28.

t s(t) 3 1 1
e. ∫−3 x dx =
2
(3)(3) + (3)(3) = 9
2
20 10
3 (−3)3 (3)3
40 40 f. ∫−3 x x dx =
3
+
3
=0
60 90
2 0 1 2
80 160 g. ∫−1 x a x b dx = − ∫−1 x dx + 0∫0 x dx + ∫1 x dx
1 1
100 250 = − (1)(1) + 1(1) + (1)(1) = 1
2 2
120 360
2 0 1
∫−1 x a xb dx = − ∫−1 x dx + 0∫0 x dx
2 2 2
h.
2
+ ∫ x 2 dx
29. t s(t) 1
13 ⎛ 23 13 ⎞
20 20 =− +⎜ − ⎟ = 2
3 ⎜⎝ 3 3 ⎟⎠
40 80
1
60 160 32. a. ∫−1 f ( x) dx = 0 because this is an odd
function.
80 240
1
100 320 b. ∫−1 g ( x ) dx = 3 + 3 = 6

120 400 1
c. ∫−1 f ( x) dx = 3 + 3 = 6

∫−1 [ − g ( x)] dx = −3 + (−3) = −6

1
30. t s(t) d.

20 20
1

40 60
e. ∫−1 xg ( x) dx = 0 because xg(x) is an odd
function.
60 80
1
80 60
f. ∫−1 f 3 ( x) g ( x) dx = 0 because f 3 ( x) g ( x)
is an odd function.
100 0
1 n
120 -100 33. RP = ∑ ( xi + xi −1 )( xi − xi −1 )
2 i =1
1 n 2
( )
3
31. a. ∫−3a x b dx = (−3 − 2 − 1 + 0 + 1 + 2)(1) = −3 = ∑ xi − xi2−1
2 i =1
1⎡ 2
3 = ( x1 − x02 ) + ( x22 − x12 ) + ( x32 − x22 )
∫−3a xb
2
b. dx = [(−3)2 + (−2) 2 2 ⎣
+(−1) 2 + 0 + 1 + 4](1) = 19 + " + ( xn2 − xn2−1 ) ⎤
⎦
1 2
⎡1 ⎤ = ( xn − x02 )
∫−3 ( x − a x b) dx = 6 ⎢⎣ 2 (1)(1) ⎥⎦ = 3
3
c. 2
1 2
= (b − a 2 )
2
13
∫−3 ( x − a x b)
3 2 1
d. dx = 6 ∫ x 2 dx = 6 ⋅ =2 1 1
0 3 lim (b 2 − a 2 ) = (b 2 − a 2 )
n →∞ 2 2

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 ( )
12 1
⎡1 ⎤
34. Note that xi = ⎢ xi2−1 + xi −1 xi + xi2 ⎥ 37. Left: ∫0 cos x dx ≈ 0.8638
⎣3 ⎦
1
⎡1 ⎤
≥ ⎢ ( xi2−1 + xi2−1 + xi2−1 ⎥
1/ 2
= xi −1 and
Right: ∫0 cos x dx ≈ 0.8178
⎣3 ⎦ 1
1/ 2
Midpoint: ∫0 cos x dx ≈ 0.8418
⎡1 ⎤
xi = ⎢ ( xi2−1 + xi −1 xi + xi2 ⎥
⎣3 ⎦ ⎛1⎞
3
⎡1 ⎤
1/ 2 38. Left: ∫1⎜ ⎟ dx ≈ 1.1682
⎝ x⎠
≤ ⎢ ( xi2 + xi2 + xi2 ) ⎥ = xi .
⎣3 ⎦ 3 ⎛1⎞
Right: ∫ ⎜ ⎟ dx ≈ 1.0349
n 1 ⎝ x⎠
R p = ∑ xi2 Δxi
3 ⎛1⎞
i =1 Midpoint: ∫ ⎜ ⎟ dx ≈ 1.0971
n 1 ⎝ x⎠
1
= ∑ ( xi2 + xi −1 xi + xi2−1 )( xi − xi −1 )
i =1 3 39. Partition [0, 1] into n regular intervals, so
n 1
1
= ∑ ( xi3 − xi3−1 )
3 i =1
P = .
n
i 1
1 If xi = + , f ( xi ) = 1 .
= ⎡ ( x13 − x03 ) + ( x23 − x13 ) + ( x33 − x23 )
3⎣
n 2n
n n
1
+ " + ( xn3 − xn3−1 ) ⎤
⎦
lim
P →0
∑ f ( xi )Δxi = lim
n →∞
∑ n =1
i =1 i =1
1 3 1
= ( xn − x03 ) = (b3 − a3 ) i 1
If xi = + , f ( xi ) = 0 .
3 3 n πn
n n
35. Left: ∫0
2
( x3 + 1) dx = 5.24 lim
P →0
∑ f ( xi )Δxi = nlim
→∞
∑0 = 0
i =1 i =1
2
∫0
Right: ( x + 1) dx = 6.84
3 Thus f is not integrable on [0, 1].

