The Great Plebeian College

College of Teacher Education

Alaminos City, Pangasinan
A.Y. 2021 - 2022

Science, Technology, and Society

MODULE 4
INSTRUCTOR: Patrick Dave R. Consay
GMAIL: [email protected]
FACEBOOK: Patrick Consay GPC
Gen Ed. 7 Science, Technology, and Society || MODULE 4

Instruction:

1. Read effectively, follow directions, and answer the provided activities.

2. For queries, visit your group chat or send a private message.
3. Do not procrastinate, pass this module on the scheduled date.
4. Join our online classes. Participate and be active.

Overview:

Scientific researchers have developed new technological tools that greatly

improve different aspects of our lives. The use of nanoscale is one important
interdisciplinary area generated by advancement in science and technology.
Scientist and engineers were able to build materials with innovative properties as
they manipulate nanomaterials. Indeed, research and application of knowledge
on nanomaterials will continue to bring widespread implications in various areas
of the society, especially health care, environment, energy, food, water, and
agriculture.
Medical science has detected many human diseases related to defective
genes. These types of diseases are not curable by traditional methods like taking
readily available medicines. Gene therapy is a potential method to either treat or
cure genetic-related human diseases.
Climate change is a major environmental threat and likely one of the most
important challenges of our time. In particular, climate extremes –such as heat
waves– can have a significant negative effect on society. Yet, many impacts of
climate change are poorly understood and binding international climate change
agreements are notoriously hard to reach.

Key Words:

Nano World - the world at a microscopic level, as dealt with by nanotechnology.

Gene therapy - is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, student can:

 define nanotechnology;
 characterize nanoscale;
 describe the various uses of nanotechnology;
 discuss concerns on the use of nanotechnology
 explain the status of the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines;
 describe gene therapy and its various forms;
 assess the issue’s potential benefits and detriments to global health;
 identify the causes of climate change;
 understand the effects of climate change on the society; and
 illustrate how the community helps in mitigating the hazards caused by
climate change.
Table of Contents:

CHAPTER III || Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society

DISCUSSION 1: The Nano World
DISCUSSION 2: The Aspects of Gene Therapy
DISCUSSION 3: Climate Chang

DISCUSSION 1 || The Nano World

ACTIVITY 1: Activating Prior Knowledge

Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the

realm of science, try answering these questions:

 Can you think of fields where size or weight of materials or

products is important?

 Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?

 Can you think of situations were scientist have to make

assumptions because they couldn’t see what they were
studying?

 Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how

natural elements are designed and created?
Presentation of Contents

“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary

technology
introduced inthe modern world…”-D. Allan Bromley

Figure 10.4 Timeline of Technological Advancements

Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures

between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. These include
the design, characterization, production and application of
structures, devices and controlling shape and size on a nanometer
scale. (Royal Society, 2004). It is just like studying eight hundred
100 nanometer particles side by side to match the width of a human
hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales. This
includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of atoms
which is approximately 0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is
approximately 7, 000nm wide and a water molecule is almost 0.3
nm across. (K. Ban et.al, 2011.)

Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for

centuries and the field flourished with the development of
microscopes capable of displaying particles called nanomaterial. A
nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension on the
nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm); material can be in one dimension
(very thin surface coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions
(nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all three dimensions
(nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro).
(Nanoyou, 2011). Nanomaterials are of two types. Inorganic
nanomaterial which includes gold nano clusters, fullerenes and
carbon nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials on the other hand are
made up of carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists
employ self-organization using the molecules that can be assembled
house in an environment suitable for physical and chemical
assembly. This type of nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial
layers of skin, liver tissues and other organs. (Lohith, 2014).

As shown on Figure 10.5, the term “nano” is equivalent to

one billionth of a meter (10-9) hence it expresses a very tiny amount
or size. In nanotechnology, you will be able to manipulate matter
in atomic or subatomic scale. Some of the uses of nanotechnology
Photo include the production of microprocessors and strain-
resistant fabrics.

