Selenium Interview Q & A

Selenium Java Interview
Questions And Answers – Part 1

1) What is Selenium Webdriver?
Selenium WebDriver is a browser automation framework that accepts
commands and sends them to a browser. It is implemented through a
browser-specific driver. It directly communicates with the browser and
controls it. Selenium WebDriver supports various programming languages like
– Java, C#, PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby. and Javascript.
2) What is Selenium Grid and when do we go for it?

Selenium Grid is used to run tests on different machines against different
browsers in parallel. We use Selenium Grid in the following scenarios:
– Execute your test on different operating systems
-Execute your tests on different versions of same browser
-Execute your tests on multiple browsers
-Execute your tests in parallel and multiple threads
3) What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?

Below are the benefits of Selenium Grid:
– Selenium Grid gives the flexibility to distribute your test cases for execution.
-Reduces batch processing time.
-Can perform multi-browser testing.

-Can perform multi-OS testing.
4) What is a Hub in Selenium Grid?

Hub is the central point to the entire GRID Architecture which receives all
requests. There is only one hub in the selenium grid. Hub distributes the test
cases across each node.
5) What is a Node in Selenium Grid?

– Node is a remote device that consists of a native OS and a remote
WebDriver. It receives requests from the hub in the form of JSON test
commands and executes them using WebDriver.
– There can be one or more nodes in a grid.
– Nodes can be launched on multiple machines with different platforms and

browsers.
– The machines running the nodes need not be the same platform as that of
the hub.
6) What are the types of WebDriver API’s that are supported/available in

Selenium?
Selenium Webdriver supports most of the browser driver APIs like Chrome,
Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari and PhantomJS
7) Which WebDriver implementation claims to be the fastest?

HTML UnitDriver is the most light weight and fastest implementation headless
browser for of WebDriver. It is based on HtmlUnit. It is known as Headless
Browser Driver. It is same as Chrome, IE, or FireFox driver, but it does not have
GUI so one cannot see the test execution on screen.
8) What are the open source frameworks supported by Selenium

WebDriver?
Some of the popular open source frameworks supported by Webdriver are:
-TestNG
-JUnit
-Cucumber
-Robot Framework
-Appium
-Protractor
9) What is the difference between Soft Assert and Hard Assert in Selenium?
Hard Assert throws an AssertException immediately when an assert
statement fails and test suite continues with next @Test. It marks method as
fail if assert condition gets failed and the remaining statements inside the
method will be aborted.
Soft Assert collects errors during @Test. Soft Assert does not throw an
exception when an assert fails and would continue with the next step after the
assert statement.
10) What are the verification points available in Selenium?

Different types of verification points in Selenium are:
To check element is present
if(driver.findElements(By.Xpath(“value”)).size()!=0){
System.out.println(“Element is present”);
}else{
System.out.println(“Element is absent”);
}
To check element is visible

if(driver.findElement(By.Id(“submit”)).isDisplayed()){
System.out.println(“Element is visible”);
}else{
System.out.println(“Element is visible”);
}
To check element is enabled
if(driver.findElement(By.Id(“submit”)).isEnabled()){
System.out.println(“Element is enabled”);
}else{
System.out.println(“Element is disabled”);
}
To check text is present
if(driver.getPageSource().contains(“Text”)){
System.out.println(“Text is present”);
}else{
System.out.println(“Text is not present”);
}
11) Why do we create a reference variable ‘driver’ of type WebDriver and

what is the purpose of its creation?
We create an instance of the WebDriver interface and cast it to different
browser class using the reference variable ‘driver’. Then we can use different
methods of the web driver interface like get(), getTitle(), close(), etc…to write
automation code.
12) What are the different types of exceptions you have faced in Selenium
WebDriver?
Different types of exceptions in Selenium are:
– NoSuchElementException
-NoSuchWindowException
-NoSuchFrameException
-NoAlertPresentException
-ElementNotVisibleException
-ElementNotSelectableException
-TimeoutException
13) How to login into any site if it is showing an authentication pop-up for
Username and Password?
To work with Basic Authentication pop-up (which is a browser dialogue
window), you just need to send the user name and password along with the
application URL.
Syntax:
driver.get("http://admin:[email protected]");
14) What is implicit wait in Selenium WebDriver?

The implicit wait will tell the WebDriver to wait a certain amount of time before
it throws a “No Such Element Exception.” The default setting of implicit wait is
zero. Once you set the time, the web driver will wait for that particular amount
of time before throwing an exception.
Syntax:
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
15) What is Explicit Wait in Selenium WebDriver?

Explicit waits are a concept from the dynamic wait, which waits dynamically
for specific conditions. It can be implemented by the WebDriverWait class.
Syntax:
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id(“button”)));
16) What is Fluent Wait in Selenium WebDriver?

Each FluentWait instance defines the maximum amount of time to wait for a
condition, as well as the frequency with which to check the condition.
Furthermore, the user may configure the wait to ignore specific types of
exceptions whilst waiting, such as NoSuchElementExceptions when searching
for an element on the page.
Syntax:
Wait<WebDriver> wait1 = new FluentWait<>(driver)

.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
WebElement element = wait1.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
@Override
public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
return driver.findElement(By.id("firstName"));
}
});
17) How to input text into the text box fields without calling the sendKeys()?
We can use Javascript action to enter the value in text box.
Syntax:
JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;

executor.executeScript("document.getElementById("textbox_id").value='new value’”);
18) How to clear the text inside the text box fields using Selenium
WebDriver?
Syntax:
driver.findElement(By.Id(“textbox_id”)).clear();
19) How to get an attribute value of an element using Selenium WebDriver?

driver.findElement(By.Id(“button_id”)).getAttribute(“text”);
20) How to press Enter key on text box in Selenium WebDriver?

driver.findElement(By.Id(“button_id”)).sendKeys(keys.ENTER);
21) How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point?

We can pause test execution for 5 seconds by using the wait command.
Syntax:
driver.wait(5);
22) Is Selenium Server needed to run Selenium WebDriver scripts?

In case of Selenium WebDriver, it does not require to start Selenium Server for
executing test scripts. Selenium WebDriver makes the calls between browser
& automation script.
23) What happens if we run this command driver.get(“www.google.com”);?

It will load a new web page in the current browser window with the website url
set to “www.google.com” . This is done using an http get operation, and the
method will block until the load is complete.
24) What is an alternative to driver.get() method to open a URL using
Selenium WebDriver?
We can use driver.navigate().To(“URL”) method to open a URL.
25) What is the difference between driver.get(“URL”) and

driver.navigate().to(“URL”) commands?
driver.get() is used to navigate particular URL(website) and wait till page load.
driver.navigate() is used to navigate to particular URL and does not wait to
page load. It maintains browser history or cookies to navigate back or
forward.

Questions and Answers Part-2
1) What are the different types of navigation commands in Selenium?
Different navigation commands in selenium are:
– navigate().to();
-navigate().forward();
-navigate().back();
-navigate().refresh();
2) How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use the getCurrentUrl() method to get the current page URL.
driver.getCurrentUrl();
3) How can we maximize browser window in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use the maximize() method to maximize browser window.
driver.manage().window().maximize();
4) How to delete cookies in Selenium?

We can use deleteAllCookies() method to delete cookies in selenium.
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
5) What are the different ways for refreshing the page using Selenium
WebDriver?
Browser refresh operation can be performed using the following ways in
Selenium:
– Refresh method
driver.manage().refresh();
– Get method
driver.get(“https://www.google.com”);
driver.get(driver.getCurrentUrl());
-Navigate method
driver.get(“https://www.google.com”);
driver.navigate.to(driver.getCurrentUrl());
-SendKeys method
driver. findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys(Keys.F5);
6) What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and

driver.getWinowHandles() in Selenium WebDriver and their return type?
driver.getWindowHandle() – To get the window handle of the current window.
Returns a string of alphanumeric window handle
driver.getWinowHandles() – To get the window handle of all current windows.

Return a set of window handles
7) How to handle hidden elements in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use the JavaScriptExecutor to handle hidden elements.
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("document.getElementById('displayed-text').value='text123'");
8) How can you find broken links in a page using Selenium WebDriver?
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));
List finalList = new ArrayList();
for (WebElement element : elementList){
if(element.getAttribute("href") != null){
finalList.add(element);
}
}
return finalList;
9) How to find more than one web element in the list?

We can find more than one web element by using the findElements() method
in Selenium.
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));
10) How to read a JavaScript variable in Selenium WebDriver?

//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
//Perform Click on LOGIN button using JavascriptExecutor

js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
11) What is JavascriptExecutor and in which case JavascriptExecutor will

help in Selenium automation?
JavaScriptExecutor is an Interface that helps to execute JavaScript through
Selenium Webdriver.
In case, when selenium locators do not work you can use JavaScriptExecutor.
You can use JavaScriptExecutor to perform a desired operation on a web
element.
12) How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

The best approach would be to wait for the required element in a dynamic
period and then continue the test execution as soon as the element is
found/visible. This can be achieved with WebDriverWait in combination with
ExpectedCondition , the best way to wait for an element dynamically,
checking for the condition every second and continuing to the next command
in the script as soon as the condition is met.
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, waitTime);

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));
13) List some scenarios which we cannot automate using Selenium

WebDriver?
-Bitmap comparison is not possible using Selenium WebDriver.
-Automating Captcha is not possible using Selenium WebDriver.
-We can not read bar code using Selenium WebDriver.
-We can not automate OTP submission.
14) How you build object repository in your project framework?

We can build object repository using Page Object Model or Page Factory.
15) What is Page Object Model (POM) and its advantages?

Page Object Model is a design pattern for creating an object repository for
web UI elements. Each web page in the application is required to have its own
corresponding page class. The page class is thus responsible for finding the
WebElements in that page and then perform operations on those web
elements.
The advantages of using POM are:
-Allow us to separate operations and flows in the UI from verification –

improves code readability
-Since the Object Repository is independent of test cases, multiple tests can
use the same object repository
-Reusability of code
16) What is Page Factory?

Page Factory class in Selenium is an extension to the Page Object Design
pattern. It is used to initialize the elements of the page object or instantiate
the page objects itself.
Annotations in Page Factory are like this:
@FindBy(id = “userName”)
WebElement txt_UserName;
OR
@FindBy(how = How.ID, using = “userName”)

WebElement txt_UserName;
We need to initialize the page object like this:
PageFactory.initElements(driver, Login.class);
17) What is the difference between Page Object Model and Page Factory?
Page Object Model is a design pattern to create an Object Repository for web
UI elements. However, Page Factory is a built-in class in Selenium for
maintaining object repository.
18) What are the advantages of Page Object Model?

The advantages of using Page Object Model are:
-Allow us to separate operations and flows in the UI from verification –

improves code readability
-Since the Object Repository is independent of test cases, multiple tests can
use the same object repository
-Re-usability of code
19) How can we use Recovery Scenario in Selenium WebDriver?

We can develop Recovery scenarios using exception handling i.e. By using
“Try Catch Block” within your Selenium WebDriver Java tests
20) How to upload a file in Selenium WebDriver?

Uploading files in WebDriver is done by simply using the sendKeys() method
on the file-select input field to enter the path to the file to be uploaded.
driver.get(baseUrl);
WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id("uploadfile_0"));
// enter the file path onto the file-selection input field
uploadElement.sendKeys("C:\\newhtml.html");
21) How to download a file in Selenium WebDriver?

Step 1- Create a firefox Profile.
Step 2- set Preferences as per requirement.
Step 3- Open Firefox with firefox profile.
public class DownloadFiles {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a profile FirefoxProfile profile=new FirefoxProfile();
// Set preferences for file type profile.setPreference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.openFile",
"application/octet-stream");
// Open browser with profile
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver(profile);
// Set implicit wait driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// Maximize window driver.manage().window().maximize();
// Open APP to download application driver.get("http://www.file.com/download_file”);
// Click on download driver.findElement(By.xpath(“path”)).click();
}
}
22) How to run Selenium WebDriver tests from command line?

java -jar selenium-server.jar -htmlSuite "*firefox" "http://10.8.100.106" "C:\mytestsuite\mytestsuite.html"
"C:\mytestsuite\results.html"
23) How to switch to frames in Selenium WebDriver?

For switching between frames, use driver.switchTo().frame(). First locate the
frame id and define it in a WebElement.
Ex:
WebElement fr = driver.findElementById("theIframe");
driver.switchTo().frame(fr);
24) How to connect to a database in Selenium?

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password);
25) How to resize browser window using Selenium WebDriver?

driver.manage().window().maximize();

1) How to scroll web page up and down using Selenium WebDriver?
To scroll using Selenium, you can use JavaScriptExecutor interface that helps
to execute JavaScript methods through Selenium Webdriver.
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

//This will scroll the page till the element is found
js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView();", Element);
2) How to perform right click (Context Click) action in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use Action class to provide various important methods to simulate
user actions
//Instantiate Action Class

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
//Retrieve WebElement to perform right click
WebElement btnElement = driver.findElement(By.id("rightClickBtn"));
//Right Click the button to display Context Menu
actions.contextClick(btnElement).perform();
3) How to perform double click action in Selenium WebDriver?

Action class method doubleClick(WebElement) is required to be used to
perform this user action.
//Instantiate Action Class

//Retrieve WebElement to perform double click WebElement
btnElement = driver.findElement(By.id("doubleClickBtn"));
//Double Click the button
actions.doubleClick(btnElement).perform();
4) How to perform drag and drop action in Selenium WebDriver?

//Actions class method to drag and drop
Actions builder = new Actions(driver);
WebElement from = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
WebElement to = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
//Perform drag and drop
builder.dragAndDrop(from, to).perform();
5) How to highlight elements using Selenium WebDriver?

