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NO PAIN, NO GRAIN: EXPERIENCES OF RICE FARMERS IN

RICE PRICE CRISIS IN THE NEW NORMAL

A Research Proposal

Presented to

The Faculty of the National Comprehensive High School

Lupon, Davao Oriental

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Subject

Practical Research 1

Nicole Kyte T. Arojo

Charlene W. Meugo

Rea Capinda

APRIL 2022
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 3

Background of the Study 3

Purpose of the Study 6

Significance of the Study 7

Delimitations and Limitations of the Study 8

Definition of Terms 9

Review of Related Literature 10

Theoretical Lens 13

Reference 16
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rice means life to millions of Filipinos. For them, rice is not merely food

but grain that shapes their way of living, their hopes, and their dreams. They

consider rice as a symbol of their quest for life’s security and emancipation

from hunger. Rice farmers are faced with issues impacting agriculture,

including rice price crisis deflation and new challenges every single day.

However, the price varies on the availability of the product in a certain locality.

Also, it may depend on the situation especially nowadays of having New

Normal.

Rice is among the three most important grain crops in the world, and it

has a major contribution to fulfill the food needs across the globe (Chauhan,

Jabran & Mahajan, 2017). To meet demand, rice production can be increased

either by increasing the area of rice cultivation or by increasing the efficiency

of existing resources allocated for rice production (Koirala, Mishra, &

Mohanty, 2013). Also, increased rice production can contribute to reducing

poverty, especially in rural areas (Bordey, 2010).

Agriculture confronts several challenges over the decade, meeting

burgeoning food requirements with limited farmland and balancing the need to

import with the provision of livelihoods (Briones, 2013). It was discovered that

Filipino rice farmers are trapped in the cycle of poverty since most of them
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have insufficient capital to commence rice cultivation (Palis, Copestake &

Camfield, 2015). This aging phenomenon of farmers, however, is not unique

to the Philippines. It is a global phenomenon. This is especially true among

smallholder farmers in Asia (Rigg, Saiyut & Yang, 2019).

In global matters, a study conducted in Southeast Nigeria, about

Experiences of Rice Farmers in Rice Price Crisis in the New Normal entitled

“How Does COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Rice Yield?” by Esiobu in the year

2020, stated that in Nigeria, the pandemic has just encouraged rice

emergencies by disturbing rice esteem chain framework, in this way

representing an extraordinary danger to entertainers of the rice esteem chain

framework occupations just as public food and wholesome security. The

Nigerian government had started an early organized reaction to limit the effect

by creating techniques to encourage free development of rice seedlings and

agrarian sources of info absolved from lockdown (Isaca, 2020). Although

agricultural value chain areas are exempted from lockdown, limits on the

mobility of farmhands are contributing to labor shortages for rice sectors as it

is characterized by periods of peak seasonal labor demand and labor-

intensive production (Sazi, 2020). Additionally, the harvesting and distribution

season is imminent in the rice value-chain, and a shortage of labor is leading

to production losses and shortages in the market (Zibab & Sari, 2020).

In the Philippines, a study entitled "Rice Farms in the Bicol Region

Philippines” by Desilva in the year 2011, there were studies that had been

found out documenting transactions which show that households are inspired

and were encouraged more with larger farms by having a high transaction

cost. The country experienced super typhoons, floods, and extended periods
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of drought recurring in most of the regions, the agricultural commodity that is

severely affected by climate change is rice, which is the staple food of

Filipinos (Cororaton, 2012). Transforming Philippine agriculture into a

dynamic, high-growth sector is essential, not only because of its connection to

food security and the agri-food system but also for poverty reduction. (Weiss

& Kar, 2020)

In the local context, the Department of Agriculture Municipal Office in

Lupon declares that in the year 2020, there are an estimated 990 active

farmers with 1024.0903 total areas. The pandemic bought price crisis in rice

farmers, the Rice Farmers Financial Assistance (RFFA) program, launched by

the Department of Agriculture and LANDBANK provides comfort by providing

financial assistance to each rice farmer. Furthermore, the Local Government

Unit (LGU) of Lupon conducted palay buying from April to June 2020 with

worth 7 million pesos of the budget in the first cropping. Additionally, the

Department of Agriculture Municipal Office is planning to buy palay in the next

harvest to disburden the farmers and control the price drop.