Figure 10.4: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More

The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use

of different equipment like electron microscope, atomic force
microscope, and scanning tunneling microscope. Electron
microscope was built by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s.
There are two general types of electron microscopes namely
scanning electron microscope and transmission electron
microscope. The former directs a high voltage electron beam towards
the specimen to illuminate it and create a magnified image of the
sample while the latter directs a focused electron beam across the
rectangular area of the specimen, which loses energy as it passes
through. The resolution of scanning electron microscopes tends to
be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron
microscope. Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig,
Calvin Quate and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of
mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a
material. Scanning Tunneling microscope enables scientists to view
and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules.
This invention gave a Nobel Prize Awards in Physics to their
inventors, Gerd Binigand Rohrer. (Javier.et.al, 2018).

Numerous innovations in development as well as those

under investigations are now the focus of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology impacts many industries like transportation,
environment, energy, electronics, manufacturing, agriculture and
pharmaceuticals. In the field of health care, nanotechnologists
work on chemical and biological sensors, drugs and delivery
devices, prosthetics and biosensors. They have created the
quantum dots that glow in UV light to locate as few as 10 to 100
cancer cells. They are also trying to grow laboratory tissues to
repair heart tissue or even replace them. In technology, they are
looking for solutions for a better data storage and computation (e.g.
a DVD that could hold a million movies) while in environment,
nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean energy
and clean air (Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000).

In the Philippines, PCAS TRD-DOST ha funded most of the

nanotech projects which includes ICT and semiconductors, Health
and biomedical, energy, environment, agriculture and food, health
and environmental risk nano-metrology and education and public
awareness. (Serafica, 2018).

Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized

objects are very delicate. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects
during manufacturing thus development requires very clean
environments making only a few, out of many produced, are perfect.
Aside from manufacturing issues, there are also potential risks of
nanotechnology in health and environment. Nanoparticles can be
swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or deliberately
injected. If this happens, inflammation can be triggered and weaken
the immune system. Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil,
water
and plants (www.trnmage, 2004).

ACTIVITY 2: Application

Be Informed!

Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in

Nanotechnology” by George Tule ski, TED Talks. Here’s a link
for a faster access.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www
.youtube
.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0.

Answer the following question:

1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology

offer?

2. Why do you think few scientists works

on nanotechnology?
 3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve
environmental problems?

4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big

role in the repair of cells, cure diseases and even delay
aging, if this happens, what would this mean to our
society?

ACTIVIITY 3: Feedback

Think of a product or output that is made up of nanomaterial that

has an impact in various aspects (health, environment, economy
etc.) that you want to create.
DISCUSSION 2 | | The Aspects of Gene Therapy

Activating Prior Knowledge

ACTIVITY 4: W-O-R-D-U-P

Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to gene therapy.
You may use the statements that follow as your clues to identify the
words. Write your answer on the space provided after each
statement.

E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C W M
C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E
G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N
V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I
V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O
J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T
B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A
O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I
L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M
P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P

1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after

the age of 45. ________________
2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal
hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood
cells).
______________________
3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant
DNA
from one cell to another. _________________
4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of
an organism, virus or extrachromosomal DNA.
____________________
5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and
that controls the development of one or more traits.
______________
 6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any
changes made to the DNA will be passed on to the next
generation.
_________________
7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It
specifically targets cells in the body which are not passed on
to
the person’s children. ___________________

Presentation of Contents

Gene therapy has become an increasingly important topic in

science-related news. The aim of gene therapy is the successful
integration of corrected, therapeutic DNA into the genomes of
cells to alter gene expression and, in turn, protein synthesis to
correct genetic diseases.

Two Types of Gene Therapy

Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good"

gene into targeted cells to treat the patient — but not the patient's future
children because these genes do not get passed along to offspring.
Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective
genes into reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the
objective of creating a beneficial genetic change that is transmitted
to the offspring.

Vectors for Gene Delivery

Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital,

as the targeted tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes.
Gene therapy can be carried out using naked DNA delivered directly
Vectors for Gene Delivery.
(Source: www.biologydiscussion.com
)

Fig: 11.1 Structure of Adenovirus

Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining

of your eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and
nervous system. They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore
throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.

