

9. The diagram shows the dimensions of a wooden 15 centimeters wide, and 6 centimeters tall.
block. The block will be covered with a reflective The box does not have a top. How much
film. How much of the film is needed to cover cardboard was used to make the box?
the entire block? 13. The length of a side of the base of a square
pyramid is 15 inches. The pyramid has a lateral
6
area of 270 square inches. What is the slant
height of the pyramid?
14. Three identical boxes are stacked by placing
5 4
the bases on top of each other. Each box has a
base that is 18 inches by 9 inches and is
4 inches tall. The stack of boxes will be shrink-
3
wrapped with plastic. How much shrink-wrap
A. 72 cm2 is needed to cover the boxes?
B. 84 cm2 15. A shed has the shape of a cube with edges that
C. 96 cm2 are 6 feet long. The top of the shed is a square
D. 108 cm2 pyramid that fits on top of the cube. The slant
Use the information and the drawing for Items 10 height of the faces is 5 feet. The shed has a
and 11. The Pup Company has a new model of single rectangular door that is 5 feet tall by
dog kennel. The left and right sides are trapezoids 4 feet wide. All but the door and the bottom of
and all other faces are shown in the diagram. the shed need to be painted. What is the area
of the surface that needs to be painted?
MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
Attend to Precision
16. Describe the similarities and differences in
finding the lateral areas of a prism and a

10. Sketch the top, front, and side views of the pyramid that have congruent bases.
kennel.
11. Which cross sections of the kennel described
below will be congruent?
A. all cross sections that are perpendicular to
the bottom and parallel to the front and
back faces
B. all cross sections that are perpendicular to
the bottom and parallel to the left and right
faces
C. all cross sections that are parallel to the top
and bottom
D. none of the above

Volume—Prisms and Pyramids ACTIVITY 19
Berneen Wick’s Candles
Lesson 19-1 Find the Volume of Prisms
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Calculate the volume of prisms.
SUGGESTED LEARNING STRATEGIES: Graphic Organizer, Look
for a Pattern, Predict and Confirm, Use Manipulatives
Berneen makes all the candles that she sells in her shop, Wick’s Candles.
The supplies for each candle cost $0.10 per cubic inch. Berneen wants to
find the volume of every type of candle she makes to determine the cost
for making the candles.
Volume measures the space occupied by a solid. It is measured in
MATH TIP
cubic units.
1. Berneen uses unit cubes as models of 1-inch cubes. Cubes are named by the lengths
of their edges. A 1-inch cube is a
a. Use unit cubes to build models of 2-inch cubes and 3-inch cubes. cube with edges that are 1 inch in
Then complete the table. length. A 2-inch cube is a cube
with edges that are 2 inches
Length of Edge Area of Face Volume of Cube in length.
(in.) (in.2) (in.3)
Cubes of any size can be used to
1 build larger cubes.
2
3
b. Make use of structure. Describe any relationships you see in

the data in the table.
Activity 19 • Volume—Prisms and Pyramids 213

continued Find the Volume of Prisms
My Notes
The formula for the volume, V, of a cube, with edge length e, is V = e3.
2. Reason quantitatively. One of Berneen’s candles is a cube with
sides that are 1.5 inches long.
a. Use the formula to find the volume of this candle. Show your work.
V = e3 = 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 =
b. Recall that supplies for each candle cost $0.10 per cubic inch. How
much does it cost to make this candle, to the nearest cent?
Most of the candles Berneen makes are in the shape of rectangular prisms.
3. The formula for the volume of a cube is also equal to the area of the
base times the height of the cube.
a. Consider this relationship to help complete the table. Use cubes to
build the prisms as needed.
Dimensions of Area of Base Candle Height Candle Volume

Candle (in.) (in.2) (in.) (in.3)
l=4
w=2
h=1
l=4
w=2
h=2
l=4
w=2
h=3

l=5
w=3
h=1
l=5
w=3
h=2
b. Describe any pattern you see for finding volume.

Find the Volume of Prisms continued
My Notes
The volume, V, of a prism is the area of the base, B, times the height, h:
V = B × h.
4. Berneen makes a candle in the shape of a triangular prism as shown.
The candle is very popular with many customers because of its
interesting shape.
6 in.
4 in.
5 in.
a. What is the volume of the candle? Explain your thinking.
b. Make sense of problems. Remember that the cost of the

supplies for each candle is $0.10 per cubic inch. How much
profit will Berneen make if she sells this candle for $8.99?
Show your work.
5. Construct viable arguments. Can a rectangular prism and a

cube have the same volume? Support your opinion with an example
or counterexample.
6. Make use of structure. How does the volume of a prism change
when one dimension is doubled? When two dimensions are
doubled? When three dimensions are doubled? Explain your
thinking.