// Create the JavascriptExecutor object
JavascriptExecutor js=(JavascriptExecutor)driver;
// find element using id attribute
WebElement username= driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
// call the executeScript method
js.executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute('style,'border: solid 2px red'');", username);
6) Have you used any cross browser testing tool to run Selenium Scripts on
cloud?
Below tools can be used to run selenium scripts on cloud:
-SauceLabs
-CrossBrowserTesting
7) What are the DesiredCapabitlies in Selenium WebDriver and their use?
The Desired Capabilities Class helps us to tell the webdriver, which
environment we are going to use in our test script.
The setCapability method of the DesiredCapabilities Class, can be used in

Selenium Grid. It is used to perform a parallel execution on different machine
configurations. It is used to set the browser properties (Ex. Chrome, IE),
Platform Name (Ex. Linux, Windows) that are used while executing the test
cases.
8) What is Continuous Integration?

Continuous Integration (CI) is a development practice that requires
developers to integrate code into a shared repository several times a day.
Each check-in is then verified by an automated build, allowing teams to
detect problems early.
9) How to achieve database testing in Selenium?

//Make a connection to the database
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password);
//load the JDBC Driver using the code
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
//send queries to the database
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
//Once the statement object is created use the executeQuery method to execute the SQL queries
stmt.executeQuery(select * from employee;);
//Results from the executed query are stored in the ResultSet Object. While loop to iterate through all
data
while(rs.next()){
String myName = rs.getString(1);
}
//close the db connection
con.close();
10) What is TestNG?

TestNG is a testing framework inspired from JUnit and NUnit, but introducing
some new functionalities that make it more powerful and easier to
use. TestNG is an open source automated testing framework; where
NG means NextGeneration.
11) What are Annotations and what are the different annotations available
in TestNG?
Annotations in TestNG are lines of code that can control how the method
below them will be executed. They are always preceded by the @ symbol.
Here is the list of annotations that TestNG supports −
-@BeforeSuite: The annotated method will be run only once before all tests in
this suite have run.
-@AfterSuite: The annotated method will be run only once after all tests in
this suite have run.
-@BeforeClass: The annotated method will be run only once before the first
test method in the current class is invoked.
-@AfterClass: The annotated method will be run only once after all the test
methods in the current class have run.
-@BeforeTest: The annotated method will be run before any test method
belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag is run.
-@AfterTest: The annotated method will be run after all the test methods
belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag have run.
-@BeforeGroups: The list of groups that this configuration method will run
before. This method is guaranteed to run shortly before the first test method
that belongs to any of these groups is invoked.
-@AfterGroups: The list of groups that this configuration method will run
after. This method is guaranteed to run shortly after the last test method that
belongs to any of these groups is invoked.
-@BeforeMethod: The annotated method will be run before each test
method.
-@AfterMethod: The annotated method will be run after each test method.
-@DataProvider: Marks a method as supplying data for a test method. The
annotated method must return an Object[ ][ ], where each Object[ ] can be
assigned the parameter list of the test method. The @Test method that wants
to receive data from this DataProvider needs to use a dataProvider name
equals to the name of this annotation.
-@Factory: Marks a method as a factory that returns objects that will be used
by TestNG as Test classes. The method must return Object[ ].
-@Listeners: Defines listeners on a test class.
-@Parameters: Describes how to pass parameters to a @Test method.
-@Test: Marks a class or a method as a part of the test
12) What is TestNG Assert and list out some common assertions supported
by TestNG?
Asserts helps us to verify the conditions of the test and decide whether test
has failed or passed. A test is considered successful ONLY if it is completed
without throwing any exception.
Some of the common assertions are:
-assertEqual
-assertTrue
-assertFalse
13) How to create and run TestNG.xml?

Step 1: Add a new file to the project with name as testng.xml
Step 2: Add below given code in testng.xml
<suite name=“TestSuite”>
<test name=“Test1”>
<classes>
<class name=“TestClass” />
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
Step 3: Run the test by right click on the testng xml file and select Run
As > TestNG Suite
14) How to set test case priority in TestNG?

We need to use the ‘priority‘ parameter, if we want the methods to be
executed in specific order. TestNG will execute the @Test annotation with the
lowest priority value up to the largest.
@Test(priority = 0)
public void One() {
System.out.println("This is the Test Case number One");
}
@Test(priority = 1)
public void Two() {
System.out.println("This is the Test Case number Two");
}
15) What is parameterized testing in TestNG?

To pass multiple data to the application at runtime, we need to parameterize
our test scripts.
There are two ways by which we can achieve parameterization in TestNG:
• With the help of Parameters annotation and TestNG XML file.
@Parameters({“name”,”searchKey”})
• With the help of DataProvider annotation.
@DataProvider(name=“SearchProvider”)
16) How to run a group of test cases using TestNG?

Groups is one more annotation of TestNG which can be used in the execution
of multiple tests.
public class Grouping{

@Test (groups = { “g1” })
public void test1() {
System.out.println(“This is group 1”);
}
@Test (groups = { “g2” })
public void test2() {
System.out.println(“This is group 2“);
}}
Create a testing xml file like this:
<suite name =“Suite”>

<test name = “Grouping”>
<groups>
<run>
<include name=“g1”>
</run>
</groups>
<classes>
<class name=“Grouping”>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
17) What is the use of @Listener annotation in TestNG?

Listener is defined as interface that modifies the default TestNG’s behaviour.
As the name suggests Listeners “listen” to the event defined in the selenium
script and behave accordingly. It is used in selenium by implementing
Listeners Interface. It allows customizing TestNG reports or logs. There are
many types of TestNG listeners available:
-IAnnotationTransformer
-IAnnotationTransformer2
-IConfigurable
-IConfigurationListener
-IExecutionListener
-IHookable
-IInvokedMethodListener
-IInvokedMethodListener2
-IMethodInterceptor
-IReporter
-ISuiteListener
-ITestListener
18) How can we create a data driven framework using TestNG?

We can create data driven tests by using the DataProvider feature.
public class DataProviderTest {

private static WebDriver driver;
@DataProvider(name = "Authentication")
public static Object[][] credentials() {
return new Object[][] { { "testuser_1", "Test@123" }, { "testuser_2”, "Test@123" }};
}
// Here we are calling the Data Provider object with its Name
@Test(dataProvider = "Authentication")
public void test(String sUsername, String sPassword) {
driver = new FirefoxDriver(); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.get("http://www.testqa.com");
driver.findElement(By.xpath(".//*[@id='account']/a")).click();
driver.findElement(By.id("log")).sendKeys(sUsername);
driver.findElement(By.id("pwd")).sendKeys(sPassword);
driver.findElement(By.id("login")).click();
driver.findElement(By.xpath(".//*[@id='account_logout']/a")).click();
driver.quit();
}
}
19) Where you have applied OOPS in Automation Framework?

Abstraction – In Page Object Model design pattern, we write locators (such as
id, name, xpath etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests but we
can’t see these locators in the tests. Literally we hide the locators from the
tests.
Interface – WebDriver itself is an Interface. So based on the above statement

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); we are initializing Firefox browser using
Selenium WebDriver. It means we are creating a reference variable (driver) of
the interface (WebDriver) and creating an Object.
Inheritance – We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver

interface, WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc. We extend the Base Class
in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class. Extending one class into other
class is known as Inheritance.
Polymorphism – We use implicit wait in Selenium. Implicit wait is an example

of overloading. In Implicit wait we use different time stamps such as SECONDS,
MINUTES, HOURS etc.
Encapsulation – All the classes in a framework are an example of

Encapsulation. In POM classes, we declare the data members using @FindBy
and initialization of data members will be done using Constructor to utilize
those in methods.
20) How to handle Chrome Browser notifications in Selenium?

// Create object of HashMap Class
Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<String, Object>();
// Set the notification setting it will override the default setting
prefs.put("profile.default_content_setting_values.notifications", 2);
// Create object of ChromeOption class
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
// Set the experimental option
options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);
// pass the options object in Chrome driver
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
21) Explain any Test Automation Framework?

Testing frameworks are an essential part of any successful automated testing
process. They can reduce maintenance costs and testing efforts and will
provide a higher return on investment (ROI) for QA teams looking to optimize
their agile processes. A testing framework is a set of guidelines or rules used
for creating and designing test cases. A framework is comprised of a
combination of practices and tools that are designed to help QA
professionals test more efficiently. These guidelines could include coding
standards, test-data handling methods, object repositories, processes for
storing test results, or information on how to access external resources.
22) Tell some popular Test Automation Frameworks?

Some of the popular test automation frameworks are:
-DataDriven
-KeywordDriven
-Hybrid
-Page Object Model
23) Why Framework?

Below are advantages of using an automation framework:
-Ease of scripting: With multiple Testers in a team, having an automation

framework in place ensures consistent coding and that best practices are
followed to a certain level. Standard scripting will result in team consistency
during test library design and prevent individuals from following their own
coding standards, thus avoiding duplicate coding.
-Scalable: Whether multiple web pages are being added or Objects or data, a
good automation framework design is scalable when the need arises. A
framework should be much easier to extend to larger projects.
-Modularity: Modularity allows testers to re-use common modules in different

scripts to avoid unnecessary & redundant tasks.
-Easy to understand: Having an automation framework in place it is quick to

transition (or understand) the overall architecture & bring people up-to-
speed.
-Reusability: Common library files can be reused when required, no need to

develop them every time.
-Cost & Maintenance: A well designed automation framework helps in

maintaining the code in light of common changes like Test data, Page
Objects, Reporting structure, etc.
-Maximum Coverage: A framework allows us to maintain a good range of

Test data, i.e. coverage in turn.
-Better error handling: A good automation framework helps us catch different

recovery scenarios and handle them properly.
-Minimal manual intervention: You need not input test data or run test scripts
manually and then keep monitoring the execution.
-Easy Reporting: The reporting module within framework can handle all the
report requirements.
-Segregation: A framework helps segregate the test script logic and the
corresponding test data. The Test data can be stored into an external
database like property files, xml files, excel files, text files, CSV files, ODBC
repositories etc.
-Test configuration: Test suites covering different application modules can be

configured easily using an automation framework.
-Continuous integration: An automation framework helps in integration of

automation code with different CI tools.
-Debugging: Easy to debug errors
24) Which Test Automation Framework you are using and why?
Cucumber Selenium Framework has now a days become very popular test
automation framework in the industry and many companies are using it
because its easy to involve business stakeholders and easy to maintain.
25) Mention the name of the Framework which you are using currently in
your project, explain it in details along with its benefits?
Framework consists of the following tools:
Selenium, Eclipse IDE,Junit, Maven, Cucumber
File Formats Used in the Framework:
-Properties file: We use properties file to store and retrieve different

application and framework related configuration
-Excel files: Excel files are used to pass multiple sets of data to the application.
Following are the key components of the framework:
-PageObject : It consists of all different page classes with their objects and
methods
-TestData: It stores the data files, Script reads test data from external data
sources and executes test based on it
-Features: It consists of functional test cases in the form of cucumber feature

files written in gherkin format
-StepDefinitions: It consists of different methods to implement each step of

your feature files
-TestRunner: It is the starting point for Junit to start executing your tests
-Utilities: It consists of different reusable framework methods to perform

different operations
-Reports: It consists of different test reports in different formats along with

screenshots
-Pom xml: It consists of all different project dependencies and plugins

1) What is Cucumber?
Cucumber is a tool that supports Behaviour-Driven-Development(BDD) which
is used to write acceptance tests for the web application. Cucumber can be
used along with Selenium, Watir, and Capybara etc. Cucumber supports
many other languages like Perl, PHP, Python, Net etc.
2) What are the advantages of Cucumber?

– Cucumber supports different languages like Java.net and Ruby.
– It acts as a bridge between the business requirements and development
code.
– It allows the test script to be written without knowledge of any code, it allows
the involvement of non-programmers as well.
– It serves the purpose of end-to-end test framework unlike other tools.
– Due to simple test script architecture, Cucumber provides code reusability.
3) What are the 2 files required to execute a Cucumber test scenario?

Step definition file and Test Runner file are the 2 files required to run a
cucumber test scenario.
3) What language is used by Cucumber?

Cucumber uses Gherkin language. It is a domain specific language which
helps you to describe business behavior without the need to go into detail of
implementation. This text acts as documentation and skeleton of your
automated tests.
4) What is meant by a feature file ?

The file, in which Cucumber tests are written, is known as feature files. The
extension of the feature file needs to be “.feature”.
5) What does a feature file consists of?

Feature file consists of different test scenarios written using Gherkin language
in Given/When/And/Then format.
6) What are the various keywords that are used in Cucumber for writing a
scenario?
Most common keywords used in Cucumber are:
– Feature
– Background
– Scenario
– Given
– When
– Then
– And
– But
7) What is Scenario Outline in Cucumber and its purpose?
Same scenario can be executed for multiple sets of data using scenario
outline. The data is provided by a tabular structure.
8) What programming language is used by Cucumber?

Cucumber supports a variety of different programming languages including
Java, JavaScript, PHP, Net, Python, Perl, etc. with various implementations.
9) What is the purpose of Step Definition file in Cucumber?

A Step Definition is a Java method with an expression that links it to one or
more Gherkin steps. When Cucumber executes a Gherkin step in a scenario, it
will look for a matching step definition to execute.
To illustrate how this works, look at the following Gherkin Scenario:
Scenario: Login
Given user logins to the site
The user logins to the site part of the step (the text following the Given
keyword) will match the following step definition:
public class StepDefinitions {
@Given("user logins to the site")
public void user_login_to_site () {
System.out.println("User is logged into the site")
10) What are the major advantages of Cucumber framework?