2
Midpoint: ∫0 ( x3 + 1) dx = 5.98

1
36. Left: ∫0 tan x dx ≈ 0.5398
1
Right: ∫0 tan x dx ≈ 0.6955
1
Midpoint: ∫0 tan x dx ≈ 0.6146

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 1 ax 2
4.3 Concepts Review 5. A( x ) = x ( ax ) =
2 2
1. 4(4 – 2) = 8; 16(4 – 2) = 32

2. sin 3 x

4 5
3. ∫1 f ( x) dx ; ∫2 x dx

4. 5
1 1
( x − 2)(−1 + x / 2) = ( x − 2 ) , x ≥ 2
2
6. A( x ) =
Problem Set 4.3 2 4

1. A( x) = 2 x

7. ⎧2 x 0 ≤ x ≤1
⎪
⎪⎪2 + ( x − 1) 1< x ≤ 2
2. A( x) = ax A( x ) = ⎨3 + 2( x − 2) 2< x≤3
⎪5 + ( x − 3) 3< x≤ 4
⎪
⎪⎩etc.

3. A( x) = 1
2
( x − 1)2 , x ≥1

8. ⎧ 1 x2 0 ≤ x ≤1
⎪2
⎪ 1 + 1 (3 − x)( x − 1) 1< x ≤ 2
⎪2 2
⎪1 + 1 ( x − 2) 2 2< x≤3
⎪
A( x ) = ⎨ 2
⎪ 3 + 1 (5 − x)( x − 3) 3< x≤ 4
⎪2 2
⎪2+ 1 ( x − 4)2 4< x≤5
4. If 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 , then A( x) = 1
2
( x − 1)2 . ⎪ 2
⎪⎩etc.
If 2 ≤ x , then A( x) = x − 3
2

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 π/4
21. G ′( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫ ( s − 2) cot(2 s )ds ⎤⎥
2 2
9. ∫1 2 f ( x) dx = 2∫
1
f ( x) dx = 2(3) = 6
⎣ x ⎦
2 2
⎡
= Dx ⎢ − ∫
x ⎤
( s − 2) cot(2 s )ds ⎥
10. ∫0 2 f ( x) dx = 2∫
0
f ( x) dx ⎣ π/4 ⎦
= −( x − 2) cot(2 x)
= 2 ⎡⎢ ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x)dx ⎤⎥ = 2(2 + 3) = 10
1 2
⎣ 0 1 ⎦
22. G ′( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫ xt dt ⎤⎥ = Dx ⎡⎢ x ∫ t dt ⎤⎥
x x
⎣1 ⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
∫0 [ 2 f ( x) + g ( x)] dx = 2∫0
2 2 2
11. f ( x) dx + ∫ g ( x) dx
0 ⎡ ⎡ 2⎤ ⎤ x
⎡ ⎛ x2 − 1 ⎞⎤
t
= Dx ⎢ x ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ = Dx ⎢ x ⎜ ⎟⎥
= 2 ⎡⎢ ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx ⎤⎥ + ∫ g ( x) dx
1 2 2
⎢ ⎢2⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ 0 1 ⎦ 0 ⎣⎢ ⎣ ⎦ 1 ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
= 2(2 + 3) + 4 = 14 ⎛ x3 x ⎞ 3 1
= Dx ⎜ − ⎟ = x 2 −
⎜ 2 2⎟ 2 2
1 1 1 ⎝ ⎠
12. ∫0 [2 f ( s) + g ( s)] ds = 2∫0 f (s) ds + ∫0 g (s) ds
= 2(2) + (–1) = 3 ⎡ x2 ⎤
23. G ′( x ) = Dx ⎢ ∫ sin t dt ⎥ = 2 x sin( x 2 )
1 2 2 ⎢⎣ 1
⎥⎦
13. ∫2 [2 f ( s) + 5 g ( s)] ds = −2∫1 f ( s ) ds − 5∫ g ( s ) ds
1
⎡ x2 + x ⎤
= −2(3) − 5 ⎡⎢ ∫ g ( s ) ds − ∫ g ( s ) ds ⎤⎥
2 1
24. G ′( x ) = Dx ⎢ ∫ 2 z + sin z dz ⎥
⎣ 0 0 ⎦
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
1
= –6 – 5[4 + 1] = –31
= (2 x + 1) 2( x 2 + x) + sin( x 2 + x)
∫1 [3 f ( x) + 2 g ( x)] dx = 0
1
14.
25. x t2
G ( x) = ∫ 2 dt
−x 1+ t2
∫0 [3 f (t ) + 2 g (t )] dt
2
15.
0 t2 x t2
=∫ 2 dt + ∫ dt
= 3 ⎡⎢ ∫ f (t ) dt + ∫ f (t ) dt ⎤⎥ + 2 ∫ g (t ) dt
1 2 2
−x 1+ t2 0 1+ t2
⎣ 0 1 ⎦ 0
− x2 t2 x t2
= 3(2 + 3) + 2(4) = 23 = −∫ dt + ∫ dt
0 1+ t2 0 1+ t2