Many studies that have been conducted are based on the experiences

of rice farmers and its relation to price and quality has been mostly been

performed in what can be referred to as normal societal conditions, without

the interference of global disasters such as a financial crisis or a pandemic.

Consequently, only a few studies have already been conducted about the rice

price crisis in the new normal, in the study that was conducted by Pan, Yang,

Zhou, and Kong (2020) entitled “The influence of COVID-19 on Agricultural

Economy and Emergency Mitigation Measures in China” pointed out that the

farmers experienced pressure and difficulties due to the Covid-19 pandemic

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that led to the rise of price on the agricultural products. Despite these results,

the said study lacks an in-depth analysis from the micro perspective to the

experiences of the rice farmers. Moreover, since there has been no research

conducted regarding the experiences of the rice farmers in the new normal

here in the Municipality of Lupon, Davao Oriental, we researchers found it

interesting to explore and dwell deeper in their experiences in the new normal.

Equally important, the researchers aim to fill the gap and to go beyond the

experiences of the rice farmers in the new normal and focus to gain analysis

and interactions that could unravel problems to the experiences of the rice

farmers in the rice price crisis.

This study is needed to be conducted, to provide information about the

rice crisis and to show the efforts, struggles of the rice farmers. On the other

hand, this study also can show the personal experiences of the farmers and

had a chance to explore their challenges and gather information.

Purpose of the Study

All farmers are of great importance, mainly because they are the

backbone of an agricultural system. Here in the Philippines, our staple food is

rice and the rice farmers provided us with that. In addition, farmers help our

country generate income by exporting the rice to foreign countries. Hence, we

should appreciate and recognize the effort of the rice farmers because they

are the ones who are responsible for the basic food that we eat every day and

help our economy grow by generating income by exporting their goods to

other countries.
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The purpose of this qualitative study is to assess the effects of the

COVID-19 outbreak on the farmers who are experiencing the rice price crisis

in the new normal. Also, the study will provide other sources of information

with regards to the issues arising with the local farmers who are mainly

affected by the pandemic.

Moreover, the research questions are as follows:

1. What are the daily encounters of rice farmers with the prevailing rice price

crisis amidst the new normal?

2. How do the rice farmers address the different identified problems that they

have encountered?

3. What are the notable insights that can be drawn from the experiences and

challenges faced by the rice farmers?

Significance of the Study

This study is an eye-opener to the countless experiences of the

farmers, especially the price decreasing in the new normal situation. This

study will also contribute knowledge and idea to the following:

The researchers believe that the results of this study will be of great

importance to the Department of Agriculture responsible for

the promotion of agricultural development. It will serve as a foundation so that

the Department of Agriculture will take immediate action to help our farmers in

these times of crisis.

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To the rice farmers, who work in the searing heat and bitter cold to put

food on our tables and clothes on our backs amidst the pandemic. The result

would be a useful guide in regards to the situations on how the rice farmers

face and address certain problems and priorities throughout this new normal.

The students who are the future of society would have insights into the

struggles of rice farmers throughout this pandemic. Thus, would show

gratitude and appreciation for their hard work.

This study can also help future researchers as their references, they

can benefit from future research. This study will be a good source of accurate

and useful information for future researchers.

Delimitations and Limitations of Study

This study is conducted exclusively for two (2) registered rice farmers

with five years above of experience in Purok Malinawon, Poblacion, Lupon,

Davao Oriental. The researchers will be conducting a study that will focus on

rice deflation in the new normal state. This study will not go beyond

agriculture and will only focus on how they handle their experiences and

insights during the pandemic.

