Lesson Three Trade Drawing-1-69

LESSON 3
Interpret Working Plan and Sketches
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are
expected to do the following:
LO 1. identify assembly and detailed drawing

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Definition of Terms
Axonometric – method of projection in which an object is drawn with its horizontal and
vertical axes to scale but with its curved lines and diagonals distorted
Detailed drawing – drawing of a detail part usually in orthographic projection
Detail dimension – measurements of the detail part or parts of the object
Dimensioning – process of placing measurements in a drawing in the Metric or English

System
Isometric axes – light lines used as bases in constructing an isometric view of an object
Isometric drawing – pictorial drawing showing the three views of the object tilted 30
degrees in front of the observer
Multi-view drawing – drawing that shows more than one view of an object
Notation – all lettering and other dimension found in a drawing or working sketch
Oblique drawing – kind of pictorial drawing of an object one surface of which is shown
parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined to it
Orthographic projection – presentation of an object in two or more views by projecting the

outline of the object to the plane of projection perpendicular to each other
Overall dimension – the total width, height and depth of the object
Perspective drawing – a drawing which shows an object as it appears to our eyes
Pictorial view – the presentation of an object where it is viewed showing the three faces of
an object
Working plan – a freehand drawing showing all the information needed to construct an
object
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LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Identify assembly and detailed drawing
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
1. Orthographic and pictorial drawings are interpreted according to drawing

standard.
2. Assembly and detailed drawing are interpreted according to drawing

standard.
Materials
 T- square
 Triangles 30 x 60 and 45 x 45
 Pencils/ mechanical pencils
 Compass
 Drawing paper
 Drawing board
 Scale
 Eraser
 Erasing shield
 Protractor
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What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about the assembly and detailed
drawing. Take this test.
Pretest LO 3
A. Directions: Read the statement carefully. Select the correct answer and write the
letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The system for graphically representing an object by line drawing on a flat surface.
A. Orthographic Projection B. Pictorial Drawing

C. Multi-view Drawing D. Isometric Drawing
2. Angles of projection generally used for drafting purposes arc.
A. Ninety degrees and Forty Five Degrees B. First Angle and Third Angle
C. Second Angle and Fourth Angle D. Thirty Degrees and Sixty
Degrees
3. Standard projection used by many European countries (ISO Standard).
A. Orthographic Projection B. Third-angle Projection

C. Isometric Projection D. First-angle Projection
4. The common views used in multi-view drawing are .
A. front, top, and sides B. front, rear and sides

C. front, sides and rear D. front, top and rear
5. Type of dimensioning that requires all dimension figures be lettered between guide lines
that are parallel to the bottom edge of the drawing paper.
A. Aligned Method B. Location Dimension

C. Overall Dimension D. Uni-directional Method
6. The orthographic view drawn directly above the front view.
A. Auxiliary view B. Top View

C. Right side view D. Left Side View
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7. Standard of projection used by Americans, British and Canadians (ANSI Standard).
A. First-angle Projection B. Orthographic Projection

C. Diametric Projection D. Third-angle Projection
8. A line used to show the limits of a dimension.
A. Extension line B. Object line C. Dimension line D. Center line
9. An oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are in full size.
A. Cabinet Oblique B. Cavalier Oblique C. General Oblique D. Oblique Perspective
10. In a scale 1: 20 meters, 5 meters is equivalent to:
A. 20 cm. B. 15 cm. C. 5 cm. D. 10 cm.
11. This is the type of oblique pictorial view where the dimension of the receding features of
the object is drawn half-scale.
A. Cabinet Projection B. Cavalier Projection

C. Isometric Projection D. Orthographic Projection
12. The point where the horizontal line in the perspective view seems to converge or meet.
A. Station Point B. Vanishing Point C. Center Point D. Piercing Point
13. Type of dimensioning that requires all dimension figures, except to angular contours, be
lettered between guide lines that are parallel to the dimension lines.