( − x2 )
2
∫0 ⎡ 3 f (t ) + 2 g (t ) + π ⎤ dt 2
16. ⎣ ⎦ x2
G '( x) = − ( −2 x ) +
= 3 ⎡⎢ ∫ f (t ) dt + ∫ f (t ) dt ⎤⎥ + 2 ∫ g (t ) dt 1 + ( − x2 )
1 2 2 2
1 + x2
⎣ 0 1 ⎦ 0
2
+π∫ dt 2 x5 x2
0 = +
1 + x4 1 + x2
= 3 (2 + 3) + 2(4) + 2π = 5 3 + 4 2 + 2π

17. G ′( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫ 2t dt ⎤⎥ = 2 x 26. G ( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫
x sin x 5 ⎤
t dt ⎥
⎣1 ⎦ ⎣ cos x ⎦
⎡
= Dx ⎢ ∫
sin x 5
t dt + ∫
0
t 5 dt ⎤⎥
18. G ′( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫ 2t dt ⎤⎥ = Dx ⎡⎢ − ∫ 2t dt ⎤⎥ = −2 x
1 x
⎣ 0 cos x ⎦
⎣ x ⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎡
= Dx ⎢ ∫
sin x 5
t dt − ∫
cos x 5 ⎤
t dt ⎥
⎣ 0 0 ⎦
⎣ 0 (
19. G ′( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫ 2t 2 + t dt ⎤⎥ = 2 x 2 + x
x
⎦
) = sin 5 x cos x + cos5 x sin x

20. G ′( x) = Dx ⎡⎢ ∫ cos3 (2t ) tan(t ) dt ⎤⎥

x 1
f ′( x) = ; f ′′ ( x ) =
x
27.
⎣1 ⎦
( x + 1)
3/ 2
1 + x2 2

= cos3 (2 x) tan( x)
So, f(x) is increasing on [0, ∞) and concave up
on (0, ∞ ).

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 1+ x 35.
28. f ′( x) =
1+ x 2

f ′′ ( x ) =
(1 + x ) − (1 + x ) 2 x = − x + 2 x − 1
2
2

( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
2 2

So, f(x) is increasing on [0, ∞ ) and concave up on

( 0, −1 + 2 ) .
29. f ′ ( x ) = cos x; f ′′ ( x ) = − sin x 4 2 4

⎡ π ⎤ ⎡ 3π 5π ⎤
∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ ( x − 2) dx
0 2
So, f(x) is increasing on ⎢0, ⎥ , ⎢ , ⎥ ,... and = 2+2 = 4
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
concave up on (π , 2π ) , ( 3π , 4π ) ,... . 36.

30. f ′ ( x ) = x + sin x; f ′′ ( x ) = 1 + cos x

So, f(x) is increasing on ( 0, ∞ ) and concave up

on ( 0, ∞ ) .