The delimitation of this study will set to gather information on the

encounters of the rice farmers by this pandemic. Besides, this study tends to

explore and attain more understanding in a way of using the purposive

sampling technique, in which the elements selected for the sample are

chosen by the judgment of the researchers (Saunders, 2012). We are not only
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documenting the difficulties and challenges however we also want to

accumulate data to refer to our curiosity.

Definition of Terms

Agriculture – is the science and art of cultivating plants, livestock and the key

to development in the rise of sedentary human civilization.

COVID-19 – According to World Health Organization, COVID-19 is a disease

caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for virus,

and 'D' for the disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel

coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.'

Farmers – a person who owns or maintains a farm.

Lupon, Davao Oriental – where the study will take place.

New Normal- is the state to which the economy, society, etc. settles in the

aftermath of a crisis when this differs from the pre-crisis situation.

Palay – Filipino term for rice that has not been husked.

Pandemic – An epidemic that occurs worldwide, a disease that spreads

across the country or around the world, an outbreak of a pandemic.

Price Crisis – changes in the price of products and goods when the demand

rises in times of crisis.

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Review of Related Literature

This section presents the related literature and studies after the

thorough and in-depth investigation done by the researchers, related studies

about the experiences of rice farmers in the prevailing rice price crisis in the

new normal.

Rice Farmers

Agriculture has always been a vital part of the Philippine nation and

culture. For decades, the country has been known to be one of the best when

it came to the agricultural industry and we have been thriving from it (Yap,

2019). A systematic view of why the price of wet unmilled rice, or palay, had

dived to P11 to P13 per kilo, and impoverishing level, could be attributed

mainly to the National Food Authority’s (NFA) remaining task of “buying palay

only for buffer stock.” ( Mendoza, 2020).

Generally, a smallholder farmer is viewed as a person involved in

farming a small piece of land, cultivating food crops, sometimes with small

varieties of cash crops(Nyambo, Luhanga & Yonah, 2019). Therefore,

focusing on rice farmers, (Moya 2015) found that the average age of Filipino

rice farmers was 46 years old in 1966, increasing to 59 years in 2012. These

findings, however, were limited only to Central Luzon rice farmers as their

study was based on the Central Luzon loop survey of the International Rice

Research Institute (IRRI) from 1966–2012 (Palis, 2020).

Rice is providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed

worldwide by humans (Roy, 2020). Smallholder farmers in developing

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countries are often trapped in a vicious cycle of low-intensity, subsistence-

oriented farming, low yields, and insufficient profits to make beneficial

investments(Meemken & Bellemare 2019). The Comprehensive Agrarian

Reform Program (CARP) of 1988, which essentially redistributes land to

landless farmers, has implications for land ownership and farm productivity.

Rice Price Crisis

As mentioned by Pandey in the year 2010, the low and steady price of

rice has also led to poverty reduction, directly by increasing rice farmers'

incomes and indirectly by increasing poor consumers' real incomes. Global

attention, each country’s attention, and people’s attention to the food crisis

have been distorted by the rapid rise in food grain prices in the first half of

2008 (Rosegrant & Sulser, 2010). The factors that have led to the rapid

increase in the price of rice and analyses the effect on poverty of the price

increase, scenario analysis of rice prices was carried out by predicting long-

term demand, rice supply and since the demand for rice increases, as the

population grows (Pandey & Bhandari, 2010)

There have a lot of impacts, challenges, and effects on the

sustainability of global agricultural-food markets since an outbreak of the

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has rapidly spread all over the

world (Jámbo & Czine, 2020). The results indicate that pandemic effects

associated with agriculture can supply, demand, labor, food security, food

protection, trade, and other effects should be grouped (Czine & Balogh,

2020). The global pandemic has affected agriculture in many ways such as

food supply, high food prices, and food production (Jámbo & Balogh, 2020).
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COVID-19 risks to global food security As the COVID-19 pandemic

progresses, trade-offs have emerged between the need to contain the virus

and to avoid disastrous economic and food security crises that hurt the world's

poor and hungry most which Laborde mentioned, in the year 2020, there is no

major food shortages have emerged as yet, agricultural and food markets are

facing disruptions. Labor shortages are created by restrictions on movements

of people, shifts in food demand resulting from closures of restaurants, tourist

spots, malls, and schools as well as income losses (Martin & Swinnen, 2020).