14. The process of describing the object by placing sizes and related information on a
drawing.
A. Dimensioning B. Sectioning
B. Scaling D. Tolerancing
15. This is the dimension that gives the detail and overall sizes of the object.
A. Location dimension B. Figure Dimension

C. Shape dimension D. Size Dimension
B. Directions: Write the names of the kind of lines indicated by numbers 1 to 10. Place
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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C. Directions: Base on your answer on the drawing above, write the name of the view
where you find the different kind of lines listed below.
Kind of Lines Name of Views
1. Center line - Right-side view

2. Long-break line - Front view
3. Cutting-plane line - Top view
4. Leader line - Top view
5. Section line - Front view
Compare your answers using the Answer Key. If you got 90-100% of the
items correct, that means you are already familiar with the lesson covered by
Learning Outcome No. 1. Therefore you can proceed to the next learning activity .
If you missed a lot of items, do all the activities again to gain knowledge and skills
required for mastery.
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What Do You Need To Know?
Read the Information Sheet very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.
Information Sheet 1.1
A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents something. A surface,

a hidden surface, an extension of a surface, a center of a hole, or a line with dimension on it.
In order to make the drawing easier to read and understand, each kind of line is drawn with a
different line weights. Read and understand the following.
ALPHABET OF LINES
Visible line – a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline of the object; also
known as the object line
Hidden line – a medium thick line composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with
space between dashes about 1-2 millimeters wide; itt represents the surface or edges that
cannot be seen
Center line – a thin line consisting of two long dashes and short dash drawn alternately with
a gap of at least 2 millimeters in between; it represents the axis or center of symmetrical
shapes like a ball, washer, rectangular block, cube
Section line – a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut; they are spaced evenly at
45 degrees with the horizontal to make shaded effect
Extension line – a thin line that extends from the object in order to show dimension limits
Dimension line – a thin line with an arrowhead in one end used to indicate the
measurements of the object
Long-break line – a medium thick line consisting of broken and straight lines drawn
alternately. This is also known as the limiting line. This limits the length of an elongated
object without changing the size of its view.
Short-break line – thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been cut off
or broken out.
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Leader line – a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and short horizontal line
on the other end.
Phantom line – a thin line that shows position(s) of part of an object that moves drawn by
two short dashes and one long dash.
Cutting-plane line –thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the
line. Made up of two long dashes broken in one end with an arrowhead and two short
dashes drawn in between the long dashes.
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How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1
Directions: Read and interpret the given figure below. Identify the lettered lines used
(A – N) to draw the object. Place your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A. H.
B. I.
C. J.
D. K.
E. L.
F. M.
G. N.
Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Show that you learned something by doing this activity
Activity Sheet 1.1
Directions: Sketch the line being referred to in the Table below. Place your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
Kind of Lines Sketch of the Lines
Short-break line
Center line
Extension line
Dimension line
Leader line
Phantom line
Section line
Hidden line
Long-break line
Cutting-plane line or
Viewing-plane line
Visible line
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How Well Did You Perform?
Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.

Remember it is your learning at stake!
Criteria for Assessment: Analytic Scoring Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
Accuracy All lines are drawn There are 1 to 3 lines

appropriately inappropriately Majority of the lines
according to its drawn according to are inappropriately
characteristics its characteristics drawn
Neatness Finished output

was neatly done, Pleasing but Finished output
pleasing, and no erasures and have so many
erasures/smudges smudges are erasures and
observable on the smudges
finished output
Time Management Finished the task 5 Finished the task on Unable to finished
minutes before the time the given task
given time
Rating Scale:
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive
12 - 15 91 - 100 Very Good
8 - 11 86 - 90 Good
4-7 81 - 85 Fair
1- 3 75 - 80 Needs Improvement
Remarks:
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Artist’s drawing is generally called freehand drawing that is, drawings are made
without the use of drawing instruments or straightedges. Freehand drawing is synonymous
to sketching. This technique is necessary in any area of drafting and an important skills for
everyone. Skills in freehand drawing can be achieved through constant training and correct
practice.
Line Sketching
One advantage of freehand sketching is that it needs only patience and continuous correct
practice.
Basic Line Sketching
Kind of lines Direction of strokes
Strokes are drawn from left to right for

right-handed
For right-handed
and
from right to left for left-handed

For left-handed individuals.
Horizontal lines
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Strokes are drawn downward.
Vertical lines
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Inclined to the right
Inclined strokes (diagonal) are drawn

downward
Inclined to the left
Curved strokes are drawn downward for

either right-handed or left-handed
Curved line
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Self-Check 1.2
Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper, sketch the following lines indicated in
each box.
Lines should be drawn freehand.
Horizontal line
Vertical line
Inclined to the left Inclined to the right
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Curved to the left Curved to the right
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Operation Sheet 1.2
Directions: Below is a suggested activity on line exercises. Choose at least twelve

(12) from the given examples on line sketching. Observe accuracy. Place your drawings in
a separate sheet of paper.
LINE EXERCISES
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Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubrics honestly and sincerely.