1 1
f ′( x) = ; f ′′ ( x ) = − 2
∫0 ( 3 + x − 3 ) dx
4
31.
x x
So, f(x) is increasing on (0, ∞) and never = ∫ ( 3 + x − 3 ) dx + ∫ ( 3 + x − 3 ) dx
3 4
0 3
concave up.
3 4 27 7
= ∫ ( 6 − x ) dx + ∫ x dx = + = 17
32. f(x) is increasing on x ≥ 0 and concave up on 0 3 2 2
( 0,1) , ( 2,3) ,...
37. a. Local minima at 0, ≈ 3.8, ≈ 5.8, ≈ 7.9,
33. ≈ 9.9;
local maxima at ≈ 3.1, ≈ 5, ≈ 7.1, ≈ 9, 10

b. Absolute minimum at 0, absolute maximum

at ≈ 9

c. ≈ (0.7, 1.5), (2.5, 3.5), (4.5, 5.5), (6.5, 7.5),

(8.5, 9.5)

d.
4 2 4
∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫ 2 dx + ∫ x dx = 4 + 6 = 10
0 2

34.

38. a. Local minima at 0, ≈ 1.8, ≈ 3.8, ≈ 5.8;

local maxima at ≈ 1, ≈ 2.9, ≈ 5.2, ≈ 10

b. Absolute minimum at 0, absolute maximum

at 10

c. (0.5, 1.5), (2.2, 3.2), (4.2,5.2), (6.2,7.2),

4 1 2 4 (8.2, 9.2)
∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫ dx + ∫ x dx + ∫ (4 − x) dx
0 1 2
= 1 + 1.5 + 2.0 = 4.5

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 d. f.

39. a. 0
(
F (0) = ∫ t 4 + 1 dt = 0
0 ) 41. For t ≥ 1 , t ≤ t . Since 1 + x 4 ≥ 1 for all x,
1 ≤ 1 + x4 ≤ 1 + x4 .
b. y = F ( x) 1 1 1
dy ∫0 dx ≤ ∫0 1 + x 4 dx ≤ ∫ (1 + x 4 ) dx
0
= F '( x) = x 4 + 1 1 6
dx By problem 39d, 1 ≤ ∫ 1 + x 4 dx ≤
(
dy = x + 1 dx4
) 0 5

y = 15 x5 + x + C 42. On the interval [0,1], 2 ≤ 4 + x 4 ≤ 4 + x 4 .

Thus
c. Now apply the initial condition y (0) = 0 : 1
∫0 2 dx ≤ ∫0
1 1
4 + x 2 dx ≤ ∫ 4 + x 2 dx
0 ( )
0= 1 05 +0+C 1 21
2≤∫
5
4 + x 2 dx ≤
C=0 0 5
Thus y = F ( x) = 15 x5 + x Here, we have used the result from problem 39:

∫0 ( 4 + x ) dx = ∫01( 3 + 1 + x4 ) dx
1 4

∫0 ( x ) = ∫ 3 dx + ∫ (1 + x 4 ) dx
d. 1 1 6
4
+ 1 dx = F (1) = 15 + 1 = . 1 1
5 5 0 0
= 3 + 65 = 21
5
40. a. x
G ( x) = ∫ sin t dt
0
43. 5 ≤ f ( x) ≤ 69 so
0
G (0) = ∫ sin t dt = 0
0
2π
4⋅5 ≤ ∫ ( 5 + x3 ) dx ≤ 4 ⋅ 69
0
4

G (2π ) = ∫ sin t dt = 0
20 ≤ ∫ ( 5 + x3 ) dx ≤ 276
4
0
0
b. Let y = G ( x) . Then
dy
= G '( x) = sin x .
dx
dy = sin x dx
y = − cos x + C

c. Apply the initial condition

On [2,4], 85 ≤ ( x + 6 ) ≤ 105 . Thus,
5
0 = y (0) = − cos 0 + C . Thus, C = 1 , 44.
and hence y = G ( x) = 1 − cos x . 4
2 ⋅ 85 ≤ ∫
2
( x + 6 )5 dx ≤ 2 ⋅105
d. π
∫0 sin x dx = G (π ) = 1 − cos π = 2 65,536 ≤ ∫
4
2
( x + 6 )5 dx ≤ 200, 000
e. G attains the maximum of 2 when
x = π ,3π .
G attains the minimum of 0 when
x = 0, 2π , 4π
Inflection points of G occur at
π 3π 5π 7π
x= , , ,
2 2 2 2