– It is helpful to involve business stakeholders who can’t easily read code
– Cucumber Testing focuses on end-user experience
– Style of writing tests allow for easier reuse of code in the tests
– Quick and easy set up and execution
– Efficient tool for testing
11) Provide an example of a feature file using the Cucumber framework.

Feature: Login to site
Scenario: User login with valid credentials
Given user is on login page
When user enters valid username
And user enters valid password
Then login success message is displayed
12) Provide an example of Scenario Outline using Cucumber framework?

Feature − Scenario Outline
Scenario Outline − Login for facebook
Given user navigates to Facebook
When I enter Username as "<username>" and Password as "<password>"
Then login should be unsuccessful
Example:
| username | password |
| username1 | password1 |
| username2 | password2 |
13) What is the purpose of Behaviour Driven Development (BDD)

methodology in the real world?
Behavior Driven Development is a software development approach that
allows the tester/business analyst to create test cases in simple text
language (English). The simple language used in the scenarios helps even
non-technical team members to understand what is going on in the software
project.
14) What is the limit for the maximum number of scenarios that can be
included in the feature file?
You can have as many scenarios as you like, but it is recommended to keep
the number at 3-5. Having too many steps in an example, will cause it to lose
it’s expressive power as specification and documentation.
15) What is the use of Background keyword in Cucumber?

A Background allows you to add some context to the scenarios in the feature.
It can contain one or more Given steps. It is run before each scenario, but
after any Before hooks. In your feature file, put the Background before the first
Scenario. You can only have one set of Background steps per feature. If you
need different Background steps for different scenarios, you’ll need to split
them into different feature files.
16) What symbol is used for parameterization in Cucumber?

The steps can use <> delimited parameters that reference headers in the
examples table. Cucumber will replace these parameters with values from
the table before it tries to match the step against a step definition.
17) What is the purpose of Examples keyword in Cucumber?

A Scenario Outline must contain an Examples (or Scenarios) section. Its steps
are interpreted as a template which is never directly run. Instead, the Scenario
Outline is run once for each row in the Examples section beneath it.
18) What is the file extension for a feature file?

Extension for a feature file is .feature
19) Provide an example of step definition file in Cucumber.
public class StepDefinitions {
@Given("user logins to the site")
public void user_login_to_site () {
System.out.println("User is logged into the site")

}
20) What is the purpose of Cucumber Options tag?

@CucumberOptions annotation provides the same options as the cucumber
jvm command line. For Example: we can specify the path to feature files, path
to step definitions, if we want to run the execution in dry mode or not etc.
21) How can Cucumber be integrated with Selenium WebDriver?

We can integrate cucumber with selenium webdriver by adding all
dependencies/jars related to selenium and cucumber in the project.
22) When is Cucumber used in real time?

Cucumber should be used for verifying the most important parts of the
application using end-to-end tests. BDD should also be used to verify the
wanted behaviour using integration tests. Importantly, the business should be
able to understand these tests, so you can reduce uncertainty and build
confidence in what you are building.
23) Provide an example of Background keyword in Cucumber?
Feature: Add items to shopping cart
Background: User is logged in
Given user navigate to login page
When user submits username and password
Then user should be logged in successfully
Scenario: Search a product and add it to shopping cart
Given user searches for dell laptop
When user adds the selected item to shopping cart
Then shopping cart should display the added item
24) What is the use of Behaviour Driven Development in Agile methodology?

The intent of BDD is to provide a single answer to what many Agile teams view
as separate activities: the creation of unit tests and “technical” code on one
hand, the creation of functional tests and “features” on the other hand.
25) Explain the purpose of keywords that are used for writing a scenario in
Cucumber?
– Feature: The purpose of the Feature keyword is to provide a high-level
description of a software feature, and to group related scenarios.
– Scenario: In addition to being a specification and documentation, a
scenario is also a test. As a whole, your scenarios are an executable
specification of the system.
– Given: steps are used to describe the initial context of the system – the
scene of the scenario. It is typically something that happened in the past.
– When: steps are used to describe an event, or an action. This can be a
person interacting with the system, or it can be an event triggered by another
system.
– Then: steps are used to describe an expected outcome, or result.
– Scenario Outline: This keyword can be used to run the same Scenario
multiple times, with different combinations of values.
– Background: It allows you to add some context to the scenarios in the
feature. It can contain one or more Given steps.

1) What are the advantages of using TestNG?
– It provides parallel execution of test methods
– It allows to define dependency of one test method over other method
– It allows to assign priority to test methods
– It allows grouping of test methods into test groups
– It has support for parameterizing test cases using @Parameters annotation
– It allows data driven testing using @DataProvider annotation
– It has different assertions that helps in checking the expected and actual
results
– Detailed (HTML) reports
2) Can you arrange the below testng.xml tags from parent to child?
<test>
<suite>
<class>
<methods>
<classes>
<suite><test><classes><class><methods>
3) What is the importance of testng.xml file?

TestNG.xml file is an XML file which contains all the Test configuration and this
XML file can be used to run and organize our test.
4) What is TestNG Assert and list out common TestNG Assertions?

Asserts helps us to verify the conditions of the test and decide whether test
has failed or passed. Some of the common assertions are:
– assertEqual(String actual,String expected)
– assertTrue(condition)
– assertFalse(condition)
5) What is Soft Assert in TestNG?

SoftAssert don’t throw an exception when an assert fails. The test execution
will continue with the next step after the assert statement.
6) What is Hard Assert in TestNG?

Hard Assert throws an AssertException immediately when an assert
statement fails and test suite continues with next @Test.
7) How to create Group of Groups in TestNG?

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="TestNG Sample Test Suite">
<test name="TestNG Sample Test">
<groups>
<define name="include-groups">
<include name="sanity" />
<include name="integration" />
</define>
<define name="exclude-groups">
<include name="pass" />
<include name="fail" />
</define>
<run>
<include name="include-groups" />
<exclude name="exclude-groups" />
</run>
</groups>
<classes>
<class name="com.groups.TestNGGroupsExample" />
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
8) How to exclude a particular test method from a test case execution using
TestNG?
<suite name="Sample Test Suite" verbose="1" >
<test name="Sample Tests" >
<classes>
<class name="com.test.sample">
<methods>
<exclude name="TestA" />
</methods>
</class>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
9) How to exclude a particular group from a test case execution using

TestNG?
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Test Suite">
<groups>
<run>
<exclude name="integration"></exclude>
</run>
</groups>
<test name="Test">
<classes>
<class name="TestNGGroupsExample" />
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
10) How to disable a test case in TestNG?

@Test(enabled = false)
public void test() {
System.out.println("This test is disabled");
11) How to ignore a test case in TestNG?

@Test(enabled = false)
public void test() {
System.out.println("This test is ignored");
12) What are the different ways to produce reports for TestNG results?
There are two ways to generate a report with TestNG −
Listeners − For implementing a listener class, the class has to implement the
org.testng.ITestListener interface. These classes are notified at runtime by
TestNG when the test starts, finishes, fails, skips, or passes.
Reporters − For implementing a reporting class, the class has to implement an
org.testng.IReporter interface. These classes are called when the whole suite
run ends. The object containing the information of the whole test run is
passed to this class when called.
13) How to write regular expressions in testng.xml file to search @Test

methods containing “smoke” keyword?
<suite name="testSuite">
<test name="test"> <classes>
<class name="sample">
<methods>
<exclude name="smoke.*"/>
</methods>
</class>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
14) What is the time unit we specify in test suites and test cases?
Time unit is Milliseconds
15) List out various ways in which TestNG can be invoked?

– Command Line
– Maven
– IDE
16) How to run TestNG using command prompt?
java -cp C:\Selenium\SampleTest\lib\*;C:\Selenium\SampleTest\bin org.testng.TestNG testng.xml
17) What is the use of @Test(invocationCount=x)?

The invocationcount attribute tells how many times TestNG should run a test
method. In this example, the method testCase will be invoked ten times:
@Test(invocationCount = 10)
public void testCase(){
System.out.println("Invocation method");
18) What is the use of @Test(threadPoolSize=x)?

The threadPoolSize attribute tells TestNG to create a thread pool to run the
test method via multiple threads. With thread pool, it will greatly decrease the
running time of the test method.
Example: Start a thread pool, which contains 3 threads, and run the test
method 3 times
@Test(invocationCount = 3, threadPoolSize = 3)
public void testThreadPools() {
System.out.printf("Thread Id : %s%n", Thread.currentThread().getId());
19) What does the test timeout mean in TestNG?

While running test methods there can be cases where certain test methods
get struck or may take longer time than to complete the execution than the
expected. We need to handle these type of cases by specifying Timeout and
proceed to execute further test cases / methods
@Test(timeOut=5000)
public void executeTimeOut() throws InterruptedException{
Thread.sleep(3000);
20) What is JUnit?

JUnit is an open source Unit Testing Framework for JAVA. It is useful for Java
Developers to write and run repeatable tests.
21) What are JUnit annotations?

– @Test
– @ParameterizedTest
– @RepeatedTest
– @TestFactory
– @TestTemplate
– @Disabled
– @Tag
– @AfterAll
– @BeforeAll
– @BeforeEach
– @AfterEach
– @TestInstance
22) What is TestNG and what is its use?

TestNG is a testing framework inspired from JUnit and NUnit but introducing
some new functionalities that make it more powerful and easier to use. It is
used for:
– Annotations
– Run your tests in arbitrarily big thread pools with various policies available
– Test that your code is multithread safe
– Flexible test configuration
– Support for data-driven testing
– Support for parameters
– Powerful execution model
– Supported by a variety of tools and plug-ins
– Embeds BeanShell for further flexibility
– Default JDK functions for runtime and logging
– Dependent methods for application server testing
23) How is TestNG better than JUnit?

– TestNG supports more annotations than Junit
– TestNG supports ordering of tests but Junit doesn’t
– TestNG supports various types of listeners using annotations but Junit
doesn’t
– TestNG reports are better than Junit
24) How to set test case priority in TestNG?

@Test (priority=1)
public void openBrowser() {
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
@Test (priority=2)
public void launchGoogle() {
driver.get("http://www.google.co.in");
25) How to pass parameters through testng.xml to a test case?

public class ParameterizedTest {
@Test
@Parameters("name")
public void parameterTest(String name) {
System.out.println("Parameterized value is : " + name);
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd" >
<suite name = "Suite1">
<test name = "test1">
<parameter name = "name" value="bijan"/>
<classes>
<class name = "ParameterizedTest" />
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

1) What is the difference between Manual and Automation Testing?
– Manual Testing shows lower accuracy due to the higher possibilities of
human errors. Automation Testing depicts a higher accuracy due to
computer-based testing eliminating the chances of errors.
– Manual Testing needs time when testing is needed at a large scale.
Automation Testing easily performs testing at a large scale with the utmost
efficiency.
– Manual Testing takes more time to complete a cycle of testing, and thus the
turnaround time is higher. Automation Testing completes a cycle of testing
within record time and thus the turnaround time is much lower.
– Manual Testing should be used to perform Exploratory Testing, Usability
Testing and Ad-hoc Testing to exhibit the best results. Automation Testing
should be used to perform Regression Testing, Load Testing, Performance
Testing and Repeated Execution for best results.
– Exploratory testing is possible in Manual Testing. Automation does not allow
random testing.
– The initial investment and ROI in the Manual testing is lower compared to
Automation testing in the long run. The initial investment in the automated
testing is higher and the ROI is better in the long run.
2) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

– ROI: Even though the initial investment is high, return on investment over
time is much better
– Running tests: Tests can be run automatically or can be scheduled at a
particular time
– Fewer human resources: Manual testers are not required
– Reusability: Scripts are reusable
– Bugs: Automation helps you find bugs in the early stages of software
development
– Reliability: Automated testing is more reliable and way quicker
– Parallel testing: Automated tests can be run parallelly on multiple devices
3) Which Test cases needs to be automated?

– Tests that need to be run against every build/release of the application,
such as smoke test, sanity test and regression test.
– Tests that need to run against multiple configurations — different OS &
Browser combinations.
– Tests that execute the same workflow but use different data for its inputs for
each test run e.g. data-driven.
– Tests that involve inputting large volumes of data, such as filling up very
long forms.
– Tests that take a long time to perform and may need to be run during
breaks or overnight.
4) What are the popular test automation tools for functional testing?
– Selenium
– Unified Functional Testing
– Test Complete
– Ranorex
– Tosca
5) What is the main purpose of Automation Testing?

Automation testing is the best way to increase the effectiveness, efficiency
and coverage of your software testing.
6) What is the goal of Automation Testing?

– To reduce Testing Cost and Time.
– To reduce Redundancy.
– To speed up the Testing Process.
– To help improve Quality.
– To improve Test coverage.
– To reduce Manual Intervention.
7) Why Selenium should be selected as a Test tool?

– Language & Framework support: Selenium supports all major languages like
Java, Python, JavaScript, C#, Ruby, and Perl programming languages for
software test automation. Also, every Selenium supported language has
dedicated frameworks which help in writing test script for Selenium test
automation.
– Open source: Being an open source tool, Selenium is a publicly accessible
automation framework and is free, with no upfront costs.
– Multi browser support: Selenium script is compatible with all browsers like
Chrome, Safari, IE, etc …
– Support across various OS: Selenium is yet a highly portable tool that
supports and can work across different operating systems like Windows, Linux,
Mac OS, UNIX, etc.
– Ease of implementation: Selenium automation framework is very easy-to-
use tool. Selenium provides a user-friendly interface that helps create and
execute test scripts easily and effectively.
– Reusability and Integrations: Selenium needs third-party frameworks and
add-ons to broaden the scope of testing.For example, it can integrate with
TestNG and JUnit for managing test cases and generating reports.
– Parallel Test Execution: With the help of Selenium Grid, we can execute
multiple tests in parallel, hence reducing the test execution time.
8) What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium?