Export restrictions imposed by some countries have disrupted trade flows for

staple foods such as wheat and rice. However, COVID-19 threatens access to

food mainly through losses of income, beneficiaries, and assets that prejudice

the ability to buy food (Vos, 2020).

New Normal

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic makes an unprecedented shift

in our way of life and this unprecedented shift is what we called the new

normal (Cornain, 2020). Given the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries

across the World have adopted several public health measures intended to

prevent its spread, including social distancing (Fong, Gao, Wong, Xiao, Shiu,

Ryu, & Cowling, 2020). As part of social distancing, businesses, schools,

community centers, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been

required to close down, mass gatherings have been prohibited, and lockdown

measures have been imposed (Brodeur, Gray, Islam, & Bhuiyan, 2020).

The spread of COVID-19 is expected to result in a considerable

slowdown in economic activities (Brodeur et al, 2020). Through new normal

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everything has changed and the containment of the virus through quarantines

and lockdowns has caused major disruptions in economic activities (TESDA,

2020). New normal affects the price changes, demand shocks and problems

with supply chains contributed to increased volatility in import, export,

producer, and consumer prices (Mead, Ransom, Reed, & Sager, 2020). Rice

farmers are dealing with one of the worst droughts in recent history, and now

they also face substantial challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic

(Fox, Promkhambut, & Yokying, 2020). Covid-19 has affected rice farming in

many ways including the security of land tenure and access to credit, capital

inputs, remittance income, and safe food and water, during this time farmers

are struggling and we must assist them (Fox et al, 2020).

Theoretical Lens

A clear perspective for analyzing a topic is given by a theoretical lens

(Brystrom, 2010). This defines the theory that explains why the study problem

exists (Narmancoiglu, 2010). The use of a specific array (Chen, 2016) of

questions to be asked and a special viewpoint to use in analyzing themes can

allow us to better examine past activities.

The Theory of Change

The theory of change for smallholder farmer supports by Chamberlain

(2019), it aims to specifically integrate small-scale farmers in commercial

value chains. It leans on the thinking that by providing smallholder farmers

with the right set of inputs, they can grow their agricultural activities, resulting

in higher incomes, rural employment, and more sustainable farmer practices

(Seibrecht, 2019). Smallholder farmers are looking for ways to improve their
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livelihoods through their agricultural activities and this can be achieved via

several avenues (Chamberlain, 2019).

Farmers are adapting to the changes that are happening in our global

economy right now. They are struggling with the impact of the Covid-19

pandemic that affects mostly in their lives. Most farmers are experiencing

financial problems due to the low farm commodities that affect their income for

not covering its expenses. During difficult times, farmers are never alone.

Many people, for example, are willing to help or to listen. The theory of

change might be the solution for the problems of the farmers because it

provides support that provides insight into the structure and dynamics in

which the smallholder farmers operate. The theory of change aims to provide

a practical guideline for the financer and another stakeholder to engage in

successful and sustainable partnerships with smallholder farmers. It provides

details on the processes, pitfalls, and critical factors that apply to all initiatives

that aim to engage smallholder farmers in the commercial value of chains.

The Shackle Theory of Potential Surprise and Focus Outcome

This theory affirms that in making a decision, Shackle postulates that

the decision-maker considers each possible outcome about its potential

surprise, sighting for each act what he terms a focus gain-focus loss pair of

outcomes (Zappia, 2014). Farmers make decisions in an uncertain

environment (Dillon & Heady 2010). During difficult financial times, farmers

must focus on what they can control (Halbach, 2018). Prices for virtually all

farm commodities are low and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future

(Scheidner, 2018).
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Overcoming unforeseen hurdles is a workaround, but the pandemic is

bringing several new challenges to the growing food people depend on.