Source: www.andrew.cmu.edu

Fig: 11.2 Structure of Retrovirus

Retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome

into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the
genome of that cell.
 Source: http://m.wikipedia.org
Fig. 11.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a n on-enveloped virus that

can be engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, and has
attracted a significant amount of attention in the field,
especially in clinical-stage experimental therapeutic strategies.

(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 11.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex

Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes called
fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of
genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected person may
have sores around the genitals or rectum.
Source: library.open.oregonstate.edu

Fig. 11.5 Structure of Naked DNA

Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins,

lipids, or any other molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the
result of release of genetic information into the surrounding
environment, such as from bursting cells.

Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy

The first death associated with gene therapy occurred on

September 18, 1999, at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse
Gelsinger was participating in a clinical trial, a biomedical
experiment for evaluation of safety and efficiency of a therapy for a
disease. Gelsinger, who was 18 years old at the time of the
treatment, had a deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylase, an
important enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this
rare metabolic disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a
series of medicines to avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream.
The gene therapy Gelsinger took triggered a chain reaction in his
immune system, resulting in hepatic and respiratory failure, and
consequently, his death four days after being treated.

Effects on the Environment

Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be

enormous, there are many questions raised that needs to be
answered. New organisms created by genetic engineering could
present an ecological problem. One cannot predict the changes
that a genetically engineered species would make on the
environment. The release of a new genetically engineered species
would also have the possibility of causing an imbalance in the
ecology of a region just exotic species would do. An accident or an
unknown result could cause several problems. An accident in
engineering the genetics of a virus or bacteria for example could
result in a stronger type, which could cause a serious epidemic
when released. This could be fatal in human genetic engineering
creating problems ranging from minor medical problems, to death.

Effects on Human

Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral

vector that carries functional gene inside the human body; the
repercussion are still unknown. There are no clues as to where
functional genes are being placed. They may even replace the
important genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this may lead to
another health condition or disease to human. Also, as defective
genes are replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that
there will be a reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings
will have identical genomes, the population as a whole will be
susceptible to virus or any form of diseases.

Antibiotic Resistance

Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance

as "selectable markers." Early in the engineering process, these
markers help identify cells that have taken up foreign genes.
Although they have no further use, the genes continue to be
expressed in plant tissues. Most genetically engineered plant foods
carry fully functioning antibiotic-resistance genes.

The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could

have lethal effects. Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the
effectiveness of antibiotics to fight disease when these antibiotics are
taken with meals. More so, the resistance genes could be transferred
to human or animal pathogens, making them impervious to
antibiotics. If transfer were to occur, it could aggravate the already
serious health problem of antibiotic resistant disease organisms

Ethical and Social Issues

"Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic

engineering. Several issues have also been raised as regards the
acceptance of this technology. These concerns range from ethical
issues to lack of knowledge on the effects genetic engineering may
have. One major concern is that once an altered gene is placed in
an organism, the process cannot be reversed. The
 production of medicines through the use of genetically altered
organisms might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause
worldwide epidemics.

ACTIVITY 5: Application

Answer the following questions.

1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease, are you
willing to undergo gene therapy? Why?
 Activity 6: GENETIC DISORDERS
Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic
disorders.

Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features

ACTIVITY 7: Pros and Cons

Give the good and bad effects of gene therapy to health and to the
society.

Pros Cons

Human Health

Society
 Feedback

ACTIVITY 8: Guide Questions:

1. What was the respondent think about gene therapy?

2. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should

or should not approve gene therapy treatments for use in
the Philippines?

3. Do you think the government should or should not fund

scientific researches on changing the genes of unborn
babies that aims to improve their characteristics such as
intelligence or physical traits such as athletic ability or
appearance?
DISCUSSION 3 || Climate Change

ACTIVITY 9: Activating Prior Learning

You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some

social platforms as a hot issue and advocacy that calls for biological,
economical, sociological, and political concerns. Below is a concept
map, with the word climate change at the center, write something
out of what you know and understand about this issue.