– Functional Testing
– Regression Testing
– Sanity Testing
– Smoke Testing
– Responsive Testing
– Cross Browser Testing
– UI testing (black box)
– Integration Testing
9) What are the limitations of Selenium?

– Selenium does not support automation testing for desktop applications.
– Since Selenium is open source software, you have to rely on community
forums to get your technical issues resolved.
– It does not have built-in Object Repository like UTF/QTP to maintain
objects/elements in centralized location.
– Selenium does not have any inbuilt reporting capability and you have to
rely on plug-ins like JUnit and TestNG for test reports.
10) What is the difference between Selenium IDE, Selenium RC and Selenium
WebDriver?
Selenium IDE:
– It only works in Mozilla browser.
– It supports Record and playback
– Doesn’t required to start server before executing the test script.
– It is a GUI Plug-in
– Core engine is Javascript based
– Very simple to use as it is record & playback.
– It is not object oriented
– It does not supports listeners
– It does not support to test iphone/Android applications
Selenium RC:
– It supports with all browsers like Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari, Opera etc.
– It doesn’t supports Record and playback
– Required to start server before executing the test script.
– It is standalone java program which allow you to run Html test suites.
– Core engine is Javascript based
– It is easy and small API
– API’s are less Object oriented
– It does not supports listeners
– It does not support to test iphone/Android applications
Selenium Webdriver:
– It supports with all browsers like Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari, Opera etc.
– It doesn’t supports Record and playback
– Doesn’t required to start server before executing the test script.
– It is a core API which has binding in a range of languages.
– Interacts natively with browser application
– As compared to RC, it is bit complex and large API.
– API’s are entirely Object oriented
– It supports the implementation of listeners
– It support to test iphone/Android applications
11) When should I use Selenium IDE?

Because of its simplicity, Selenium IDE should only be used as a prototyping
tool, not an overall solution for developing and maintaining complex test
suites.
12) What is Selenese?

Selenese is the set of selenium commands which are used to test your web
application. Tester can test the broken links, existence of some object on the
UI, Ajax functionality, Alerts, window, list options and lot more using selenese.
13) What is the difference between Assert and Verify commands?

In case of the “Assert” command, as soon as the validation fails the execution
of that particular test method is stopped and the test method is marked as
failed. Whereas, in case of “Verify”, the test method continues execution even
after the failure of an assertion statement.
14) What is Same Origin Policy and how it can be handled? How to overcome
same origin policy through web driver?
Selenium uses java script to drives tests on a browser. Selenium injects its
own js to the response which is returned from aut. But there is a java script
security restriction (same origin policy) which lets you modify html of page
using js only if js also originates from the same domain as html.
15) How do you use findElement() and findElements()?

WebElement login= driver.findElement(By.linkText("Login"));
List<WebElement> listOfElements = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//div"));
16) Can Selenium handle window based pop up?

No. Selenium cannot handle window based pop-up on its own but can use
third party tools.
17) How can we handle window based pop up using Selenium?

We can handle window based popups using some third party tools such as
AutoIT, Robot class.
18) How can we handle web-based pop up using Selenium?

Step 1: After opening the website, we need to get the main window handle by
using driver.getWindowHandle();
Step 2: We now need to get all the window handles by using
driver.getWindowHandles();
Step 3: We will compare all the window handles with the main Window
handles and perform the operation the window which we need.
19) How to assert title of the web page?

String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
String expectedTitle = "Title of Page";
assertEquals(expectedTitle,actualTitle);
20) How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?

Actions builder = new Actions(driver);
builder.moveToElement(hoverElement).perform();
21) How to retrieve CSS Properties of an element?

driver.findElement(By.id("by-id")).getCssValue("font-size");
22) What is JUnit?

JUnit is a unit testing framework for the Java programming language. JUnit
has been important in the development of test-driven development, and is
one of a family of unit testing frameworks.
23) What are JUnit annotations?
Annotation is a special form of syntactic meta-data that can be added to
Java source code for better code readability and structure.
Some of them are:
– @Before
– @After
– @BeforeClass
– @AfterClass
– @Ignore
– @RunWith
– @Test
24) What is TestNG and what is its use?

TestNG is an automation testing framework in which NG stands for “Next
Generation”. TestNG is inspired from JUnit which uses the annotations (@).
Using TestNG you can generate a proper report, and you can easily come to
know how many test cases are passed, failed and skipped.
25) How is TestNG better than JUnit?

– In TestNG Annotations are easy to understand over JUnit.
– TestNG enable you to grouping of test cases easily which is not possible in
JUnit.
– TestNG allows us to define the dependent test cases each test case is
independent to other test case.
– Parallel execution of Selenium test cases is possible in TestNG.

1) Explain how you can insert a break point in Selenium IDE?
There are two methods to set breakpoints:
– In the first method,
Right click on the command and select the ‘Toggle Breakpoint’. You can also
use shortcut key “B” from the keyboard.
You can set a breakpoint just before the Test Case you want to examine.
After setting breakpoints, click on the Run button to run the test case from the
start to the breakpoint.
Repeat the same step to deselect the Breakpoint.
– In the second method,
Select Menu Bar -> ‘Actions’ -> select the Toggle Breakpoint. To deselect
repeat the same step.
2) Explain how you can debug the tests in Selenium IDE?

Tests could be debugged by following below steps:
– insert a break point from the location from where you want to execute test
step by step
– run the test case
– test case execution will be paused at the given break point
– click on the blue button to continue with the next statement
– to continue executing all the commands at a time click on the “Run” button
3) What are the limitations of Selenium IDE?

– Not suitable for testing extensive data.
– Incapable of handling multiple windows.
– Connections with the database can not be tested.
– Cannot handle the dynamic part of web-based applications.
– Does not support capturing of screenshots on test failures.
– No feature available for generating result reports.
4) What are the two modes of views in Selenium IDE?

Either Selenium IDE can be opened as a pop up window or in side bar
5) In Selenium IDE, what are the element locators that can be used to locate
the elements on web page?
– ID
– Name
– Link Text
– CSS Selector
– DOM
– XPATH
6) How can you convert any Selenium IDE tests from Selenese to other other
language?
Script can be exported to other programming languages. To change the
script format, open “Options” menu, select “Format” command, and then
choose one of these programming languages from the menu.
7) Using Selenium IDE, is it possible to get data from a particular HTML table
cell?
Verifytext can be used to verify text exist within the table.
8) In Selenium IDE, explain how you can execute a single line?

It can be executed in 2 ways:
– Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select “Execute This
Command”.
– Select the command in Selenium IDE and press “X” key on the keyboard.
9) In which format does the source view show the script in Selenium IDE?
Script is displayed in HTML format
10) Explain, how you can insert a start point in Selenium IDE?
We can insert a start point in the following ways:
– Right click on the command where the start point has to be set and select
‘Set/Clear Start Point’.
– Select the particular command and press ‘s’ or ‘S’ (shortcut key) for the
same.
11) What are regular expressions and how you can use them in Selenium
IDE?
A regular expression is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern.
Usually such patterns are used by string searching algorithms for “find” or
“find and replace” operations on strings, or for input validation.
Regular expressions can be used to match different content types on a web
page – Links, elements and text.
12) What are core extensions in Selenium IDE?

There are 3 core extensions in Selenium IDE:
– Action: It commands Selenium IDE to perform an action i.e. accessing UI

(User Interface) on the web page.
– Assertion: It defines the verifications to be done on the data received from UI
after running some commands.
– Location Strategy: It defines a strategy to locate a web element on the Web
Page. It could be by name, ID, CSS, tag, XPath, etc.
13) How you will handle switching between multiple windows in Selenium
IDE?
The selectWindow | tab=x and selectWindow | title=y commands switch
between browser tabs. You can use it with title=(title of tab to be selected) or,
often easier, use tab= with number of the tab (e. g 0,1,2,…).
selectWindow | TAB=OPEN | https://newwebsiteURL.com – this opens a new
tab and loads the website with the given URL.
14) How you will verify the specific position of an Web Element in Selenium
IDE?
Selenium IDE indicates the position of an element by measuring (in pixels)
how far it is from the left or top edge of the browser window using the below
commands:
verifyElementPositionLeft – verifies if the specified number of pixels match the
distance of the element from the left edge of the page.
verifyElementPositionTop – verifies if the specified number of pixels match the
distance of the element from the top edge of the page.
15) How you will retrieve the message in an Alert box in Selenium IDE?
We can use the storeAlert command to retrieve the alert message and store it
in a variable.
16) Why Selenium RC is preferred over Selenium IDE?

Selenium RC can run tests on multiple browsers but IDE can run tests only in
Firefox browser.
17) What is the difference between Selenium RC and Selenium WebDriver?

– WebDriver’s architecture is simpler than Selenium RC’s.
– WebDriver is faster than Selenium RC since it speaks directly to the browser
and uses the browser’s own engine to control it.
– WebDriver interacts with page elements in a more realistic way when
compared to RC.
– WebDriver’s API is simpler than Selenium RC’s. It does not contain redundant
and confusing commands.
– WebDriver can support the headless HtmlUnit browser but RC does not
support it.
18) Which language is used in Selenium IDE?

Selenese is the language used to write Selenium Commands.
19) What are Accessors in Selenium IDE?

Accessors are the selenium commands that examine the state of the
application and store the results in variables. They are also used to
automatically generate Assertions.
Some of the most commonly used Accessors commands include:
– storeTitle: This command gets the title of the current page
– storeText: This command gets the text of an element
– storeValue: This command gets the (whitespace-trimmed) value of an
input field
– storeTable: This command gets the text from a cell of a table
– storeLocation: This command gets the absolute URL of the current page
– storeElementIndex: This command gets the relative index of an element to
its parent
– storeBodyText: This command gets the entire text of the page
– storeAllButtons: It returns the IDs of all buttons on the page
– storeAllFields: It returns the IDs of all input fields on the page
– storeAllLinks: It returns the IDs of all links on the page
20) Can I control the speed and pause the test executed in Selenium IDE?
We can control the speed of the test by using the set speed command. The
pause command is a simple wait command and useful to delay the
execution of the automated testing for the specified time.
21) Where do I see the results of Test Execution in Selenium IDE?

Select File -> Export test case results to save result in html report
22) Where do I see the description of commands used in Selenium IDE?

The Reference Pane shows a concise description of the currently selected
Selenese command in the Editor. It also shows the description about the
locator and value to be used on that command.
23) Can I build test suite using Selenium IDE?

Yes. Selenium IDE can be used to build test suites.
24) What verification points are available in Selenium IDE?

Given below are the mostly used verification commands that help us check if
a particular step has passed or failed.
– verifyElementPresent
– assertElementPresent
– verifyElementNotPresent
– assertElementNotPresent
– verifyText
– assertText
– verifyAttribute
– assertAttribute
– verifyChecked
– assertChecked
– verifyAlert
– assertAlert
– verifyTitle
– assertTitle
25) How to set a global base URL for every test case of one test suite file in
Selenium IDE?
Set an Environment variable to store the base URL and use it in every test
case.

1) Define Selenium?
SELENIUM is a free (open-source) automated testing framework used to
validate web applications across different browsers and platforms.
You can use multiple programming languages like Java, C#, Python etc to
create Selenium Test Scripts.
2) What are the top Selenium alternatives available for free?

– Robot Framework
– Ranorex
– TestComplete
– Tricentis Tosca
– Soap UI
3) What are different versions of Selenium available you have used and
what are the additional features you have seen from the previous versions?
Mostly worked with version 3 but now version 4 is going to be released.
Following are additional features which are expected in new version:
– Selenium 4 WebDriver is completely W3C Standardized
– The Selenium IDE support for Chrome is available now
– Improved Selenium Grid
– Better Debugging
– Better Documentation
4) What is the principle difference between a Data-driven framework and a

Keyword Driven Framework?
Data driven framework includes different test data sources like flat files,
databases or XML but Keyword Driven Framework involves business keywords
which represent a feature or user actions.
5) What are the two most common practices for automation testing?
– Identify which test cases can be automated and which cannot be
automated.
– Do not rely completely on UI Automation.
6) What is Test Driven Development (TDD) Framework?

Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process that relies
on the repetition of a very short development cycle: requirements are turned
into very specific test cases, then the code is improved so that the tests pass.
The following is an sequence of steps which are followed:
– Add a test
– Run all tests and see if it fails
– Write the code
– Run Tests
– Refactor code
– Repeat
7) What is Behavior Driven Development (BDD) Framework?

BDD is a software development process for teams to create simple scenarios
on how an application should behave from the end user’s perspective. The
goal of implementing BDD testing is to improve collaboration between
stakeholders, such as developers, testers, product managers, and business
analysts.
8) What are the main traits of a good Software Test Automation framework?
Maintainability, Reliability, Flexibility, Efficiency, Portability, Robustness, and
Usability are main attributes of a good automation framework.
9) What are the challenges have you faced with Selenium and how did you
overcome them?
– Handling dynamic content: We can use Implicit Wait or Explicit Wait to
overcome this challenge
– Handling popup up windows: We can use getWindowHandle and
getWindowHandles methods to handle popups.
– Handling alerts: We can use methods provided by Alert interface to handle
an alert.
– Handling false positives: We can use different Assertions to look out for false
positives.
– Synchronization issues: We can use different wait methods provided by
selenium.
– Window based dialogs: We can use AutoIt tool to automate window based
dialogs
10) What are the different components of Test Automation Framework?