These farmers often have little savings to sustain and protect their families

and now can no longer farm as they used to, nor sell their crops at local

markets, as a result of the – sometimes aggressively enforced – lockdowns.

Using The Shackle Theory of Potential Surprise and Focus Outcome, rice

farmers will become successful because they won’t panic. With the help of

this theory, the development and application of useful decision models could

be of extreme importance to farming because individual farmers typically

make their own decisions without the aid of a staff of assistants and with the

full financial burden of outcomes falling upon themselves.

Agricultural Price Theory

This theory focuses on the price as a vital aspect in agriculture and the

fate of the farmers, especially in developing countries (Dastagiri & Bhavigna,

2019). The declining prices trouble agricultural farmers because it affects their

affordability, farm returns, and labor demand in agriculture (Tran & Nguyen,

2011). The agricultural price policy is a vital instrument to encourage farmers

for it affects their income and consumption (Rashid & Jayne, 2010). Kateryna

(2018) stated that great loss comes from ineffective methods and theoretical

pricing processes that begets the miscalculation of pricing in agribusiness.

Agricultural prices affect a lot of sectors in the economy, it is a complex

but important case. The agricultural sector is one of the sectors affected by

the pandemic – COVID 19 – and farmers have directly affected specifically

small farmers because of the low income. The demand for food has
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decreased due to reduced capability of spending capacity because of job loss

and low income.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Methodology provides the information by which a study's validity is

judged. It has specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,

process, and analyze information about a topic. Research design, data

sources, data collection and analysis, the trustworthiness of the study, the role

of researchers, and ethical considerations are the main components of this

section of the study.

Research Design

Since the main purpose of our study is to determine the life

experiences of rice farmers in the rice price crisis in the new normal, the study

will use qualitative research to seek or to gain access to the thoughts and

feelings of research participants, which can enable the development of an

understanding of the meaning that people ascribe to their own experiences

(Sutton & Austin, 2015). Qualitative research is, ‘‘the systematic collection and

interpretation of textual material derived from talk or conversation

(Grossoehme, 2014). In addition, qualitative research provides a great impact

on data collection, analysis, and the interpretation of results (Vibha, Bijayini, &
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Sanjay, 2013). Qualitative research methods can provide deep insights, and

therefore provide the researchers with a better understanding of the

researched topic (Jost, 2016).

Furthermore, the researchers in this study will use the narrative

approach. The narrative approach offers rich insights into lived experiences

rather than focusing on constructs, opinions, or abstractions (Carless &

Douglas, 2017). This method allows the researchers to learn from each

participant’s position as an expert on her/his own life and to explore the

perspectives, understandings, and feelings of the participant through

dialogical interaction (Carless, 2017). More so, gaining information from the

participant’s own experience promotes validity and reliability that qualitative

researchers can employ to provide evidence their data is valid and reliable

(Butina, 2015).

Participants of the Study

As stated by Creswell (2013), a narrative approach is the study of

experiences as expressed in lived and told stories of individuals and narrative

researchers’ collects documents, group conversation about the lived

experiences of one or two individuals. There will be two licensed Department

of Agriculture male rice farmers in this study nevertheless of their status,

either laborer or land owner. This study enables us to understand and analyze

their experiences in the prevailing rice price crisis in the new normal.

Purposive sampling will be the method that the researchers will utilize

in selecting their participants. Purposive sampling enables researchers to

squeeze a lot of information out of the data that they have collected (Zhi,
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2014). It is typically used in qualitative research to identify and select the

information-rich cases for the most proper utilization of available resources

(Patton,2011).