Accuracy All lines are drawn Some lines are Most of the lines are
appropriately and drawn inappropriately
freehand inappropriately and drawn and NOT in
NOT in freehand freehand
Neatness Finished output Pleasing but Finished output
was neatly done, erasures and have so many
pleasing, and no smudges are erasures and
erasures/smudges observable on the smudges and quite
finished output unpleasant
Time Management Finished the task Finished the task on Unable to finished
10 minutes before time the given task
the given time
Rating Scale:
12 - 15 91 - 100 Very Good

8 - 11 86 - 90 Good
4-7 81 - 85 Fair
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Remarks:
How did you find this activity? Did you enjoy answering it? Is
it hard? Challenge yourself by keep on trying to finish this activity.
Be patient. Have self confident.
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THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Multi-view drawing – a drawing that shows more than one view of an object.
Orthographic Projection – A system for graphical representation of an object by a

line drawing on a flat surface.
Orthographic View – a drawing that shows a side of an object viewed directly from
90 degrees.
Six (6) Principal Views of an Object:
The simple work piece below shows the six (6) principal sides or views.
TOP
L REA
FRO
R
BOTTO
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An orthographic view is made by projecting the edge of the object perpendicular to a
plane of projection.
Planes of Projection
Three planes of projection are used in orthographic drawing. These are called
the horizontal plane, frontal plane, and the profile plane.
The planes of projection join and form quadrants. The quadrants are called first
angle, second angle, third angle, and fourth angle. The first and the third quadrants are
used for drafting purposes.
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Overall Size of the Object
1. Height is the perpendicular distance between two horizontal planes.
HEIGHT WIDTH
2. Width is the perpendicular distance between two profile planes.
3. Depth is the perpendicular distance between two frontal planes.
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DEPTH
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Self-Check 1.3
Directions: Supply the correct information on each blank.
1. The a system of orthographic projection that places the object on the first quadrant is
called .
2. Located below the top view is the of the Third angle projection.
3. The a system of orthographic projection that places the object on the third quadrant
is called .
4. Located below the first is the of the first-angle projection.
5. The perpendicular distance between horizontal planes is referred to as

.
6. The perpendicular distance between profile planes is called .
7. The perpendicular distance between frontal planes is called .
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Mechanical drawing is describing the shapes of objects completely and exactly by

the use of orthographic views. Although there are six principal views that can be drawn in an
object, only the three regular views are normally required in the preparation of a working
plan.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
1. First-Angle Projection (ISO Standard)
The first-angle projection is a system of orthographic projection used by the

European countries which places the object on the first quadrants.
Here the horizontal plane is below the object.
 The top of the object is projected down the horizontal plane.

 The rear projects to the frontal plane.
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Unfolded Planes
With the planes unfolded and laid flat, the front view is above the top view.
The position of the unfolded planes in the first-angle

projection
SYMBOL USED FOR FIRST ANGLE
2. Third-angle Projection (ANSI)
The third-angle projection is a system used in the United States which places the
object in the third quadrants.
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The third-angle projection places the object in the third quadrant. (An observer here
would be facing the frontal plane).
 Observe that the object is placed below the horizontal plane.
 The top view of the object projects up to it, therefore, the top view is in the
horizontal plane.
 The object is behind the frontal plane. The front view of the object projects
forward to it, therefore, the view is on the frontal plane.
 The side of the object projects to the profile plane, therefore, the side view will be
seen in the profile plane.
Unfolded Planes
If the planes be unfolded and laid flat, the top view would be above the front view.
The position of the unfolded planes in the third-angle projection
SYMBOL USED FOR THIRD ANGLE