continued Find the Volume of Prisms
My Notes
Find the volume of each figure.
7. 25 cm 8.
10 in.
7 cm
6 cm 18 in.
9 in.
9. A cube with edge length 10. A cube that has a face area of
7 centimeters. 25 square inches.
Use the prism for Items 11 and 12.
6 in.
12 in.
30 in.
11. How many cubes with a side length of 3 inches will fit into the
rectangular prism? Explain.
12. Find the volume of the prism.
13. A small refrigerator has a square base with sides that are 3 feet long.
The refrigerator has a capacity of 40.5 cubic feet. How tall is the
refrigerator?
14. Reason quantitatively. How many cubic feet are equivalent to
1 cubic yard? Explain.
15. Make sense of problems. The Gray family is putting in a pool in
the shape of a rectangular prism. The first plan shows a pool that is

15 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 5 feet deep. The second plan shows a
pool with the same length and width, but a depth of 7 feet. How
much more water is needed to fill the second pool if both pools are
filled to the top?
16. Attend to precision. A student says that the volume of a triangular
prism with a base area of 12 meters and a height of 5 meters is 60
square meters. Is the student correct? If not, what is wrong with the
student’s statement?

Find the Volume of Pyramids continued
My Notes
Learning Targets:
• Calculate the volume of pyramids.
• Calculate the volume of complex solids.
• Understand the relationship between the volume of a prism and the
volume of a pyramid.
Look for a Pattern, Predict and Confirm, Think-Pair-Share,
Use Manipulatives
1. Other candles in Wick’s Candles are in the shape of pyramids. To

find the volumes, Berneen makes models to look for a relationship
between the volume of a prism and the volume of a pyramid.
a. Make a model of the prism candle mold.
• Use index cards or card stock
to cut out 1 square with side
length 2.5 inches and 4
rectangles with length 2.5 2.75 in.
inches and width 2.75 inches.
• Tape them together to form a

net for a rectangular prism
with no top. Then fold the net
and tape it together to form a 2.5 in.
rectangular prism with no
top as shown. 2.5 in.
b. Make a model of the pyramid candle mold.

• Use index cards or card stock 1.25 in. 1.25 in.
to cut out 4 isosceles triangles

with the dimensions shown
in the diagram.
3 in.
2.5 in.
• Tape the triangles together

along their congruent sides to
form a net for a square
pyramid, as shown.
• Tape the net together to form
a square pyramid.

continued Find the Volume of Pyramids
My Notes
2. Compare the dimensions of the prism and the square pyramid you
built in Item 1. What relationships do you notice?
3. Using the material your teacher distributes, fill your pyramid to the
top. Predict the number of times you can fill and empty the pyramid
into the rectangular prism to fill the prism to the top. Confirm your
prediction by filling and emptying the pyramid into the prism.
The volume, V, of a pyramid is one-third the area of the base, B, times

the height, h:
V = 1 × B ×h
3
4. Reason quantitatively. Two of Berneen’s candles have congruent
rectangular bases. One candle is shaped like a rectangular prism,
while the other is shaped like a rectangular pyramid. Both candles
are 5 inches tall. What is the relationship between the volumes of the
two candles? Explain.
5. Make sense of problems. A candle in the shape of a square

pyramid has a base edge of 6 inches and a height of 6 inches.
a. What is the volume of the candle?
b. How much does it cost Berneen to make the candle?

Show your work.

Find the Volume of Pyramids continued
My Notes
A complex solid is formed when two or more solids are put together.
The volume of the complex solid is the sum of the volumes of the
smaller solids.
6. Consider the complex solid shown.
13 mm
14.5 mm
12 mm
14.5 mm
a. Find the volume of the rectangular prism.
b. Find the volume of the rectangular pyramid.
c. Find the volume of the complex solid.

Use the candles for Items 7 and 8.
7. Express regularity in repeated reasoning. The candles shown

have congruent bases and heights. What is true about the
relationship between the volumes of the candles?
8. Model with mathematics. Suppose Berneen makes a candle by
setting the pyramid on top of the prism. Write a formula for the
volume of this candle.

continued Find the Volume of Pyramids
My Notes
Find the volume of each figure in Items 9–11.
9.
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10.
10 cm
12 cm
15 cm
22 cm
11. A triangular pyramid with a base area of 18 square inches and a

height of 15 inches.
12. How does the volume of the triangular pyramid in item 11 compare
with the volume of a triangular prism with a base area of 18 square
inches and a height of 15 inches? Use words and symbols to explain.
13. The area of the base of a pyramid is 85 square centimeters. If its
volume is 255 cubic centimeters, find the height of the pyramid.
14. A square pyramid 9 feet tall has a volume of 507 cubic feet. How long
is each side of the base of the pyramid?