– Object Repository
– Driver Script
– Test Scripts
– Function Library
– Test data resources
11) What are the benefits does WebDriver have over Selenium RC?
– Webdriver architecture is simpler than RC
– Webdriver is also faster than RC
– WebDriver interacts with page elements in a more realistic way
– WebDriver’s API is simpler than Selenium RC’s
– WebDriver can support the headless HtmlUnit browser but RC cannot
12) Which of the WebDriver APIs is the fastest and why?

HTML Unit Driver is the fastest because it works on a simple HTTP request-
response mechanism and doesn’t interact with the browser UI for execution.
13) What is the command to bind a node to Selenium Grid?
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(nodeURL),capability);
14) Which of Java. C-Sharp or Ruby can we use with Selenium Grid?
All the languages can be used with Selenium Grid.
15) What are Selenium Grid Extras and the additional features does it add to
Selenium Grid?
Selenium Grid Extras is a project that helps you set up and manage your local
Selenium Grid. Below are the additional features:
– Killing any browser instance by name
– Stopping any Process by PID
– Moving mouse to specific location
– Get Memory usage and disk statistics
– Automatically upgrade WebDriver binaries
– Restart node after a set number of test executions
– Central storage of configurations for all nodes on the HUB server
– Screenshots at the OS level
16) Explain the concept of Object Repository?

An Object Repository is a map between UI element and its locator. It can also
be written as an Object Map between UI element and the way to find it.
17) What is the difference between findElement() and findElements(), its

return type and few examples of where you have used in Selenium Projects?
findElement returns only first matching element but findElements returns a list
of all matching elements.
Return type for findElement is WebElement while for findElements is
List<WebElements>
findElements can be used in a scenario where we want to find all broken links
in a webpage.
18) Which method can be used to get the text of an element?

We can use getText() method to get text of any element.
19) How to check which check-box from multiple check-box options is
selected previously using Selenium?
isSelected() method is used to know whether the Checkbox is toggled on or
off.
20) What is the return type of isSelected() method in Selenium?

Return type is boolean.
21) What are the different methods which can be used to verify the
existence of an element on a web page?
– driver.findElements(By.xpath(“value”)).size() != 0
– driver.findElement(By.id(id)).isDisplayed()
– driver.findElement(By.id(id)).isEnabled()
22) What is XPath Axes and what are the different Axes available?
XPath axes search different nodes in XML document from current context
node. XPath Axes are the methods used to find dynamic elements.
– following: Selects all elements in the document of the current node
– ancestor: The ancestor axis selects all ancestors element (grandparent,
parent, etc.) of the current node
– child: Selects all children elements of the current node
– preceding: Select all nodes that come before the current node
– following-sibling: Select the following siblings of the context node.
– parent: Selects the parent of the current node
– descendant: Selects the descendants of the current node
23) How to fetch an element when its attributes are changing frequently?
We can use different XPath methods like contains(), using or/and, starts-with,
text(),ends-with
24) What are the different ways to click on a button using Selenium?
– using click() method
– using return key: sendKeys(Keys.Return)
– using JavaScriptExecutor
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript(“document.getElementsByName(‘login’)[0].click()”);
– using Actions class
actions.moveToElement(button).click().perform();
25) What are the different types of Exceptions in Selenium?
– NoSuchWindowException
– NoSuchFrameException
– NoAlertPresentException
– InvalidSelectorException
– ElementNotVisibleException
– ElementNotSelectableException
– TimeoutException
– NoSuchSessionException
– StaleElementReferenceException

1) How to handle Selenium WebDriver Exceptions?
We can handle selenium exceptions by using try catch block methods of
Java.
try{
driver.findElement(by.id("button")).click();
catch(NoSuchElementException e){
System.out.println("Element not present");
}
2) There are four browser windows opened and you don’t have any idea
where the required element is present. What will be your approach to find
that element?
– use getWindowHandles() method to get Window handles of all browser
windows
– use switchTo() method to switch to each browser window using the handle
id
– Find the element in each browser window and close the window if not
present
3) How do you handle an alert pop-up in Selenium?

We can use the following methods to handle an alert in Selenium:
- dismiss()
driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();
- accept()
driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
4) How do you retrieve the text displayed on an Alert?

String text = driver.switchTo().alert().getText();
5) How do you type text into the text box on an Alert?

driver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys("Text");
6) Is Alert in Selenium an Interface or Class?

Alert is an interface in Selenium.
7) How do you handle frames in Selenium?

We can switch to frames by following methods:
– By Index
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
– By Name or Id
driver.switchTo().frame(“id of the element”);
– By Web Element
driver.switchTo().frame(WebElement);
8) Give an example for method overloading concept that you have used in
Selenium?
Implicit Wait in Selenium use method overloading as we can provide different
Timestamp or TimeUnit like SECONDS, MINUTES, etc.
9) How do you select a value from a drop-down field and what are the
different methods available?
We can select value from drop-down using methods of Select class. Following
are the methods:
– selectByVisibleText
– selectByValue
– selectByIndex
Select elements = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("button"));
elements.selectByVisibleText("Selenium");
elements.selectByIndex(1);
10) When your XPath is matching more than one element, how do you
handle it to locate the required element?
We can use index of the element to locate it or we can use different Xpath
axes methods to locate the element like Following, Ancestor, Child, Preceding
or Following-sibling
11) How do you capture screen-shots in Selenium and what is the best place
to have the screen-shot code?
//Convert web driver object to TakeScreenshot
TakesScreenshot scrShot =((TakesScreenshot)webdriver);
//Call getScreenshotAs method to create image file
File SrcFile=scrShot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
//Move image file to new destination
File DestFile=new File(fileWithPath);
//Copy file at destination
FileUtils.copyFile(SrcFile, DestFile);
12) Write the code for connecting to Excel files and other operations?
XSSFWorkbook srcBook = new XSSFWorkbook("Demo.xlsx");
XSSFSheet sourceSheet = srcBook.getSheetAt(0);
int rownum=rowcounter;
XSSFRow sourceRow = sourceSheet.getRow(rownum);
XSSFCell cell1=sourceRow.getCell(0);
13) How do you read and write into a PDF file?

BufferedInputStream file = new BufferedInputStream("Path of PDF file");
PDFParser pdf = new PDFParser(file);
pdf.parse();
String text = new PDFTestStripper().getText(pdf.getPDDocument());
14) What are the disadvantages of Selenium?

– It supports only web applications and cannot automate desktop
applications
– No default reporting mechanism
– No default object repository
– Cannot automate captcha
15) How do you debug your automation code when it is not working as
expected?
– Add breakpoints on the lines of code where it is not working
– Run code in debugging mode
– Use different actions like F7(Step Into), F8(Step Over), F9(Step Out) to debug
the problem
16) What are the end methods you use for verifying whether the end result is
achieved by our Selenium automation scripts?
We can use different assertion methods available in different test frameworks
like TestNG or Junit.
17) How do you clear the cookies of a browser using Selenium, before
starting the execution?
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
18) How do you implement collections in your framework?

Collections can be used in framework in situations where you have to store
large number of objects. For example, findElements() method returns a list of
all matching elements.
19) Give a scenario where inheritance is used in your framework?

We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver interface,
WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc., in the Base Class. We extend the
Base Class in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class.
20) Give a scenario where interface is used in your framework?

WebDriver is an interface and when we create an instance of the driver object
to use its different methods.
21) Write a code using JavascriptExecutor to scroll the web page?

//This will scroll the web page till end.
js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)");
22) What is the use of property file in Selenium?

Property file can be used to store the different web elements of an application
or to store all the different application, framework configurations.
23) How do you handle multiple browsers selection in Selenium?

We can select different browsers in Selenium using TestNG framework.
24) What do you use for reporting in your Selenium Project?

We can use the default TestNG or Cucumber report. We can also use different
reporting libraries like Extent reports.
25) How Cross Browser testing is handled in Selenium?

@BeforeTest
@Parameters("browser")
public void setup(String browser) throws Exception{
//Check if parameter passed from TestNG is 'firefox'
if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase("firefox")){
//create firefox instance

System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", ".\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
//Check if parameter passed as 'chrome'
else if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase("chrome")){
//set path to chromedriver.exe
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver",".\\chromedriver.exe");
//create chrome instance
driver = new ChromeDriver();
testng.xml:
<suite name="TestSuite" thread-count="2" parallel="tests" >
<test name="ChromeTest">
<parameter name="browser" value="Chrome" />
<classes>
<class name="com.qascript.crossbrowsertests">
</class>
</classes>
</test>
<test name="FirefoxTest">
<parameter name="browser" value="Firefox" />
<classes>
<class name="com.qascript.crossbrowsertests">
</class>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

1) Can Selenium automate Client Server applications?
No Selenium cannot automate Client Server applications but there are other
tools like Winium and AutoIt which can be used
to automate desktop applications.
2) What are the limitations of Selenium WebDriver?

– It supports Web based applications only
– Limited reporting capabilities
– Handling captcha
3) Tell me about the Selenium WebDriver architecture?

WebDriver is made of following components:
– Language Bindings
– JSON Wire Protocol
– Browser Drivers
– Real Browsers
When a test script is executed with the help of WebDriver, the following tasks
are performed in the background:
– An HTTP request is generated and it is delivered to the browser driver for
every Selenium Command.
– The HTTP request is received by the driver through an HTTP server.
– All the steps/instructions to be executed on the browser is decided by an
HTTP server.
– The HTTP server then receives the execution status and in turn sends it back
to the automation scripts.
4) How to identify the web elements?

In order to identify WebElements accurately and precisely, Selenium makes
use of following locators:
-ID
-Name
-CSS
-LinkText
-XPath
5) When do you go for an XPath?

Although XPath can be used as a locator for any webelement, it is particularly
useful when elements are dynamically changing or
don’t have any unique properties.
6) How to execute the tests on Firefox Browser in Selenium?

System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",Path_of_Firefox_Driver");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); //Creating an object of FirefoxDriver
driver.get("https://qascript.com)
7) What is the difference between id and name?

id is used to identify the HTML eleemnt through the DOM and is expected to
unique within the page
name correspons to the form element and identified what is posted back to
server
8) How to handle dynamic web elements in Selenium?
Dynamic web elements can be handled in the following ways:
– By starting text
– containing text
– By index
– By following-sibling
– By preceding text
9) What is the default timeout of Selenium WebDriver?

Default timeout is 30 seconds
10) When do we use implicit and explicit waits in Selenium?

– The implicit wait will tell to the web driver to wait for certain amount of time
before it throws a “No Such Element Exception”.
Once we set the time, web driver will wait for that time before throwing an
exception.
– The explicit wait is used to tell the Web Driver to wait for certain conditions
(Expected Conditions) or the maximum time exceeded
before throwing an “ElementNotVisibleException” exception.
11) How to select a date in a Calendar on a web page using Selenium?

public class DatePicker
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException
String dot="9/October/2018";
String date,month,year;
String caldt,calmonth,calyear;
/*
* Split the String into String Array
*/
String dateArray[]= dot.split("/");
date=dateArray[0];
month=dateArray[1];
year=dateArray[2];
ChromeDriver driver=new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://cleartrip.com");
driver.findElement(By.id("DepartDate")).click();
WebElement cal;
cal=driver.findElement(By.className("calendar"));
calyear=driver.findElement(By.className("ui-datepicker-year")).getText();
/**
* Select the year
*/
while (!calyear.equals(year))
driver.findElement(By.className("nextMonth")).click();
calyear=driver.findElement(By.className("ui-datepicker-year")).getText();
System.out.println("Displayed Year::" + calyear);
calmonth=driver.findElement(By.className("ui-datepicker-month")).getText();
/**
* Select the Month
*/
while (!calmonth.equalsIgnoreCase(month))
{
driver.findElement(By.className("nextMonth ")).click();
calmonth=driver.findElement(By.className("ui-datepicker-month")).getText();
cal=driver.findElement(By.className("calendar"));
/**
* Select the Date
*/
List<WebElement> rows,cols;
rows=cal.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));
for (int i = 1; i < rows.size(); i++)
cols=rows.get(i).findElements(By.tagName("td"));
for (int j = 0; j < cols.size(); j++)
caldt=cols.get(j).getText();
if (caldt.equals(date))
cols.get(j).click();
break;
}
12) Can I navigate back and forth in a browser using Selenium WebDriver?
Yes. We can use Navigate method to move back and forth in a browser.
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().back();
13) How to execute the Selenium scripts on different browsers?

We can use a framework like TestNg or Junit and configure them to run
Selenium Scripts on multiple browsers.
14) What is the purpose of isDisplayed() function in Selenium WebDriver?

The isDisplayed method in Selenium verifies if a certain element is present
and displayed.
If the element is displayed, then the value returned is true.If not, then the value
returned is false.
15) What is the difference between isDisplayed() and isEnabled() functions

in Selenium WebDriver?
isDisplayed() is capable to check for the presence of all kinds of web
elements available.
isEnabled() is the method used to verify if the web element is enabled or
disabled within the webpage.
16) Can you test flash images in Selenium?

You can also automate the flash using Selenium web driver through the
Flashwebdriver object and
then call a method to operate flash object. You need to download
flashwebdriver jar files
17) What is a Framework?

A framework defines a set of rules or best practices which we can follow in a
systematic way to achieve the desired results.
18) How to select a third value from a drop-down field?
Select select = new Select(listFrameworks);
select.selectByIndex(2);
19) How to get columns from a table?