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Self-Check 1.4
Direction: You have just finished the study of the basic principles of orthographic
projection. To ensure understanding, try your best to supply the needed
information to complete the following statements.
1. The system for graphically representing the object by a line drawing on a flat surface is
called .
When the three planes of projections joined together, they will form quadrants. They are
the following: (in any order)
2.
3.
4.
5.
The quadrants used for drafting purposes are (in any order)
6. and
7.
Orthographic view is drawn by projecting the edge of the object perpendicular to these
planes of projection.
8.
9.
10.
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Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Activity Sheet 1.4
Directions: Below (Fig. 1) is a simple activity for you to work on. Sketch the three regular
views using the Third-angle projection. Practice the task following the given procedure
Tools and materials:
 Drawing paper or a long bond paper

 Pencil
 Eraser
Equipment:
 Drawing Table (Drafting Table or Drawing Board)
Procedure:
1. Prepare all the tools and materials needed.
2. Study the given object (Figure 1) carefully. Observe its dimensions: width, height and
depth.
3. Sketch two parallel vertical projection lines representing the width of the object.
4. Draw two parallel horizontal lines projection representing the height of the object.
5. To locate the top view, measure the depth of the top then draw two horizontal parallel
lines representing the top view, or if you prefer to locate the right-side view, measure
the depth of the right-side then draw two parallel vertical lines representing the right-
side view. To transfer the depth of the top view to the right-side view or vice versa,
please refer to the accepted methods shown below.
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Two accepted methods used to transfer the depth of the top view to the side view.
6. Complete the drawing by applying all appropriate lines to make the object visible.
7. Erase unnecessary lines then double check your drawing.
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PICTORIAL DRAWING
A pictorial drawing shows likeness (shape) of an object as viewed by the observer. It

represents a portion of the object and shows the method of its construction. In some
presentations, the whole object is shown in one view.
Types of Pictorial Drawing:
A. Axonometric Pictorial Drawing
1. Isometric drawing – a pictorial drawing showing the three surfaces of the object
tilted 30 degrees in front of the observer.
Angle a = 300, s =
30
Width: Scale 1:1
Height: Scale 1:1
Depth: Scale 1:1
Isometric drawing according to standard
2. Dimetric drawing – the angle that is used for the horizontal planes varies according
to the angle of view that has been chosen. This type is not widely used.
3. Trimetric drawing - a classification of an axonometric projection where in a cube is

positioned in the way that no axes and angles are equal when projected to the plane
projection.
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B. Oblique Pictorial Drawing
1. Cavalier drawing – an oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are full
scale or in full size.
2. Cabinet oblique – depth axis lines are drawn one-half scale.
3. General oblique – depth axis lines vary from one-half to full size.
CAV CA
GENERAL
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C. Perspective Pictorial Drawing
1. 1-pt. or Parallel perspective – a perspective drawing using one vanishing

point, the front view is drawn in its true shape in full or scale size.
2. 2-pt. or Angular perspective – a perspective drawing using having two vanishing

points.
ANGULAR ( TWO-POINT )
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3. 3-pt. or Oblique perspective – a perspective drawing using three vanishing points.
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.
Self-Check 1.5
Instructions: Supply the needed information to complete the following statements.
1. A drawing showing more than one side of an object tilted in front of the observer.
a. pictorial drawing b. artistic drawing c. multi-view drawing d. orthographic drawing
2. The place or point where the observer is supposed to stand while viewing the object.
a. vanishing point b. center point c. piercing point d. station point
3. The point where the horizontal line in the perspective view seems to converge or meet.
a. station point b. vanishing point c. center point d. piercing point
4. The object is placed on the horizon at the eye-level of the observer.
a. bird’s eye view b. worm’s eye view c. man’s-eye view d. orthographic view
5. An oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are in full size.
a. cabinet oblique b. cavalier oblique c. general oblique d. oblique perspective
6. Iso means equal, metric means .
7. Circle becomes ellipse in .
8. Lines that are not parallel to the three base lines in isometric are called .
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Isometric Drawing
Vertical
Left-cross axis Right – cross axis
Axes used in Isometric Drawing
1. Vertical axis
2. Right-cross axis
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3. Left-cross axis
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Isometric drawing – a pictorial drawing showing the three surfaces of the object tilted
30 degrees in front of the observer.
Isometric lines – are lines drawn parallel to the isometric axes.
Steps in Drawing Isometric from a given Orthographic Views
1. Study the given orthographic views carefully. Estimate the width, height and the
depth of the object, then sketch the axes used in isometric drawing.
2. Transfer the height (A), the width (B), and the depth (C) of the object to the
corresponding axis respectively.
Height (A) Width (B)
Depth (C)
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3.Sketch isometric lines to complete the isometric box.
ISOMETRIC BOX
4. Layout details of the object inside the box then finish the pictorial view by drawing
the object lines.
Isometric view
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Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Activity Sheet 1.5
Directions: Below is a simple activity for you to work on. Sketch the isometric pictorial of
the given orthographic views. Practice the task following the given procedure.