15. Two square pyramids are joined at their bases. Each base is
30 millimeters long. The distance between the vertices of the combined
pyramids is 28 millimeters. What is the volume of the solid formed?
16. Reason quantitatively. A square pyramid with base lengths of
6 inches is 14 inches tall. The top part of the pyramid is cut off to
form a smaller pyramid with base lengths that are 3 inches long and
a height of 7 inches. How many square inches greater was the volume
of the larger pyramid than that of the new smaller pyramid?
17. Make sense of problems. The Pyramid of Cestius in Rome today
stands about 27 meters tall with a square base whose sides are about
22 meters long. The pyramid was based on ancient Nubian pyramids.
These pyramids average a base area of 25.5 square meters and a
height of 13.5 meters. How does the volume of the Pyramid of
Cestius compare to the volume of an average Nubian pyramid?

Volume—Prisms and Pyramids Activity 19
Berneen Wick’s Candles continued

Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. 7. A container in the shape of a rectangular prism
Show your work. has a base that measures 20 centimeters by
Lesson 19-1 30 centimeters and a height of 15 centimeters.
For Items 1–4, find the volume of each figure. The container is partially filled with water. A
student adds more water to the container and
1. notes that the water level rises 2.5 centimeters.
What is the volume of the added water?
A. 1,500 cm3
4 in.
10 in. B. 3,600 cm3
8 in. C. 4,500 cm3
D. 9,000 cm3
2. For Items 8–11, find the volume of the figure
13 cm described.
8. A triangular pyramid with a base area of
15 cm 43.3 meters and a height of 12 meters.
16.5 cm
9. A square pyramid with base edge
10 centimeters and height 12 centimeters.
10. A triangular pyramid with a base length of
9 inches, a base height of 10 inches, and a
height of 32 inches.
11. A square pyramid with a base length of
3. A cube with edge length 8 inches.
4 centimeters and a height of 6 centimeters
4. A rectangular prism with sides that are 1.2, 1.8, resting on top of a 4-centimeter cube.
and 2.5 meters long.
12. The area of the base of a triangular pyramid is
5. A rectangular prism with a square base is 42 square feet. The volume is 1,197 cubic feet.
6.4 meters tall. The prism has a volume of
Find the height of the pyramid.

409.6 cubic meters. What are the dimensions
13. The square pyramid at the entrance to the
of the base of the prism?
Louvre Museum in Paris, France, is
6. Mariah is filling a terrarium in the shape of a 35.42 meters wide and 21.64 meters tall.
rectangular prism with sand for her tarantula. Find the volume of the Louvre Pyramid.
The sand will be one-quarter of the way to the
top. If the length of the terrarium is 17 inches,
the width 12 inches, and the height 12 inches,
what is the volume of the sand she uses?

ACTIVITY 19 Volume—Prisms and Pyramids
continued Berneen Wick’s Candles
14. For prisms and pyramids, how are the area of MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
the base of the solid and the shape of the solid Attend to Precision
related to the volume? 17. Berneen Wick wants to offer a gift set
15. a. A triangular prism and a triangular pyramid containing the three candles shown.
have congruent bases and heights. What is Remember: The cost per cubic inch of a candle
the relationship between the volumes of the is $0.10. Prepare a report for Berneen in which
two figures? Explain in words using an you provide her with:
example.
b. Explain the relationship between the
• a name and a cost for each candle and the
method of calculating each cost
volumes using their formulas. your recommendation for the price of the
•
16. A plastic tray is shown, with the dimensions gift set
labeled. The bottom and two of the sides are • your reasons for the recommendation
rectangles. The other two sides are congruent 3
isosceles trapezoids. What is the volume of the 6
tray? 3.5
A. 1,350 cm3 2 6
B. 1,080 cm3 3
4
C. 1,440 cm3 Candle 1
D. 1,620 cm3
18 cm
6 cm 7.5 in.
20 cm
6 cm 4.5 cm
12 cm 6 in.

5.2 in.
Candle 2
3
3
2
6
3.5 5
2 6
3
4 2 3
3
Candle 3

Surface Area and Volume Embedded Assessment 3
UNDER THE SEA Use after Activity 19
Mackeral “Mack” Finney is designing a new aquarium called Under the