WebElement table = driver.findElement(By.xpath("WebTableXPath"));
List<WebElement> totalRows = table.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));
for(int i=0;i<totalRows.size-1;i++){
List<WebElement> totalColumns = totalRows[i].findElements(By.tagName("td"));
20) How many scripts are you writing and executing per a day?
It is all dependent on the automation framework and the application under
test.
21) Which driver implementation will allow headless mode?

HtmlUnit driver can be used to run tests in headless mode.
22) Which reporting mechanism you have used in your Selenium projects?
We used the Maven Cucumber Reporting plugin to generate detailed html
reports.
23) Why did you choose Selenium in your project, when there are so many
tools?
We chose Selenium because of the following reasons:
– It is open source and free
– It is easy to learn and setup
– It is the most widely used and popular automation tool
– All the web applications in our project are compatible with Selenium
– Multi-browser and parallel testing is possible with Selenium
24) How do you make use of JSON files in Selenium Grid?

We can configure our hub and nodes using Json file in Selenium Grid.
25) How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point ?

We can put a breakpoint on the line where we want to pause the test
execution.

1) How to get the html source code of a particular web element using
Selenium WebDriver?
We can get the html source code of an element using getAttribute method.
driver.getAttribute("innerhtml");
2) What are the different driver classes available in Selenium WebDriver

API?
Selenium WebDriver API consists of different types of Browser driver classes
like ChromeDriver,IEDriver, FirefoxDriver, etc…
3) What automation tools could be used for post-release validation with

continuous intergration?
We can use continuous monitoring tools such as Nagios and Splunk to
perform post release validation.
4) Does the latest version of Selenium WebDriver support Mobile Testing?

Selenium directly doesn’t support Mobile testing but it is possible by the help
of other tools like Appium.
5) What is the major differences between XPath Expressions and CSS

Selectors?
Using XPath we can traverse both forward and backward whereas CSS
selector only moves forward in HTML DOM.
6) How to select a check box in Selenium?

We can select a checkbox by clicking on it.
driver.findElement(By.id("chkbox")).click();
7) How to verify whether the checkbox option or radio button is selected or

not?
By using isSelected() method.
driver.findElement(By.id("chkbox")).isSelected();
8) What is the alternative way to click on login button?

We can use JavaScriptExecutor to click on login button.
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
9) How can you find the value of different attributes like name, class, value
of an element?
By using the getAttribute() method.
String name = driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getAttribute("name");
10) How to verify whether a button is enabled on the page?

We can verify by using isEnabled() method.
driver.findElement(By.id("btn")).isEnabled();
11) What kind of mouse actions can be performed using Selenium?

Following mouse actions can be performed:
– doubleClick(): Performs double click on the element
– clickAndHold(): Performs long click on the mouse without releasing it
– dragAndDrop(): Drags the element from one point and drops to another
– moveToElement(): Shifts the mouse pointer to the center of the element
– contextClick(): Performs right-click on the mouse
12) What kind of keyboard operations can be performed in Selenium?

Following keyboard actions can be performed:
– sendKeys(): Sends a series of keys to the element
– keyUp(): Performs key release
– keyDown(): Performs keypress without release
13) Can Bar Code Reader be automated using Selenium?

It is not possible to automate bar code reader in Selenium.
14) How to locate a link using its text in Selenium?

We can use By.linkText() to locate a link using text in Selenium.
15) Write the program to locate/fetch all the links on a specific web page?
List<WebElements> allLinks = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
16) How can we run test cases in parallel using TestNG?
By using the parallel attribute in testng.xml. The parallel attribute of suite tag
can accept four values:
– tests: All the test cases inside <test> tag of Testing xml file will run parallel.
– classes: All the test cases inside a Java class will run parallel
– methods: All the methods with @Test annotation will execute parallel.
– instances: Test cases in same instance will execute parall
17) How do you get the height and width of a text box field using Selenium?
We can get the height and width of a text box using getSize() method.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("txt"));
System.out.println(element.size());
18) Which package can be imported while working with WebDriver?

Following package can be imported: org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
19) What is the purpose of deselectAll() method?

Clears all selected entries. This is only valid when the SELECT supports multiple
selections.
20) What is the purpose of getOptions() method?

It Returns all the option elements displayed in the select tag for dropdown list.
21) How to handle alerts in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use switchTo().Alert() method to switch to the alert dialog and
perform the below actions:
driver.switchTo.Alert().accept(); //To click on Ok button of alert
driver.switchTo().Alert().dismiss(); //To click on Cancel button of alert

22) What is hybrid framework?
Hybrid Framework is a combination two or more frameworks like Data-Driven,
Modular or Keyword-Driven. It uses the best features of each framework to
build a highly reusable and maintainable framework.
23) Can you explain the line of code WebDriver driver = new
FirefoxDriver();?
It starts a new Firefox browser driver instance.
24) What could be the cause for Selenium WebDriver test to fail?
There could be many reasons for test failure. Some of them are listed below:
– Driver is null or not found
– Element is not found on the page
– Element is present but not interactable
– Page Synchronization issues
25) What is the difference between @Factory and @DataProvider

annotation?
@DataProvider – A test method that uses @DataProvider will be executed
multiple number of times based on the configuration provided in it.
The test method will be executed using the same instance of the test class to
which the test method belongs.
@Factory – A factory will execute all the test methods present inside a test
class using separate instances of the class.

1) Can we test APIs or web services using Selenium WebDriver?
Selenium directly cannot test APIs or web services but we can use Java
libraries like Rest Assured to do the same.
2) How can we locate an element by only partially matching its attributes
value in XPath?
We can use contains() method in Xpath to partially match attribute value.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[contains(@id,'sub')]"));
3) How can we locate elements using their text in XPath?

We can use the text() method in XPath to locate elements.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text(),'Selenium']));
4) How can we move to parent of an element using XPath?

We can use ancestor in Xpath to move to parent node of an element.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login']/ancestor::div[@class='button']));
5) How can we move to nth child element using XPath?

We can use child axis in Selenium to find all the children of the current node
and
then use index method to move to nth child element.
WebElement element = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[@id='login']/child::*")[2]);
6) What is the syntax of finding elements by class using CSS Selectors?

In Css Selector . represents a class identifier.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.CssSelector(".button"));

For a detailed view on all different locators in Selenium refer the following
page – https://qascript.com/selenium-locators/
7) What is the syntax of finding elements by id using CSS Selectors?

In Css Selector # represents a class identifier.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.CssSelector("#login"));
For a detailed view on all different locators in Selenium refer the following
page – https://qascript.com/selenium-locators/
8) How can we select elements by their attribute value using CSS Selector?
We need to provide the identifier type followed by the value in Css Selector to
select an element.
9) How can we move to nth child element using CSS Selector?

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("ul > li:nth-child(1)"));
10) How can we submit a form in Selenium?

We can submit a form using the submit() method in selenium.
driver.findElement(By.id("Login")).submit();
11) How can we fetch a text written over an element?

We can fetch text using the getText() method.
String text = driver.findElement(By.id("Login")).getText();
12) What are some expected conditions that can be used in Explicit Waits?
– elementToBeClickable()
– elementToBeSelected()
– presenceOfElementLocated()
– visiblityOfElementLocated()
13) How can we fetch the title of the page in Selenium?

Using getTitle() method.
String title = driver.getTitle();
For a detailed view on all Selenium methods refer the following page –
https://qascript.com/selenium-webdriver-commands-cheat-sheet/
14) How can we fetch the page source in Selenium?

Using getPageSource() method.
String source = driver.getPageSource();
15) What are some randomly encountered exceptions in Selenium ?

– NoSuchWindowException
– NoSuchFrameException
– NoAlertPresentException
– InvalidSelectorException
– ElementNotVisibleException
– ElementNotSelectableException
– TimeoutException
– NoSuchSessionException
– StaleElementReferenceException
16) How to check which option in the drop-down is selected?

Using getFirstSelectedOption() method.
Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select")));
WebElement option = select.getFirstSelectedOption();
String defaultItem = option.getText();
System.out.println(defaultItem );
17) How to handle HTTPS websites in Selenium? Does Selenium support

them?
You can handle HTTPS websites by handling SSL certificates in each browser
using DesiredCapabilities.
18) How to accept the SSL untrusted connection?

For handling SSL error in Chrome, we need to use desired capabilities of
Selenium Webdriver.
The below code will help to accept all the SSL certificate in chrome, and the
user will not
receive any SSL certificate related error using this code.
// Create object of DesiredCapabilities class
DesiredCapabilities cap=DesiredCapabilities.chrome();
// Set ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS variable to true
cap.setCapability(CapabilityType.ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS, true);
// Set the driver path
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","Chrome driver path");
// Open browser with capability
WebDriver driver=new ChromeDriver(cap);
19) What is HtmlUnitDriver?

HTML UnitDriver is the most light weight and fastest implementation headless
browser for of WebDriver.
It is based on HtmlUnit. It is known as Headless Browser Driver. It is same as
Chrome, IE, or FireFox driver,
but it does not have GUI so one cannot see the test execution on screen.
20) What is the use of @Factory annotation in TestNG?

A factory will execute all the test methods present inside a test class using
separate instances of the class.
It is used to create instances of test classes dynamically. This is useful if you
want to run the test class any number of times.
21) What are some common assertions provided by TestNG?

– AssertTrue
– AssertEqual
– AssertFalse
22) Name an API used for logging in Java?

Log4J api is used for logging in Java.
23) What is the use of logging in Automation?

Logging helps in debugging errors and reporting purposes.
24) Can Selenium Test an application on Android Browser?

We have to use Appium to automate an application on Android browser.
25) How to select a radio button in Selenium WebDriver?

We can select a radio button using click() method.
driver.findElement(By.id("checkbox")).click();
1) Explain how will automate drop down list ? How will you get size ? and text
present in it?
We can use the Select class and methods to automate drop down list. We will
get the size of the
items by using getOptions() method. We can iterate through each item and
get its text by using getText() method.
WebElement ddElement = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select select = new Select(ddElement);
List<WebElement> items = select.getOptions();
for(WebElement element: items){
System.out.println(element.getText());
2) Give me another way u can send values other than sendkeys?

We can use JavaScript Executor to send values.
JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor)webdriver;
JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('User').value='QAScript'");
3) What is regular expression? Where will we use it?

A regular expression is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern.
Usually such patterns are used by string searching algorithms for “find” or
“find and replace” operations on strings, or for input validation.
They can be used for:
– extracting text from the value of a webelement
– validating if a value matches a specific pattern
– validating if a url matches a pattern
4) How do you start selenium server?

We can start the selenium server using the below command:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-3.11.0.jar
5) How do you download and use selenium?

We can download Selenium by using Maven dependencies and import the
Selenium packages in our classes.
6) How do you differentiate check box if more than one check box is existed
in your application?
We can first get the list of all check-boxes and then use index to perform
operation on a particular check-box.
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElement(By.id("check"));
elements.get(1).click();
7) How to get the href of a link?

We can use the getAttribute method to get href of a link.
String str = driver.findElement(By.id("Submit")).getAttribute("href");
8) How to get the source of image?

We can use the getAttribute method to get source of image.
String source = driver.findElement(By.id("img")).getAttribute("src"));
9) Write a program to count the number of links in a page?

List<WebElement> allLinks = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
int count = allLinks.size();
10) How to check all check-boxes in a page?

List<WebElement> checkboxes = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='checkbox']"));
for(WebElement element: checkboxes){
element.click();
11) What is the output of the below code?

driver.findElements(By.tagName(“img”));?
It will return all the elements from the page which have tagname as img.
12) How do you handle JavaScript alert/confirmation popup?

Using Alert class and its different methods.
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Click on OK button
alert.accept();
//Click on close button
alert.dismiss();
//Get text present on Alert

alert.getText();
13) How do you launch IE?

System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver","//path of IE Driver");
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
14) How do you launch Chrome browser?

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","//path of Chrome Driver");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
15) How do you click on a menu item in a drop down menu?

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("menu"));
Select dropdown = new Select(element);
dropdown.selectByValue("1");
16) How do you work with page onload authentication popup?

driver.get("http://UserName:[email protected]");
17) How do you handle untrusted certificates?

DesiredCapabilities certificate = DesiredCapabilities.chrome();
certificate.setCapability (CapabilityType.ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS, true);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver (certificate);

18) How to verify that the font-size of a text is 12px?
driver.findelement(By.xpath("xpath_element").getcssvalue("font-size);
19) How to get typed text from a textbox?

String text = driver.findElement(By.id("textbox")).getAttribute("value");
20) What is the use of following-sibling ?

It selects all the siblings after the current node.
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@name='username']//following-
sibling::input[@name='password']").sendKeys("password");
21) What is StaleElementException? When does it occur? How do you handle

it?
This Exception occurs when driver is trying to perform action on the element
which is no longer exists or not valid. Try to get around this by first using an
explicit wait on the element to ensure the ajax call is complete, then get a
reference to the element again.
By byPageLoc = By.id("element");
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(byPageLoc));
driver.findElement(By.id("element")).click();
22) How to get the number of frames on a page?

List<WebElement> frames = driver.findElement("By.id("frame-id"));
int count = frames.getSize();

23) How to verify that an element is not present on a page?
boolean isElementDisplayed = driver.findElement(By.id("login")).isDisplayed();
if(!isElementDisplayed)
System.out.println("Element is not present");
24) What is the use of getPageSource()?

It returns the complete html source code of the page.
25) What is the difference between dragAndDrop() and dragAndDropBy()?