 Pencil
 Eraser
Equipment:
Procedure
1. Study the given orthographic views carefully. Estimate the width, height and the
depth of the object, then sketch the axes used in isometric drawing.
2. Transfer the height (A), the width (B), and the depth (C) of the object to the
corresponding axis respectively.
3. Sketch isometric lines to complete the isometric box.
4. Layout details of the object inside the box then finish the pictorial view by drawing the
object lines.
5. Double check your drawing then erase unnecessary lines.
Sample orthographic
views
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Criteria for Assessment: Analytic Rubrics Scoring
Accuracy The isometric The isometric The isometric

pictorial view was pictorial view was pictorial view was
drawn according to somehow drawn drawn NOT
standard according to according to
standard standard
Neatness Finished output was Pleasing but Finished output
neatly done, erasures and have so many
pleasing, and no smudges are erasures and
the given time
Rating Scales:
12 - 15 91 - 100 Very Good

8 - 11 86 - 90 Good
4-7 81 - 85 Fair
1- 3 75 - 80 Needs
Improvement
Remarks:
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More information on Oblique Drawing
Oblique drawing – the kind of pictorial drawing of an object one surface of which is shown
parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined to it.
Axes in Oblique Drawing Variations in Direction of Receding

Axis
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Classifications of Oblique Pictorial Drawing
1. Cavalier drawing – An oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are full
scale or in full size. The receding lines are true depth – that is makes an angle
of 45 degrees and 30 degrees with the plane of projection.
2. Cabinet oblique – Depth axis lines are drawn one-half scale. When the
receding line is drawn to half – size, and the projectors makes an angle of 30, 45, 60
degrees respectively.
3. General oblique – Depth axis lines vary from one-half to full size. Drawn at
any convenient angle and the receding lines are drawn to full size, one-
third size, one-half size, or one fourth-size.
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Procedure in Sketching Oblique Pictorial View
1. Study carefully the given orthographic views. Sketch the vertical line OB and horizontal
line OA.
2. Draw line OC as the receding line.
3. Complete the oblique box by sketching parallel lines to the oblique axes.
4. Layout the details of the object inside the oblique box.
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5. Erase the unnecessary lines to complete the drawing.
CAVALIER OBLIQUE CABINET OBLIQUE
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Self-Check 1.6
Instructions: You have just finished the study of the basic principles of oblique drawing.
To ensure understanding, try your best to supply the needed information to
complete the following statements.
1. A drawing that shows a front view in its true relations and dimensions just as
it would be in working drawing.
a. Isometric drawing b. Oblique drawing

c. Orthographic drawing d. Perspective drawing
2. This type of oblique pictorial view where you can see the exact dimension of
the object.
a. Cabinet projection b. Cavalier projection

c. Isometric projection d. Orthographic projection
3. The receding lines in oblique pictorial drawing regularly used
a. 30 degrees b. 45 degrees
c. 60 degrees d. 75 degrees
4. This is the type of oblique pictorial view where the dimension of the receding
features of the object is drawn half-scale.
a. Cabinet projection b. Cavalier projection

c. Isometric projection d. Orthographic projection
5. Give at least three rules to be followed in sketching oblique views.
5.1
5.2
5.3
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Activity Sheet 1.6
Directions: Below is a simple activity for you to work on. Sketch the oblique pictorial of the
given orthographic views. Practice the task following the given procedure.