Data Sources

As stated by Showkat (2017), In-depth interviews are one of the most

efficient methods of collecting primary data. An in-depth interview also known

as one-on-one is a method of extracting more detailed information or a deep

understanding of a subject or concept (Kvale, 2013). It is used to explore

concepts for further investigation and descriptive analysis (Lofland, 2015).

The researchers will be using an in-depth interview (IDI). Two

registered rice farmers from Purok Malinawon, Poblacion, Lupon, Davao

Oriental with five years above of experience who are working as farmers will

be chosen; some work as a laborer and some have farms that they currently

manage.

Moreover, a questionnaire is provided first before they will answer the

question. In essence, in−depth interviews involve not only asking questions

but the systematic recording and documenting of responses coupled with

intense probing for deeper meaning and understanding of the responses. The

questions will be encircling in the participant's lived encounters on how he

deals with the event and his perceptions with regards to it.

Data Collection

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information

on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one

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to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate

outcomes (Kabir, 2016).

The question to be asked by the researchers will be validated by their

Practical Research 1 Teacher, Ms. Femie C. Goles to guarantee the words

and content must be befitting to the participants who are willing to be

interviewed.

Furthermore, we researchers will ask for permission from the

participants if they are willing to be interviewed physically or virtually. We

researchers assure that the identity of the participants will be hidden,

therefore, substitute for an alias for the reference manners. Researches will

make sure that the participants to be interviewed will be given a significant

comfortable interview to avoid pressure.

One of the researchers will record the interviews and discussion

through a smartphone that will take hours of interviews depending on the

length of answers from the participants.

Data Analysis

Data analysis is a method that may help discuss the qualitative

proposal and may also help indicate the various forms of qualitative research

(Creswell, 2014). By this, we mean that data analysis involves goals;

relationships; decision making; and ideas, in addition to working with the

actual data itself (Richmond, 2010).

In analyzing the data, three of the researchers will find and gather

information, while the other three researchers will transcribe the gathered
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data. Furthermore, the last two researchers will read and review the

transcribed data to get the main point of each of them.

After transcribing, the next step is coding. Coding is one of the

fundamental processes in which the researchers change the data to make

something new and meaningful text (Creswell, 2015). In addition, coding is a

process that goes to the undocumented upright people (Richards, Miles,

Huberman & Saldaña, 2014).

Following coding is thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is a method of

analyzing qualitative data (Caufield, 2019). Thematic analysis can help the

researchers by analyzing the text, and identify the different patterns and

themes (Braun & Clarke, 2013). The significance of the thematic analysis

builds a strong tool because it examines the different meanings of patterns

and themes (Braun, 2013).

Trustworthiness of the Study

Trustworthiness was described for the main qualitative content analysis

phases from data collection to reporting of the results (Elo, Kati, & Kyngäs

2014.) The researchers applied the four Lincoln and Guba's principles of

trustworthiness to ensure the rigor of the study, namely; credibility,

dependability, transferability, and confirmability.

One of the key criteria addressed by positivist researchers is that of

internal validity, in which they seek to ensure that their study measures or

tests what is intended (Shenton, 2010). The credibility of the study, or the

confidence in the truth of the study and therefore the findings, is the most
 22

important criterion (Polit & Beck, 2014). It is the equivalent of internal validity

in quantitative research and is concerned with the aspect of truth-value.

Transferability refers to the degree to which the results of the study

can be generalized or transferred to other contexts or settings (Kirk & Miller,

2020). Your responsibility as a researcher is to provide a ‘thick description’ of

the participants and the research process, to enable the reader to assess

whether your findings are transferable to their setting; this is the so-called

transferability judgment. (Korstjens & Moser, 2018). In this study, the research

is built with specific details of the situation gathered by the researchers and

compares them to a similar situation that they are more familiar with.

Dependability involves participants’ evaluation of the findings,

interpretation, and recommendations of the study such that all are supported

by the data as received from participants of the study (Korstjens & Moser,

2017). Dependability asks what are the shared or common construct by which

we assess research accounts (Dourish, 2010). Other researchers could

replicate the study and the results would be consistent.