Difference between dragAndDrop and dragAndDropBy is that,
dragAndDropBy moves the source element not to the target element but to
the offsets.

1) What are the different ways to customize TestNG report?
We can customize TestNG reports in 2 ways:
– Using ITestListener Interface
– Using IReporter Interface
2) What is required to generated the PDF reports?

To create pdf report we need a Java API called IText.
3) What are Selenium WebDriver Listeners?

The WebDriverEventListener interface can implement classes and methods
like EventFiringWebDriver and WebDriverEventListener. It can also track events
like “beforeNavigateTo” , “afterNavigateTo”, “BeforeClickOn”, “AfterClickOn”
and more.
4) What are the different types of Listeners in TestNG?

Below are different types of listeners in TestNG:
– IAnnotationTransformer
– IConfigurable
– IConfigurationListener
– IExecutionListener
– IHookable
– IInvokedMethodListener
– IMethodInterceptor
– IReporter
– ISuiteListener
– ITestListener
5) What is the API that is required for implementing Database Testing using
Selenium WebDriver?
JDBC api is required for Database testing.
6) When to use AutoIt?

AutoIt is a freeware BASIC-like scripting language designed for automating
the Windows GUI and general purpose scripting. It should be used to
automate window based popups and dialog boxes.
7) Why do we need Session Handling while using Selenium WebDriver?

During test execution, the Selenium WebDriver has to interact with the browser
all the time to execute given commands. At the time of execution, it is also
possible that, before current execution completes, someone else starts
execution of another script, in the same machine and in the same type of
browser. In such situation, we need a mechanism by which our two different
executions should not overlap with each other.
8) What is the advantage of using GitHub for Selenium?

Github can be used for the following:
– Effective Source Code Management
– Collaboration among team members
– Versioning of Selenium code
9) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Selenium over other

testing tools like QTP and TestComplete?
Advantages:
– Selenium is open source and free automation tool
– Selenium supports multiple languages and platforms
– Selenium can be easily integrated with CI/CD tools
Disadvantages:
– Selenium can only automate Web Applications
– Selenium doesn’t have reporting capabilities
– Selenium doesn’t have a object repository
10) What is exception test in Selenium?

In TestNG we use expectedException with @Test annotation and we need to
specify the type of exceptions that are expected to be thrown when executing
the test methods.
11) Why and how will you use an Excel sheet in your Selenium project?
Excel sheet can be used as a data source from which we can read test data.
We can also use it for reporting.
12) How can you redirect browsing from a browser through some proxy?
Selenium provides a PROXY class to redirect browsing from a proxy.
String PROXY = "199.200.124.130:8080";
org.openqa.selenium.Proxy proxy = new.org.openqa.selenium.Proxy();
proxy.setHTTPProxy(Proxy)
.setFtpProxy(Proxy)
.setSslProxy(Proxy)
DesiredCapabilities cap = new DesiredCapabilities();
cap.setCapability(CapabilityType.PROXY, proxy);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(cap);
13) How do you achieve synchronization in WebDriver?

Synchronization can be achieved by using the following wait commands in
WebDriver:
– ImplicitWait
– ExplicitWait
– FluentWait
14) Write a code to wait for a particular element to be visible on a page.

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("button"));
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,30);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(element));
15) Write a code to wait for an alert to appear.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
16) How to scroll down a page using JavaScript in Selenium?

JavaScriptExecutor js = (JavaScriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,1000)");
17) How to scroll down to a particular element?

js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView();", Element);
18) How to handle keyboard and mouse actions using Selenium?

Keboard and mouse actions can be handled by using Actions class in
Selenium.
19) Which files can be used as data source for different frameworks?
Text, Excel, XML and JSON can be used as data source files.
20) How can you fetch an attribute from an element?

We can fetch an attribute using getAttribute() method in Selenium.
21) How to retrieve typed text from a text box?

String text = driver.findElement(By.id("textBox")).getText();
22) How to send alt or shift or control or enter or tab key in Selenium
WebDriver?
We can use sendKeys() method to send any key.
driver.findElement(element).sendKeys(Keys.TAB);
23) How to set the size of browser window using Selenium?

Dimension d = new Dimension(300,1080);
driver.manage().window().setSize(d);
24) How to switch to a new window (new tab) which opens up after you click
on a link?
String currentWindowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();
ArrayList<String> windowHandles = new ArrayList<String>(driver.getWindowHandles());
for (String window:windowHandles){
if (window != currentWindowHandle){
driver.switchTo().window(window);
25) Can I call a single data provider method for multiple functions and
classes?
Yes. We can use a single data provider method for multiple functions.

1) What are the difference between Jbehave and Cucumber?
– JBehave is pure Java Framework, and Cucumber is Ruby-based.
– JBehave are based on stories while Cucumber is based on features.
2) Explain when to use Rspec and when to use Cucumber?

Rspec should be used when developers are involved in the process of
describing the steps and the binding code. But Cucumber should be used
when product owners are responsible for writing the feature files.
3) What is the language used for expressing scenario in feature file ?

Cucumber uses the Gherkin language to define the scenario in feature file
using keywords like Given, Then, And, When, etc…
4) Explain what are regular expressions in Cucumber?

Regular expressions are used in Cucumber to link a Gherkin Step with a Step
Definition.
5) What Are Before, After, Beforestep And Afterstep Hooks?

– Methods annotated with @Before will execute before every scenario.
– Methods annotated with @BeforeStep execute before every step.
– Methods annotated with @After execute after every scenario.
– Methods annotated with @AfterStep execute after every step.
6) What Are Cucumber Tags? Why We Use The Tags?

Tags are a great way to organise your features and scenarios. They can be
used for two purposes:
– Running a subset of scenarios
– Restricting hooks to a subset of scenarios
7) What Is Cucumber Dry Run?

Cucumber dry run is basically used to compile cucumber feature files and
step Definitions.
If there is any compilation errors it will show when we use dry run.
8) Explain what is Scenario Outline In Feature File?

Cucumber Scenario Outline is used to execute the same scenario multiple
times with different data sets.
9) What Is Step Definition In Cucumber?

Step Definition is a java method that is linked to a step in the scenario in
feature file.
10) Explain What is Bdd (Behaviour Driven Development) ?

BDD is an Agile software development process that encourages collaboration
among developers, QA and non-technical or business participants in a
software project.
11) What are the benefits of Bdd in Selenium ?

– Living Documentation
– Collaboration
– Domain-specific language
– Test Reuse
– Data-driven testing
– Automated tests
12) Define feature file. Mention the components of feature file?

Feature file is a file which consists of scenarios, steps and conditions for
different test cases. The following are the components contained by the
feature file:
– Feature
– Scenario
– Scenario Outline
– Steps in Given/When/Then format
13) What is the meaning of Steps in Cucumber tool?

Each step starts with Given, When, Then, And, or But. Cucumber executes each
step in a scenario one at a time, in the given sequence. When Cucumber tries
to execute a step, it looks for a matching step definition to execute.
14) What is the difference between Given, When, Then steps in feature file?
– Given steps are used to describe the initial context of the system – the
scene of the scenario.
– When steps are used to describe an event, or an action.
– Then steps are used to describe an expected outcome, or result.
15) What is @CucumberOptions in test runner? List the properties of

@CucumberOptions?
Cucumber Options tag is used to provide a link between the feature files and
step definition files.
Following are the different properties:
– dryRun: checks if all steps have a step definition
– features: sets the path of the feature file
– glue: sets the path of the step definition files
– tags: instructs what tags should be executed in feature file
– monochrome: display the console output in readable format
– format: sets which reporter formats to use
– strict: will fail execution if there are undefined or pending steps
16) What are the programming languages supported by Cucumber?

Cucumber supports many programming languages like Perl, PHP, Python, .Net
and Java
17) How many times scenario outline will be executed?

Scenario outline is run once for each row listed in the Examples section.
18) What is background and when it will be executed?

Background contains one or more Given steps, which are run before each
scenario.
19) Explain types of Hooks in Cucumber?

Following are the different types of hooks in cucumber:
– Before
– After
– BeforeStep
– AfterStep
20) What is the pattern of writing Given, When, Then, And, or But?
There is no strict pattern of writing these keywords and can be
interchangeably used based on the scenarios.
21) What is the use of glue property under Cucumber Options tag?
The glue is a part of Cucumber options that describes the location and path
of the step definition file.
22) What is the difference between cucumber, JBehave, and Specflow?

Cucumber is based on Ruby while Jbehave is a Java based framework and
Specflow is a .Net based framework.
23) What are the two main purpose of using Gherkin?
– Documents user scenarios
– Writing an automated test in BDD
24) How to comment a line in Feature file?

To put comments, we just need to start the statement with “#” sign
25) Explain Cucumber Hooks?

Hooks are blocks of code that can run at various points in the Cucumber
execution cycle. They are typically used for setup and teardown of the
environment before and after each scenario.

1) Explain JUnit Runner?
A JUnit Runner is a class that extends JUnit’s abstract Runner class. Runners
are used
for running test classes in a Cucumber Project. Runner class can be run by
using the @RunWith annotation
2) What are the steps to generate a report in Cucumber?

For HTML reports, add html:target/cucumber-reports to the
@CucumberOptions plugin option.
@CucumberOptions(
features = "src/test/resources/features",
glue= {"stepDefs"},
plugin = { "pretty", "html:target/cucumber-reports" },
monochrome = true
)
3) Full form of BDD?
BDD stands for Behaviour Driven Development. It is an Agile software
development
process that encourages collaboration among developers, QA and non-
technical or
business participants in a software project.
4) Full form of TDD?

TDD stands for Test Driven Development. It is a development technique where
a developer
first writes a test that fails before writing any new code.
5) Name any 3 popular BDD testing tools?

Cucumber, SpecFlow and JBehave
6) Cucumber Tags are case sensitive. True or False?

Tag names are case-sensitive.
7) Name any two testing framework that can be integrated with Cucumber?
TestNG and Junit can be easily integrated with Cucumber.
8) Name any two build management tools that can be integrated with
Cucumber?
Maven and Ant are two build management tools which can be integrated
with cucumber.
9) What software do you need to run cucumber in JAVA?

We need to add the cucumber dependencies in Maven pom.xml file of the
Java project.
10) How does a JUnit Test Runner class look like?

import io.cucumber.junit.Cucumber;
import io.cucumber.junit.CucumberOptions;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(
features = {
"src/test/resources/features"
},
plugin = {
"pretty",
"html:results/html",
"json:results/json/result.json",
"junit:results/junit/cucumber.xml"
},
monochrome = true
public class TestRunner {
11) Name any advanced framework design that can be used with
Cucumber?
Page Object Model can be used with Cucumber.
12) Selenium can be integrated with Cucumber. True or False?

True
13) Can you name any other BDD tools except Cucumber?
JBehave and SpecFlow
14) Can we write cucumber tags ( @smoke , @Run etc ) above feature
keyword in feature file?
Yes. We can write these cucumber tags above the feature keyword.
15) What are the JAR files to be used for Cucumber?

cucumber-core
cucumber-java
cucumber-junit
cucumber-jvm-deps
16) What is the real time use of Cucumber?

Cucumber is used to write acceptance tests for a web application.
17) What is the plugin’s name that is used to integrate Cucumber into
Eclipse IDE?
Cucumber Eclipse Plugin can be used for Cucumber integration in Eclipse.
18) What are the Gherkin keywords?

The main keywords in Gherkin are:
– Feature
– Scenario
– Given, When, Then, And, But (Steps)
– Background
– Scenario outline
– Examples
19) If Before hook is available and background is available for a scenario, in

which order they will be executed?
Before hook will be executed first followed by the background steps for a
scenario.
20) Explain the procedure how do you create cucumber end to end tests for
the given test case.
launch a website google.com Enter “selenium” in search field click on
search button results should be displayed.?
– Create a feature file and add the scenarios with steps in the file
– Create a step definition file and write all the methods associated with
different steps of feature file
– Create a Junit Test Runner file and call the feature file by providing its path
21) Types of reports generated by cucumber JUNIT?

Following reports can be generated:
– HTML
– XML
– JSON
22) How to run multiple feature files in Cucumber?

We can mention all the different feature file paths or the folder path in Junit
Runner file.
23) How to create feature file in Cucumber?

Create a new file with .feature extension under src/test/resources/features
folder.
24) How to run Cucumber tests in parallel?

Cucumber can be executed in parallel using TestNG and Maven test
execution plugins by setting the dataprovider parallel option to true. Using the
scenario outline we can execute multiple scenarios with Test NG. One can use
either Maven Surefire or Failsafe plugin for executing the tests in parallel.
25) Is Cucumber open source?

Cucumber is an open source BDD framework.
1) What is the name of the plugin that is used to integrate Eclipse with
Cucumber?
Cucumber Eclipse Plugin can be used in Eclipse to integrate with Cucumber.
2) What is the meaning of TestRunner class in Cucumber?

TestRunner class is the starting point from where the execution starts. It also
links with feature files and step definitions.
3) Provide an example of TestRunner class in Cucumber?

@CucumberOptions(
features = {
},
plugin = {
"pretty",
"html:target/cucumber.html",
"json:target/cucumber.json"
public class TestRunner {
}
4) What is the starting point of execution for feature files?
TestRunner is the starting point of execution.
5) Should any code be written within TestRunner class?

In a default TestRunner class, no code is required to execute it.
6) Can we use same step definition in different scenarios?

Yes. We can use same step definition in multiple scenarios.
7) What is the maximum number of steps that are to be written within a

scenario?
There is no fixed limit of steps within a scenario and it is completely
dependent on the application.
8) What software do you need to run a Cucumber Web Test ?