 Pencil
 Eraser
Equipment:
Procedure
1. Study carefully the given orthographic views. Sketch the vertical line and horizontal line
that will serve as your axes.
2. Draw the receding line.
3. Complete the oblique box by sketching parallel lines to the oblique axes.
4. Layout details of the object inside the box then finish the pictorial view by drawing the
object lines.
5. Double check your drawing then erase unnecessary lines.
Sample orthographic views
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Accuracy The pictorial view The pictorial view

was drawn was somehow drawn The pictorial view
appropriately in inappropriately and was inappropriately
freehand NOT in freehand drawn and NOT in
freehand
Neatness Finished output
was neatly done, Pleasing but Finished output
pleasing, and no erasures and have so many
erasures/smudges smudges are erasures and
observable on the smudges and quite
the given time
Rating Scale:
12 - 15 91 - 100 Very Good

8 - 11 86 - 90 Good
4-7 81 - 85 Fair
1- 3 75 - 80 Needs
Improvement
Remarks:
49
SCALING
Proportion – a size or distance in comparison to another.
Proportion Scale – a scale for measuring distances for drawings. Marks on a proportion
scale indicate the reduced size in proportion to the full or actual scale.
Scale – a graduated measurement to allow production of a drawing to any size desired.
The Scale
To draw accurate drawings, you must measure accurately, develop the ability to
measure distances. The measuring tool, called the scale (commonly known as the metric
scale), has several edges. Each edge is called the proportion scale. It helps the drafter to
reduce or enlarge the drawing of an object in proportion to its actual size.
Function of a Scale
1. To measure or layout line distances accurately either in full size and larger or smaller
than full size.
2. To produce drawing to a certain sizes (making drawing into scale)
The Scale Ratio (Object/Drawing)
Scale ratio 1 : 1 – means that 1 mm. on the drawing represent 1 mm. on the actual
product or work piece.
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Each mark as you pass represents one millimeter from zero.
Proportion Scales
Most drafting scales are equipped with proportion scales. Each of these scales aids
the drafter in reducing an object on a drawing in a different proportion.
Commonly Used Scale
Full-Size Scale – has a ratio of 1:1. This means that 1 mm on the drawing
represents 1 mm of the actual object. The views on the drawing paper are the same size as
those of the actual object.
Reduced Scale (Scaled-down) – has a ratio of 1:2. This means that 1 mm on the
drawing represent 2 mm on the actual object. The views of the actual object are twice the
size of the views on the drawing paper.
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Sometimes you want to show the shapes of the objects clearly and to be able to
show the dimension more convenient, you have to prepare drawings that are larger than the
actual object. Listed below are sample of enlarged scale.
Enlarged Scale (Scaled-up)

Scale 2:1 - This means that every 2 mm on the drawing represent 1 mm on the
actual object. The views on the drawing paper are twice the size of those of the actual
object.
Scale 5:1 - This means that every 5 mm on the drawing represent 1mm on the
actual object. The views on the drawing paper are five times larger than those of the
actual object. \
Things to Remember in Scaling a Drawing
1. Whenever possible, the work piece must be drawn into full-size.

2. When dimensioning, always enter the actual dimension of the work piece.
3. Angular dimensions remain the same regardless of the scale to which an object is
drawn.
4. The first figure of a scale designation refers to the dimension used to construct the
views. The second figure of a scale designation refers to the actual dimensions of
the object being drawn.
Self-Check 1.8
Directions : You have just finished the study of the basic principles of scaling. To
ensure understanding, try your best to interpret the following scale designations.
1. 3:1
2. 10:1
3. 1:15
4. 1:1
5. 1: 20
6. 50:1
7. 1:75
8. 100:1
9. 1:200
10. 500:1