Climate
Change
 Presentation of Contents

“There is no question that climate change is happe

ning; the only
arguable point is what part humans are playing in it.
”
- David
Attenborough

Climate Change

Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the

climate system that persists for several decades or longer.
Climate change may be due to
natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation,
volcanoes
or internal
variability in the climate system, or due to human influences such
as changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.

Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities,

especially emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil
fuel combustion, deforestation, and land-use change, are primarily
responsible for the climate changes observed in the industrial era,
especially over the last six decades. The atmospheric concentration
of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to human-caused
warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era. This
change has intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an
increase in global surface temperatures and other widespread
changes in Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in the history.

Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following

phenomena that ultimately leads to climate change.
 Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is a natural

process that warms the Earth’s
surface. When the Sun’s energy
reaches the Earth’s atmosphere,
some of it is
reflected back to space and the rest
is absorbed and re-radiated by
greenhouse gases. This blanket of
greenhouse gases
serves as the Earth’s insulator, of which
without it, ours will be a called dead planet.
Figure12.1. Trapping of heat
by the Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases include water
vapour, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, ozone and some
artificial chemicals such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Carbon
dioxide and methane in particular,
trap the heat radiated by the sun.

The problem we now face is that human activities are

increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases. From NASA’s observation,
the increase and too much concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause
Earth's atmosphere to trap more and more heat that warms up the planet
leading to a phenomenon called
global warming.

Global Warming

Global warming is the

term used to describe a
gradual increase in the
average temperature of
the Earth's atmosphere
and its oceans, a
change that is believed
to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.
Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Figure12.2. The rise in global temperature

The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other

greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, land
clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be
the primary sources of the global warming that has occurred over
the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate carrying out global warming research have recently
predicted that average global temperatures could increase between
1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100.

Changes resulting from global warming may include rising

sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an
increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe
weather events
– all of which are signs of a changing climactic patterns.

Impacts of Climate Change on Society

Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center -

Montree Hanlue/Shutterstock.com. Figure12.3.
Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: From left to right:
Forest Fire, Drought, Typhoon

According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the

aspects of climate change are having increasingly complex and
important impacts on all the nations’ economy and quality of life.
Impacts related to climate change are evident across regions and in
many sectors important to society—such as human health,
agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation, energy,
ecosystems, and others—and are expected to become increasingly
disruptive throughout this century and beyond.

Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through

more extreme weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality,
and diseases transmitted by insects, food, and water. Climate
disruptions to agriculture have been increasing and are projected to
become more severe over this century, a trend that would diminish
the security of the world’s food supply. Surface and groundwater
supplies in some regions are already stressed, and water quality is
diminishing in many areas, in part due to increasing sediment and
contaminant concentrations after heavy downpours.

In some regions, prolonged periods of high temperatures

associated with droughts contribute to conditions that lead to
larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. For coastal communities,
sea level rise, combined with coastal storms, has increased the risk
of erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding. Extreme heat, sea
level rise, and heavy downpours are affecting infrastructure like
roads, rail lines, airports, and all other infrastructures.

The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and

wetlands to buffer the impacts of extreme events like fires, floods,
and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising temperature
and changing chemistry of ocean. Water is combining with other
stresses, such as overfishing and pollution, alter marine-based
food production and harm fishing communities.

Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for

specific sectors or regions. For example, current benefits of
warming include longer growing seasons and longer ice – free
period for agriculture.

Application

After learning about climate change, what natural processes

and human activities causes it and the possible consequences
brought about this phenomenon, the question that comes next is,
as a concerned citizen and a student, what can you do about it?
What ways can you think of to mitigate the hazards caused by
climate change?

And so here are some amazing activities prepared for you. Have fun!

ACTIVITY 10: Feedback

Congratulations for making this far. Now,

let’s test your understanding of our topic on climate change.