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 45. On [1,5], 48. On [0.2,0.4],
2 2 2 0.002 + 0.0001cos 2 0.4 ≤ 0.002 + 0.0001cos 2 x
3+ ≤ 3+ ≤ 3+
5 x 1
≤ 0.002 + 0.0001cos 2 0.2
⎛ 17 ⎞ 5⎛ 2⎞
4 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ ∫ ⎜ 3 + ⎟ dx ≤ 4 ⋅ 5
⎝ ⎠5 1 ⎝ x⎠ (
0.2 0.002 + 0.0001cos 2 0.4 )
( 0.002 + 0.0001cos2 x ) dx
68 5⎛ 2⎞ 0.4
≤ ∫ ⎜ 3 + ⎟ dx ≤ 20 ≤∫
5 1 ⎝ x⎠ 0.2

≤ 0.2 ( 0.002 + 0.0001cos 2 0.2 )

Thus,
0.000417 ≤ ∫
0.4
0.2 ( 0.002 + 0.0001cos2 x ) dx
≤ 0.000419

46. On [10, 20],

5 5 5
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ≤ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ≤ ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
5 5 5
⎛ 21 ⎞ 20 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
10 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ ∫ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ dx ≤ 10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ 10 ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
5
4, 084,101 20 ⎛ 1⎞ 161, 051 x 1+ t
≤ ∫ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ dx ≤ 49. Let F ( x) = ∫ dt . Then
320, 000 10 ⎝ x⎠ 10, 000 0 2+t
20 ⎛ 1⎞
5 1 x 1+ t F ( x) − F (0)
12.7628 ≤ ∫ ⎜
10 ⎝
1 + ⎟ dx ≤ 16.1051 lim ∫
x →0 x 0 2 + t
dt = lim
x →0 x−0
x⎠
1+ 0 1
= F '(0) = =
2+0 2

1 x 1+ t
50. lim
x →1 x − 1 1
∫2+t
dt

1 ⎡ x 1+ t 1 1+ t ⎤
= lim ⎢∫
x →1 x − 1 ⎣ 0 2 + t
dt − ∫ dt
0 2 + t ⎥⎦

47. On [ 4π ,8π ] = lim

F ( x) − F (1)
x → 1 x −1
5 ≤ 5 + 20
1 sin 2 x ≤ 5 + 1
20 1+1 2
= F '(1) = =
( 4π ) (5) ≤ ∫4π ( 5 + 201 sin 2 x ) dx ≤ ( 4π ) ( 5 + 201 )
8π
2 +1 3

20π ≤ ∫
8π
4π (5 + 201 sin 2 x ) dx ≤ 101
5
π 51. ∫1
x
f (t ) dt = 2 x − 2
Differentiate both sides with respect to x:
d x d
f (t ) dt = ( 2 x − 2 )
dx ∫1 dx
f ( x) = 2
If such a function exists, it must satisfy
f ( x) = 2 , but both sides of the first equality
may differ by a constant yet still have equal
derivatives. When x = 1 the left side is
1
∫1 f (t ) dt = 0 and the right side is 2 ⋅1 − 2 = 0 .
Thus the function f ( x) = 2 satisfies
x
∫1 f (t ) dt = 2 x − 2 .

268 Section 4.3 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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 ∫ a f ( x)dx − ∫ a g ( x)dx
x b b
52. ∫0 f (t ) dt = x 2 59. True.

Differentiate both sides with respect to x: = ∫ ba [ f ( x) − g ( x )]dx

d x d 2
dx ∫0
f (t ) dt =
dx
x
60. False. a = 0, b = 1, f(x) = 0, g(x) = –1 is a
f ( x) = 2 x counterexample.