Dimensioning
Dimensioning – placing sizes and related information on a drawing
Size dimension – gives the detail and overall sizes of the object
Location dimension – merely locates part or parts and features of the object
Dimensioning Method
Aligned Method
All dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and be read from
either the bottom or right side of the paper.
Unidirectional Method
In the unidirectional method, all dimensions are read from the bottom of the
page as illustrated. This is a new method.
Kinds of Dimensions
Over-all dimension – every object, regardless of its shape, has three over-all dimensions.
An over-all dimension indicates the over-all width, height and depth of an object.
Detail dimensions – provide size or location information concerning any feature or
details of an
object other than its over-all dimension.
Rules in Dimensioning
For a beginner like you, remember these dimensioning rules when placing measurements in
your drawing.
1. Dimensions should be placed between the views.
2. Avoid repetition of dimensions.
3. Use outside dimension if the space is limited, and use an inside dimension if there is
enough space.
4. Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible.
5. Staggered dimensioning should be used when the space for dimensioning is limited.
6. When dimensioning a circle, it should be from center to center.
7. Dimensions are entered in millimeters without measures.
8. Extension lines must have a distance of about 10 mm from the object edge and an
approximate 2 millimeters after the dimension lines.
Self-Check 1.9
Directions: You have just finished the study of the basic principles in dimensioning. To
ensure understanding, try your best to supply the needed information to
complete the following statements.
1. This is the dimension that gives the detail and overall sizes of the object.
A. Location Dimension B. figure dimension
C. Shape Dimension D. size dimension
2. This kind of dimension merely locates part or parts of the object.

A. Location Dimension B. Figure Dimension
C. Shape Dimension D. Size Dimension
3. This dimension represents the total width, height and depth of an object.
A Detail Dimension b. Location Dimension
C. Overall dimension d. Size Dimension
4. The process of describing the object by placing sizes and related

information on a drawing .
A. Dimensioning B. Sectioning
C. Scaling D. Tolerancing
5. Type of dimensioning that requires all dimension figures, except to angular

contours, be lettered between guide lines that are parallel to the dimension
lines.
C Overall Dimension D. Uni-Directional Method
6. This dimension represents the width, height and the depth of each part
of the same object.
A. Detail Dimension B. Location Dimension
C. Overall Dimension D. Size Dimension
7. Type of dimensioning that requires all dimension figures be lettered

between guide lines that are parallel to the bottom edge of the drawing
paper.
MECHANICAL DRAFTING
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?119
K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
Operation Sheet 1.9
Directions: Below is a simple activity for you to work on. Sketch the orthographic views of
the given object. Practice the task following the given procedure.
Provide the appropriate dimensions in each view

 Pencil
 Eraser
Equipment:
Procedure:
1. Study the given object below carefully.
2. Sketch the regular views of the given object then provide dimensions in each
views using the Aligned Method of dimensioning.
3. Observe strictly the following dimensioning rules:
a. Dimensions should be placed between the views.

b. Avoid repetition of dimensions.
c. Use outside dimension if the space is limited, and use an inside dimension if
there is enough space.
d. Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible.
e. Staggered dimensioning should be used when the space for dimensioning is
limited.
f. Dimensions are entered in millimeters without measures.
g. Extension lines must have a distance of about 10 mm from the object
edge and an approximate 2 millimeters after the dimension lines.
(Figure 1)
Note: Do not include the two (2) holes in your orthographic views.
( Figure 2)

Accuracy Measureme There were

nts supplied in each some measurements Most of the
views were based that did not comply supplied
on the given rules with the given rules measurements does
not comply with the
given rules
Neatness Finished
output was neatly Pleasing but Finished
done, pleasing, and erasures and output have so
no smudges are many erasures and
Time Finished the Finished the Unable to
Management task 10 minutes task on time finished the given
before the given task
time
Rating Scale:
12 - 15 91 - 100 Very Good
8 - 11 86 - 90 Good
4-7 81 - 85 Fair
Remarks:
Preparation of Working Plans
Assembly Working Plans
An assembly working plan is one that indicates how the individual parts of a machine
or products are assembled to make a complete unit. An assembly working plan serves the
following purpose:
1. It describes the shape of the assembled unit or product.
2. It shows how the parts of the assembled unit are positioned in relation to each
other.
3. It identifies each component that forms part of the assembled product.
4. It provides parts list that describes and essential data concerning each part of the
assembled unit or product.
5. It provides, when necessary, reference information concerning the physical or

functional characteristics of the assembled unit.
Sample Assembly Working Drawing