Sea. He plans to include several different types of saltwater tanks to house
the aquatic life.
1. Mack begins by designing the smallest fish tank. This tank is a
rectangular prism with dimensions 4 feet by 2 feet by 3 feet.
a. Draw and label a net to represent the aquarium.
b. The tank will have a glass covering on all six sides. Find the
surface area of the tank. Explain your reasoning.
c. Find the volume of the tank. Show your work.
32 yd
2. Near the main entrance to the aquarium, Mack has
20 yd
decided to put a larger pool for four dolphins. Its
shape is the trapezoidal prism shown.
a. Sketch and label the dimensions of a cross section
12 yd
parallel to the bases of the prism.
b. Find the amount of water needed to fill the pool.
25 yd
3. Mack designed a water fountain with a square pyramid flowing into
a cube, as shown at right. The edges of the bases of the pyramid and
the cube have the same length and the heights of the pyramid and
the cube are the same. Describe the relationship between the volume
of the cube and the volume of the pyramid.
In addition to tanks for the aquatic life, Mack designs some hanging
birdhouses for the trees around the aquarium.
4. The net for one birdhouse is shown 5. Another birdhouse design is in the shape of
below. What is the total surface area of a square pyramid, as shown below. Find the
the solid? Show your work. surface area and volume of the birdhouse.
5˝
8˝ 5.3 8
5˝
12
8˝
2˝ 2˝ 2˝
5˝ 5˝ 12
3˝
6˝ 6˝
5˝ 3˝ 5˝
2˝ 2˝ 2˝

Embedded Assessment 3 Surface Area and Volume
Use after Activity 19 UNDER THE SEA

Mathematics • Accurately and efficiently • Finding the surface area and • Difficulty finding the • No understanding of
Knowledge and finding the surface area and volume of prisms and surface area and volume of finding the surface area
Thinking volume of prisms and pyramids. prisms and pyramids. and volume of prisms and
(Items 1a-c, 2b, 3, 4, 5) pyramids. pyramids.
Problem Solving • An appropriate and efficient • A strategy that may include • A strategy that results in • No clear strategy when
(Items 1b-c, 2b, 4, 5) strategy that results in a unnecessary steps but some incorrect answers. solving problems.
correct answer. results in a correct answer.
Mathematical • Clear and accurate • Relating a net to the • Difficulty recognizing how a • No understanding of how
Modeling / understanding of how a surfaces of a three- net represents a three- a net represents a
Representations net represents a three- dimensional figure. dimensional figure. three-dimensional figure.
(Items 1a-b, 2a, 4, 5) dimensional figure.
Reasoning and • Precise use of appropriate • An adequate explanation of • A partially correct • An incomplete or inaccurate
Communication terms to explain finding finding surface area and explanation of finding explanation of finding
(Items 1b, 2b, 3) surface area and volume volume of solids. surface area and volume surface area and volume
of solids. • A basically correct description of solids. of solids.
• A precise and accurate of the relationship between • A partial description of the • A partial description of the
description of the relationship the volume of a pyramid and relationship between the relationship between the
between the volume of a a cube. volume of a pyramid and volume of a pyramid and
pyramid and a cube. a cube. a cube.

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What are some important terms introduced in the unit?

What are some important terms introduced in the unit?

How are angles classified?

How are angles classified?

Geometry

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

136 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

Activity 13 • Angle Pairs 137

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

138 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

6. Why are angles 1 and 2 in this diagram supplementary?

7. Which of the following is a pair of adjacent angles ? Justify your

8. Angle A measures 32°.

Read m∠B as “the measure of ∠B.”

c. Solve your equation from Part b to verify your answer in Part a.

Activity 13 • Angle Pairs 139

b. Write an equation to show the relationship between the two

c. Find the measure of both angles. Show your work.

10. Angle C measures 32°.

b. Write an equation you could use to find the measure of ∠D.

c. Solve your equation from Part b to verify your answer in Part a.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

c. Find the measure of both angles. Show your work.

140 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

12. Explain how to find the complement and the supplement of an

LESSON 13-1 PRACTICE

Find the complement and/or supplement of each angle. If it is not

Angle Complement Supplement

Activity 13 • Angle Pairs 141

1. Visually inspect the diagram above. Then make a conjecture about

3. Find the measure of ∠2 and ∠4 using geometry concepts.

4. Construct viable arguments. Do your answers to Items 2 and 3

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

5. Reason quantitatively. Two angles are vertical angles. One angle

b. Write an equation to show the relationship between the two

142 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

b. Write an equation that illustrates the relationship between the

c. Solve your equation from Part b to verify your answer in Part a.

7. Reason quantitatively. Triangle DEF is shown.

measures of ∠D, ∠E, and ∠F.

b. Solve the equation to find the value of x.

c. Find the measure of all three angles of DEF.

Activity 13 • Angle Pairs 143

8. Explain how to find the value of x in the diagram shown.

9. Construct viable arguments. If you know the measure of one

LESSON 13-2 PRACTICE

Use the diagram for Items 13–15.

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

144 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

ACTIVITY 13 PRACTICE Lesson 13-2

2. D 8. ∠B and ∠D are vertical angles. m∠B =

A. ∠ABD and ∠CBF B. ∠DBE and ∠FBE

Activity 13 • Angle Pairs 145

© 2014 College Board. All rights reserved.

146 SpringBoard® Mathematics Course 2, Unit 4 • Geometry

A drawbridge is a bridge that can

1. Look at the drawbridge.

equal to the length of the opening? Draw an illustration to explain

Activity 14 • Triangle Measurements 147