We need any IDE like Eclipse or IntellijIdea and setup a Maven Java Project.
Then we need to add maven dependencies for cucumber-jvm, cucumber-
core and cucumber-junit. After that we need to add Feature Files, Step
Definition Files and Test Runner file to run a cucumber test.
9) Cucumber Execution Starts From Where?

Cucumber execution starts from TestRunner file.
10) On what places you can write tags in feature file?

Tags can be placed above the following elements:
– Feature
– Scenario
– Scenario Outline
– Examples
11) Is It Mandatory To Use The Keywords While Writing Scenario Steps ?

Yes. It is mandatory to use Gherkin keywords while writing scenario steps.
12) How To Generate Cucumber Execution Reports?

Cucumber Execution Reports can be generated by adding plugin to Test
Runner file.
@CucumberOptions(
features = {
},
plugin = {
"pretty",
"json:target/cucumber.json"
13) How to run a Particular Scenario from a Feature File ?

We can use cucumber tags to run a particular scenario from a feature file.
– Add tag to scenario
@regression
Scenario: Login Test
– Add tags to Test Runner file plugin
@CucumberOptions(
features = {
},
plugin = {
"pretty",
"json:target/cucumber.json",
"tags:@regression"
14) What are the tagged hooks in cucumber?

Tagged Hooks can be used to execute hooks for scenarios with specific tags.
@After("@browser and not @firefox)
public void setup(){
driver.quit();
15) What is Tag Inheritance in cucumber?

Tags are inherited by all child elements.
Tags that are defined for a feature will be inherited by Scenario, Scenario
outline.
Tags that are placed above a Scenario Outline will be inherited by Examples.
16) What are the prerequisites for building a Selenium Cucumber
automation framework?
We need to include the relevant maven dependencies for Selenium and
Cucumber.
17) What are Data Tables in Cucumber?

Data Tables are used in Examples for Scenario Outline. Scenario will be
executed for every row in the data table.
18) What are the cucumber assertions?

Cucumber doesn’t have its own assertion library and we need to use the
assertions available in any testing framework like TestNG or Junit.
19) How can any scenario in the feature file be written?

Scenario includes different steps which can be writeen using
Given/When/Then/And format.
20) Mention the main reasons behind using a simple programming

language such as Gherkin?
Gherkin is used in Cucumber to make it easy for non technical people to
understand the scenarios as it is quite similar to English language. Business
Analysts can easily convert the business requirements into
Features/Scenarios/Steps using Gherkin.
21) What is Cucumber Report? Mention the benefits of Cucumber Report?

Cucumber Report contains details of the test execution like which scenarios
passed or failed, what are the steps within the scenarios, and other
environment details. This report can be shared with the project stakeholders
for reporting purpose.
22) What is the cucumber.yml file in cucumber?

All command line options can be stored in cucumber.yml file and can be
placed in project’s root directory.
23) Can we use TestNG with cucumber?
Yes. We can use TestNG with cucumber. For that we need to extend
AbstractTestNGCucumberTests Class in Test Runner class.
24) What is the main difference between Scenario and Scenario outline?
– Scenario can be executed only once but Scenario outline can be used to
execute scenario multiple times with different sets of data
– Scenario Outline contains Examples with data table but Scenario doesn’t
contain examples
25) Write a three line code to show scenario outline?

Scenario Outline: Login to application
Given User enters <username> and <password>
Examples:
| username | password |
| [email protected] | 123 |

1) Explain the usage of different annotations available in TestNG?
@BeforeSuite – Method will run before all tests run in the suite
@AfterSuite – Method will run after all tests run in the suite
@BeforeTest – Method will run before any test method within the class is run
@AfterTest – Method will run after all test methods within the class have run
@BeforeClass – Method will run before first test method in the class is invoked
@AfterClass – Method will run after all test methods in the class have run
@BeforeMethod – Method will run before each test method
@AfterMethod – Method will run after each test method
2) How do you prioritize your test cases in Selenium?
We can use priority method to set the priority of test method to run.
@Test(priority=1)
public void ClickA(){
System.out.println("Test will execute first");
@Test(priority=2)
public void ClickB(){
System.out.println("Test will execute second");
3) Suppose you want to skip one test method from execution, how do you
skip it from execution?
We can use enabled method to enable or disable test in TestNG.
@Test(enabled=false)
public void login(){
4) What is the hierarchy of testNG.xml tags?

Below is the hierarchy of TestNG.xml tags:
<suite>
<test>
<classes>
<class>
<methods>
5) Explain the structure of testng.xml file?

<suite name="Test Suite" verbose="1">
<test name="Regression Tests">
<classes>
<class name="com.example.TestRunner">
</class>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
6) What are the different methods of Assert?

– assertEqual(): Compares two strings are equal and fails if both are not
equal
– assertTrue(): Checks boolean condition is true and fails if it is false
– assertFalse(): Checks boolean condition is false and falis if it is true
7) How do you store your TestNG reports?

TestNG default reports are stored in target output folder of the project.
8) How do you use Parameters in TestNG?

@Parameters({"username","password"})
@Test
public void login(String username, String password){
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
<parameter name="username" value="qascript"/>
<parameter name="password" value="qascript123"/>
<classes>
<class name="com.example.Tests">
</class>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
9) What is the use of grouping in TestNG?

TestNG groups are used to include/exclude different tests from the execution
10) What is the difference between JUnit and TestNG?

– More annotations are present in TestNG compared to JUnit
– HTML Reporting is present in TestNG but it is not present in JUnit
– TestNG supports dependent tests but Junit does not
11) What is the difference between include and exclude in TestNG?

– All test methods which are defined in the group under include tags will be
included in the execution
– All test methods which are defined in the group under exclude tags will be
excluded from execution
12) How to execute the single selected method in TestNG?

We can define a group for the method and put the group within the include
tags
13) How the packages and classes are structured in TestNG.xml?

<packages>
<package name="com.example"/>
</packages>
</test>
</suite>
14) What are assertions and why we go for them in TestNG?

Assertions are used in TestNG for validating the result or outcome of a test.
It can be used to compare the expected test result with actual test result.
Test Execution status will pass or fail based on the assertion result.
15) Tell me a login page script in TestNG?

@Test
public void login(){
driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("qascript");
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("qascript123");
driver.findElement(By.id("submit")).click();
16) What is the difference between @Parameters and @DataProviders in

TestNG?
– @DataProvider can handle complex parameters like objects read from a
property file or a database.
– @Parameters can be used to handle simple parameter values.
17) What problems you have faced while working with TestNG?
Working with DataProviders, Parallel execution and Listeners was challenging
in TestNG.
18) How to create Suites in TestNG?

TestNG suite tags can be added in the testng.xml file.
19) How to prioritize the tests in TestNG at Class level and Suite level?
Priority can be set for test methods and then we can use @BeforeSuite,
@BeforeClass methods to prioritize the tests at class and suite level.
20) Suppose I want to check a particular exception in TestNG. How will you
check?
@Test(expectedExceptions = ArithmeticException.class)
public void exceptionTest() {
System.out.println("Exception occurred");
21) What is the difference between Maven and TestNG?

– Maven is a build automation tool used to build and manage Java projects.
– TestNG is a testing framework for Java to manage test execution.
22) Do you know any third party reporting other than testng?
There are many third-party reporting like Extent Reports, Maven Cucumber
Reporting plugin.
23) What is the difference between TestNG and Grid?

– TestNG is a testing framework for Java to manage test execution.
– Grid is a selenium component which is used to execute tests on remote
machines.
24) How will you mark as method as a data provider using TestNG
annotation?
@Test(dataProvider="TestData")
25) Can you tell me usage of TestNG Soft Assertion?

Soft Assertion doesn’t throw any exception when an assert fails and the test
execution doesn’t stop.

1) Why do you get NoSuchElementException ?
NoSuchElementException is thrown when the element is not present in the
page.
2) Write syntax for switching to default content after switching to any

frame?
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
3) Write syntax for actions class?
actions.moveToElement(element).click().build().perform();
4) Write syntax for drag & drop?

WebElement toElement = driver.findElement(by.id("area1"));
WebElement fromElement = driver.findElement(by.id("area2"));
actions.dragAndDrop(fromElement,toElement).build().perform();
5) Can we use implicitly wait() and explicitly wait() together in the test
case?
Yes we can use implicitly and explicitly wait together in the same test.
6) What Is the syntax to get value from text box and store It In variable.?
String text = driver.findElement(by.id("textbox")).getAttribute("value");
7) How to shoot the snapshot using selenium?

TakeScreenshot screenshot = ((TakeScreenshot)driver);
File src = screenshot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
File dest = new File(file1);
FileUtils.copyFile(src,dest);
8) How to handle Confirmation Pop-Up?

We can use different methods of Alert interface in WebDriver:
//To click on the cancel button
driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();
//To click on OK button
driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
9) How do you handle untrusted SSL certificate in Selenium WebDriver?

DesiredCapabilities capability = DesiredCapabilities.chrome();
capability.setCapability(CapabilityType.ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS, true);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(capability);
10) What is Select Class in Selenium WebDriver and how to use it?
Select class is used to interact with select dropdowns on the webpage.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(by.id("country"));
Select select = new Select(driver);
select.selectByVisibleText(element);
11) What is Alert interface and how to use it?

Alert interface is used to handle alert dialog boxes in Selenium WebDriver.
It provides the folowing methods:
– accept(): To click on the OK button
– dismiss(): To click on the CANCEL button
– getText(): To capture alert message
– sendKeys(): To send data to alert box
12) What is click() command in Selenium WebDriver?

click() command is used to click on any web element of the page.
13) What is sendKeys() command in Selenium WebDriver?
sendKeys() command is used to type a key sequence in DOM element.
15) How to read data from properties file in Selenium?

FileReader file = new FileReader("app.properties");
Properties props = new Properties();
String url = props.load(file).getProperty("baseURL");
16) How to automate a scroll bar?

js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,200)");
17) If an explicit wait is 10 sec and the condition is met in 5 sec, will
driver move to execute next statement after 5 sec or it will wait for complete
10 sec then move?
Driver will move to next statement if the condition is met within 5 seconds and
will not wait
for 10 seconds.
18) If element is loaded by taking much time, how to handle this situation in
selenium?
We can use explicit or fluent wait methods to explicitly wait for the element.
19) What is the problem with Thread.Sleep in code?

Thread.Sleep will always wait for the defined amount of time and increases
the overall execution time.
20) How to verify whether the background color of a paragraph is green or

not?
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("para"));
element.getCssValue("background-color");
21) How to change the URL on a webpage using selenium web driver?
We can use the navigate method to change the URL.
driver.navigateTo().url("https://qascript.com");
22) Write a program to return the number of rows and columns in a

webtable?
List<WebElement> rows = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[@class='table']/tbody/tr"));
System.out.println(rows.size());
List<WebElement> cols = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[@class='table']/tbody/tr[1]/td"));
System.out.println(cols.size());
23) Write a program to return the row and column value like(3,4) for a given
data in web table?
String val = driver.findElement(by.xpath("//*[@id='table']/tbody/tr[3]/td[4]")).getText();
24) Action is class or interface?

Action is an interface which represents a single user interaction action.
25) How do you handle exception handling in selenium?

We can handle exceptions using try catch blocks.

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Selenium Java Interview

Questions And Answers – Part 1

2) What is Selenium Grid and when do we go for it?

– Execute your test on different operating systems

-Execute your tests on different versions of same browser

-Execute your tests on multiple browsers

-Execute your tests in parallel and multiple threads

3) What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?

-Reduces batch processing time.

-Can perform multi-browser testing.

4) What is a Hub in Selenium Grid?

5) What is a Node in Selenium Grid?

– Nodes can be launched on multiple machines with different platforms and

6) What are the types of WebDriver API’s that are supported/available in

7) Which WebDriver implementation claims to be the fastest?

8) What are the open source frameworks supported by Selenium

10) What are the verification points available in Selenium?

To check element is present

To check element is visible

To check element is enabled

To check text is present

11) Why do we create a reference variable ‘driver’ of type WebDriver and

14) What is implicit wait in Selenium WebDriver?

15) What is Explicit Wait in Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);

16) What is Fluent Wait in Selenium WebDriver?

Wait<WebDriver> wait1 = new FluentWait<>(driver)

JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;

19) How to get an attribute value of an element using Selenium WebDriver?

20) How to press Enter key on text box in Selenium WebDriver?

21) How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point?

22) Is Selenium Server needed to run Selenium WebDriver scripts?

23) What happens if we run this command driver.get(“www.google.com”);?

25) What is the difference between driver.get(“URL”) and

Selenium Java Interview

2) How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium WebDriver?

3) How can we maximize browser window in Selenium WebDriver?

4) How to delete cookies in Selenium?

6) What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and

driver.getWinowHandles() – To get the window handle of all current windows.

7) How to handle hidden elements in Selenium WebDriver?

9) How to find more than one web element in the list?

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));

10) How to read a JavaScript variable in Selenium WebDriver?

//Perform Click on LOGIN button using JavascriptExecutor

11) What is JavascriptExecutor and in which case JavascriptExecutor will

12) How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, waitTime);

13) List some scenarios which we cannot automate using Selenium

-Automating Captcha is not possible using Selenium WebDriver.

-We can not read bar code using Selenium WebDriver.

-We can not automate OTP submission.

14) How you build object repository in your project framework?

15) What is Page Object Model (POM) and its advantages?

The advantages of using POM are:

-Allow us to separate operations and flows in the UI from verification –

16) What is Page Factory?

Annotations in Page Factory are like this:

@FindBy(how = How.ID, using = “userName”)