Detail Working Plans
A technical working plan of a single part of a machine or mechanism gives enough

information to allow the part to be made. It describes the shape and indicates the
dimensions of the object.
Sample Detail Working Drawing
Parts List
A parts list is a list of all parts required to put an assembly together. This list itemizes
important data about each part of an assembled machine or product such as part name,
material, quantity required, and size specifications.
Sample figure below shows a simple parts list along with suggested dimensions. In
the material column STD abbreviation represents for all standard parts. This means that
they must be purchased. Complete specifications for standard parts must always be listed in
the name column together with the part name.
Only the names of non-standard parts are listed in the name column The material
from which the standard parts are made is listed by abbreviations in the material column
such as C.I., H.R.S., C.R.S., Alum.
The upper or lower right-hand corner of an assembly working plan is usually

reserved for the parts list.
Self-Check 1.10
Directions : You have just finished the study of the basic principles in assembly and
detail working plans. To ensure understanding, carefully study the
given samples below and complete the table for the parts list.
Figure 3 ) Vee Block

Vee Block
Part Name Quantity Material

Operation Sheet 1.10
Directions: You have just finished the study of the basic principles in assembly and detail
working plans. To ensure deeper understanding on reading and interpreting
working plans, do the given sample tasks below and by completing the table for
the parts list. (Figures 4 and 5)
(Figure 4) Special Flaring Tool
Directions: Provide the complete parts list of the Toolmaker’s Vise on the table below.
(Figure 5) Toolmaker’s Vise

Congratulations!
You did a great job! Rest and relax a
while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!
REFERENCES
LO1
Giesecke, Mitchell and Spencer, Technical Drawing; The Macmillan
Company: 1999
Nelson, John, How to Read and Understand Blueprints, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, 1982
Manaois, German, Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing: 1983
Esguerra and Molino, Exploratory Drafting; Abiva Publishing: 1980
Walker, John, Exploring Drafting Basic fundamentals, The Goodheart-Willcox
Co., Inc, 1975

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LESSON 3

Interpret Working Plan and Sketches

LO 1. identify assembly and detailed drawing

Detailed drawing – drawing of a detail part usually in orthographic projection

Detail dimension – measurements of the detail part or parts of the object

Dimensioning – process of placing measurements in a drawing in the Metric or English

Orthographic projection – presentation of an object in two or more views by projecting the

Perspective drawing – a drawing which shows an object as it appears to our eyes

Identify assembly and detailed drawing

1. Orthographic and pictorial drawings are interpreted according to drawing

2. Assembly and detailed drawing are interpreted according to drawing

A. Orthographic Projection B. Pictorial Drawing

2. Angles of projection generally used for drafting purposes arc.

A. Orthographic Projection B. Third-angle Projection

4. The common views used in multi-view drawing are .

A. front, top, and sides B. front, rear and sides

A. Aligned Method B. Location Dimension

6. The orthographic view drawn directly above the front view.

A. Auxiliary view B. Top View

A. First-angle Projection B. Orthographic Projection

8. A line used to show the limits of a dimension.

A. Extension line B. Object line C. Dimension line D. Center line

A. Cabinet Oblique B. Cavalier Oblique C. General Oblique D. Oblique Perspective

10. In a scale 1: 20 meters, 5 meters is equivalent to:

A. 20 cm. B. 15 cm. C. 5 cm. D. 10 cm.

A. Cabinet Projection B. Cavalier Projection

A. Station Point B. Vanishing Point C. Center Point D. Piercing Point

A. Aligned Method B. Location Dimension

A. Location dimension B. Figure Dimension

Kind of Lines Name of Views

1. Center line - Right-side view

Information Sheet 1.1

A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents something. A surface,

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Activity Sheet 1.1

Kind of Lines Sketch of the Lines

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.

Criteria for Assessment: Analytic Scoring Rubrics

Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point

Accuracy All lines are drawn There are 1 to 3 lines

Neatness Finished output

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive

12 - 15 91 - 100 Very Good

Information Sheet 1.2

Basic Line Sketching

Kind of lines Direction of strokes

Strokes are drawn from left to right for

from right to left for left-handed

Inclined strokes (diagonal) are drawn

Inclined to the left

Curved strokes are drawn downward for

Lines should be drawn freehand.

Inclined to the left Inclined to the right

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Operation Sheet 1.2

Directions: Below is a suggested activity on line exercises. Choose at least twelve

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubrics honestly and sincerely.

Criteria for Assessment: Analytic Scoring Rubrics