⎧⎪2 + ( t − 2 ) , t ≤ 2
x2 61. v (t ) = ⎨
53. ∫0 f (t ) dt = 1 x3
3 ⎪⎩ 2 − ( t − 2 ) , t > 2
Differentiate both sides with respect to x: ⎧ t, t≤2
=⎨
d x2
dx ∫0
f (t ) dt =
d 1 3
dx 3
x ( ) ⎩ 4 − t , t >2

s ( t ) = ∫ v ( u ) du
t

( ) ( 2x) = x
f x 2 2 0
⎧ t
f ( x2 ) =
x ⎪ ∫0 u du , 0≤t ≤2
=⎨
2
⎪ u du + ( 4 − u ) du, t > 2
2 t
x ⎩ ∫0 ∫2
f ( x) =
2 ⎧t2
⎪ , 0≤t≤2
No such function exists. When x = 0 the left ⎪2
54. =⎨
⎪2 + ⎡⎢ 4t − t ⎤⎥ , t > 2
2
side is 0, whereas the right side is 1
⎪ ⎢ 2 ⎥⎦
55. True; by Theorem B (Comparison Property) ⎩ ⎣
⎧ t2
56. False. a = –1, b = 2, f(x) = x is a ⎪ , 0≤t≤2
⎪ 2
counterexample. =⎨
⎪ t2
57. False. a = –1, b = 1, f(x) = x is a ⎪⎩−4 + 4t − 2 t>2
counterexample.
t2
− 4t + 4 = 0; t = 4 + 2 2 ≈ 6.83
58. False; A counterexample is f ( x ) = 0 for all x, 2

except f (1) = 1 . Thus, ∫0 f ( x ) dx = 0 , but f is

2

not identically zero.

⎧ t
⎪ ∫ 5 du, 0 ≤ t ≤ 100
⎪ 0
⎪⎪ 100 t ⎛ u ⎞
a. s ( t ) = ⎨ ∫ 5 du + ∫ ⎜ 6 − 100 < t ≤ 700
100 ⎟⎠
62. du
0 100 ⎝
⎪
⎪ 100 700 ⎛ u ⎞
du + ∫ ( −1) du, t > 700
t
⎪ ∫ 5 du + ∫ ⎜ 6 − ⎟
⎩⎪ 0 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠ 700

⎧
⎪
⎪5t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 100
⎪
⎪ ⎡ u2 ⎤
t
⎪
= ⎨500 + ⎢6u − ⎥ 100 < t ≤ 700
⎪ ⎣⎢ 200 ⎦⎥
100
⎪ 700
⎪ ⎡ u ⎤
2
⎪500 + ⎢6u − ⎥ − ( t − 700 ) t > 700
⎪⎩ ⎣⎢ 200 ⎦⎥
100

⎧5t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 100
⎪ 2
⎪ t
= ⎨−50 + 6t − , 100 < t ≤ 700
⎪ 200
⎪2400 − t , t > 700
⎩

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 b. v ( t ) > 0 for 0 ≤ t < 600 and v ( t ) < 0 for ⎡ x5 ⎤
2
2 32 1 33
∫−1 x dx = ⎢⎢ 5 ⎥⎥ = 5 + 5 = 5
4
t > 600 . So, t = 600 is the point at which 2.
the object is farthest to the right of the origin. ⎣ ⎦ −1
At t = 600 , s ( t ) = 1750 .
2 2
3. ∫−1 (3x − 2 x + 3) dx = ⎡ x3 − x 2 + 3 x ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦ −1
c. s ( t ) = 0 = 2400 − t ; t = 2400
= (8 – 4 + 6) – (–1 –1 – 3) = 15