Answer the following questions and follow the procedure on each

item.
1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is
released through human activities such as deforestation and
burning of fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as
respiration and volcanic eruption.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the last letter of your answer and put in it box # 1)

2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed

largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 3rd letter of your answer and put in it box # 10)

3. It is a critical solution to climate change, by renewing the

forest cover that will absorb and reduce the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 8th letter of your answer and put in it box # 4)

4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source

of emission of carbon dioxide. These natural fuels were
formed from the remains of living organisms million years
ago. The
name given to natural fuel is ___.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put in it box # 11)

5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s

atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat making the Earth much
warmer.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy
the 6th letter of your answer and put in it box # 5)

6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the

Earth’s climate system, generally attributed to greenhouse
effect.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 7th letter of your answer and put in it box # 6)
 7. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the
land available for other uses, which consequently add more
atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of large – scale
removal of trees that will absorb this harmful gas.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put in it box # 8 and
12)

8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert,

typically as a result of drought or deforestation, and leading
to shortage of food supply.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 11th letter of your answer and put in it box # 7)

9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period

of time.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put in it box # 2)

10.This is a disaster of below – average precipitation, resulting

in prolonged shortages in water supply that could cause
reduced crop yield, and potentially loss of harvest and or of
livestock.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put in it box # 3 and 9)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12

You did a great job!

 For Activity 1,2,5,7,9

SCORING RUBRIC
Criteria Points

Clarity of Idea 3

Organization 2

Total 5 pts. each question

For Activity 3 SCORING RUBRIC

Criteria Points

Clarity of Idea 6

Organization 2

Timeliness 2

Total 10 pts. each question

Summary

The last module of Science, Technology and Society

discussed the special topics that would allow you to reflect on the
role of science and technology not only in the community where
you are living but to the whole world.

The advent of information age has played a big role in

cascading vital information to the society. With the advance
technological devices like computers, laptops, cellular phones,
personal digital assistants, servers, mainframes and internet that
lets us access social media and online resources, and even
microchips and other high technologies, the life that we are living
today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives
we have. From communicating through simple ways like papyrus,
letter writing etc., we have shifted to calling through mobile phones,
sending files through email, chatting with our love ones through
video calls, etc. Highly modernized, automated, data-driven and
technologically advanced-these is how we describe our society
nowadays. This era of our life offers us a lot for the development of
noble researchers but it also entails responsible use. You must learn
how to check the reliability of the sources you are accessing before
dissemination for those information poses both positive and negative
impacts. You must always consider that the information you share
could be of
great help to our lives and others.

Advances in science and technology have also affected our

biodiversity. Some efforts have been made by the government to
conserve all species. Threats like habitat loss and destruction,
alterations in ecosystem composition, over-exploitation, pollution,
contamination, and global climate change has cause drastic
decrease in the population of species all over the world. The decrease
has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional, health and
biological problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers to
have a better environment.

Scientist has made advances in technology through the field

of nanotechnology. Through this, products can be manufactures to
help improve health, environment, food, water, and agriculture.
Though this field promises a lot, you must take into account the
social, ethical, and environmental concerns of using such.

Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene

therapy is a method that may treat or cure genetic related human
illness. As this science flourish, many ethical issues were raised.
Thus, as a future researcher, you must be able to distinguish what
is vital if you wished to venture in the field of nanotechnology.

Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must

face. Several factors like natural processes and persistent human
activities have statistically increased the percentage of climate
change for a period of time. The continuous climate change has
affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of the earth.

References

Lohith, M. (2014) Nanotechnology. https//www.researchgate.net

Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness:

What will make us happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017

Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_s
che me_handles_defec
ts_Brief_090804.html

Nanooyou, (2011). Nanotechnology for Youth.http//nanoyou.eu

Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_sc
he me_handles_defec
ts_Brief_090804.html
R. Benefits et al., "Atomic scale memory at a silicon surface"
Nanotechnology 13, 499 (2002)

Report Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and

Uncertainties. The Royal Society, 16-17 (2004).

Science, Technology and Society, (2018) Janice Patria Javier

Serafica et al. Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to
Happiness: What will make us happy now? Accessed February 3,
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UnderstandingNanotechnology. www.understanding
nano.com/introduction.html

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Image: Codex - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from

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