The concept of confirmability is the qualitative investigator’s

comparable concern to objectivity (Miles & Huberman, 2011). The findings

must reflect the participants’ voice and conditions of the inquiry, and not the

researcher’s biases, motivations, or perspectives ( Polit & Beck, 2012)  Here

steps must be taken to help ensure as far as possible that the work’s findings

are the result of the experiences and ideas of the informants rather than the

characteristics and preferences of the researcher.

Role of the Researchers

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The role of the researchers in qualitative research is to attempt to

access the thoughts and feelings of study participants, as the researchers

collect the data (Collins, 2014). Researchers are responsible to safeguard

participants and their data.

The researchers will be responsible for discussing the goals and

intentions of this study, which will guide the participants. The participants will

receive a consent form which will indicate if they agree to answer the

questions or not. Also, after receiving it, the participants which are the rice

framers will recognize the aim of this study which certainly can be beneficial to

them.

Each one of the researchers will work as a coordinator during the

interview, question the participants, and record their answers that will take

place during the discussion. One of the researchers will direct the participants

in replying to the questions and making beyond any doubt that he will be

comfortable in replying to the questions. Besides, researchers will be careful

and set aside biased judgments, and create impartial discernments on the

encounters of the member after gathering the information from the

participants.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations in research are necessary guidelines that help

differentiate right from wrong and make the best out of each research to

prevent undue suffering, ethical considerations in animal studies are important

(Resnik, 2015). The consideration of ethical issues is crucial throughout all

stages of a qualitative study to keep the balance between the potential risks of
 24

research and the likely benefits of the research (Aritin, 2018). Research ethics

is typically presented as the protection techniques designed by researchers to

ensure that all research populations or participants, regardless of literacy

status or cognitive competence, can participate fully without experiencing

harm or persecution (DePoy & Gitlin, 2019).

Beneficence and Non-maleficence. Beneficence states that

the research must be something that will be helpful to people while Non-

maleficence requires that the research not purposely cause harm (Baron,

2018). The two aspects of beneficence require that what is being researched

and how the research is being conducted are both beneficial. Research

should be worthwhile and provide value that outweighs any risk or harm. 

 Fidelity and Responsibility. Fidelity is the principle concerned with

building trusting relationships between researchers and research participants

(Geilling, 2015). During the interview, the researchers will utilize questions

that were accurately applied. Also, the researchers have moved the member

to exhibit great initiative, trustworthiness, and custom.

Integrity. Integrity is honesty and probity within the conduct of

qualitative research, and it underpins ethical practice in all of the activities that

comprise data collection and analysis (Given, 2010). It is the main rule of the

interview and subject to trustworthiness since it requests honesty and

genuineness. The information that was gotten was finished and exact, and

there were no alterations to the subtleties by any means.

Justice. This principle requires that researchers are always fair to the

participants in their research and that the needs of research participants

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should always come before the objectives of the study (Gelling, 2015).  A core

principle of justice concerning research is equal treatment. Researchers need

to give careful consideration to the overall societal impact of their research,

both in the selection of participants and in the benefits and burdens resulting

from them.

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity. All research participants

must participate voluntarily, free from any coercion or undue influence, and

their rights, dignity, and autonomy must be respected and properly protected.

An autonomous person is capable of deliberating on personal objectives and

acting under the guidance of such deliberation. Respect for autonomy means

giving weight to the opinions and choices of the self-employed while refraining

from obstructing their actions unless they are detrimental to others.

More so, the research will ensure the participant’s personal information

under the Philippine Constitution Republic Act no. 10173 “Data Privacy Act of

2012” It is the policy of the State to protect the fundamental human right of

privacy, of communication while ensuring a free flow of information to promote

innovation and growth. Researchers will have the confirmation of giving

privacy and insurance in respect of member's information by encoding

delicate records, actually getting gadgets and reports, and overseeing.

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References

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