63. − f ( x ) ≤ f ( x) ≤ f ( x) , so 2 2
4. ∫1 (4 x3 + 7) dx = ⎡ x 4 + 7 x ⎤
b b ⎣ ⎦1
∫a − f ( x) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx ⇒
a = (16 + 14) – (1 + 7) = 22
b b
∫a f ( x ) dx ≥ − ∫ f ( x) dx
a 4 1 ⎡ 1⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
4
3
and combining this with
5. ∫1 w2 dw = ⎢⎣− w ⎥⎦1 = ⎜⎝ − 4 ⎟⎠ − (−1) = 4
b b
∫a f ( x ) dx ≥ ∫ f ( x) dx,
a 3
3 2 ⎡ 1⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 8
we can conclude that
b b
6. ∫1 t 3 dt = ⎢⎣ − t 2 ⎥⎦ = ⎜⎝ − 9 ⎟⎠ − (−1) = 9
∫a f ( x) dx ≤ ∫ 1
f ( x) dx
a
4
4 ⎡2 ⎤ ⎛2 ⎞ 16
x 7. ∫0 t dt = ⎢ t 3 / 2 ⎥ = ⎜ ⋅ 8 ⎟ − 0 =
64. If x > a , ∫a f ′( x ) dx ≤ M ( x − a) by the ⎣3 ⎦0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
Boundedness Property. If x < a , 8
8 3 ⎡3 ⎤ ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ 45
∫ w dw = ⎢ w4 / 3 ⎥ = ⎜ ⋅16 ⎟ − ⎜ ⋅1⎟ =
a x
∫x f ( x) dx = − ∫
a
f ′( x) dx ≥ − M ( x − a ) by 8.
1 ⎣4 ⎦1 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ 4
the Boundedness Property. Thus
x −2
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎡ y3 1 ⎤
∫a f ′( x) dx ≤ M x − a .
9.
−2
∫−4 ⎜⎜ y + y3 ⎟⎟ dy = ⎢⎢ 3 − 2 y 2 ⎥⎥
x x ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ −4
From Problem 63, ∫a f ′( x) dx ≥ ∫a f ′( x) dx .
⎛ 8 1 ⎞ ⎛ 64 1 ⎞ 1783
= ⎜− − ⎟−⎜− − ⎟ =
x ⎝ 3 8 ⎠ ⎝ 3 32 ⎠
∫a f ′( x ) dx = f ( x) − f (a) ≥ f ( x) − f (a) 96

Therefore, f ( x) − f (a) ≤ M x − a or s4 − 8 ⎡ s3 8 ⎤
4
4 4 −2
∫1 ds = ∫ ( s − 8s ) ds = ⎢ + ⎥
2
10.
f ( x) ≤ f (a ) + M x − a . s2 1
⎢⎣ 3 s ⎥⎦1
⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
= ⎜ + 2 ⎟ − ⎜ + 8 ⎟ = 15
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠

4.4 Concepts Review π/2 π/2

11. ∫0 cos x dx = [sin x ]0 =1–0=1
1. antiderivative; F(b) – F(a)
π/2 π/2
2. F(b) – F(a) 12. ∫π / 6 2sin t dt = [ −2 cos t ]π / 6 = 0 + 3 = 3

3. F (d ) − F (c ) 1
1 ⎡2 5 ⎤
∫0 (2 x − 3x + 5) dx = ⎢⎣ 5 x − x + 5 x ⎥⎦0
4 2 3
13.
2 1 4
4. ∫
1 3
u du ⎛2 ⎞
= ⎜ −1+ 5⎟ − 0 =
22
⎝ 5 ⎠ 5

Problem Set 4.4 1 ⎡3 7/3 3 4/3⎤

1
∫0 ( x − 2 x ) dx = ⎢⎣ 7 x − 2 x ⎥⎦ 0
4/3 1/ 3
14.
2
2 ⎡ x4 ⎤
1. ∫ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = 4 − 0 = 4
3
⎛3 3⎞ 15
= ⎜ − ⎟−0 = −
⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥ 0
0
⎝ 7 2 ⎠ 14

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 15. u = 3x + 2, du = 3 dx 25. u = x 2 + 4, du = 2 x dx
1 2 3/ 2 2
∫ u ⋅ 3 du = 9 u + C = 9 (3x + 2) + C
3/ 2
1 1
∫ sin(u ) ⋅ 2 du = − 2 cos u + C
16. u = 2x – 4, du = 2 dx 1
= − cos( x 2 + 4) + C
1/ 3 1 3 4/3 3 2
∫ u ⋅ 2 du = 8 u + C = 8 (2 x − 4) + C
4/3

26. u = x3 + 5, du = 3 x 2 dx
17. u = 3x + 2, du = 3 dx 1 1 1
∫ cos u ⋅ 3 du = 3 sin u + C = 3 sin( x + 5) + C
3
1 1 1
∫ cos(u) ⋅ 3 du = 3 sin u + C = 3 sin(3x + 2) + C
x
18. u = 2x – 4, du = 2 dx 27. u = x 2 + 4, du = dx
1 1 x +42

∫ sin u ⋅ 2 du = − 2 cos u + C
∫ sin u du = − cos u + C = − cos x2 + 4 + C
1
= − cos(2 x − 4) + C
2 3 2z
28. u = z 2 + 3, du = dz
2
19. u = 6x – 7, du = 6dx ⎛ 3 2
3⎜ z + 3 ⎟ ⎞
1 1 ⎝ ⎠
∫ sin u ⋅ 6 du = − 6 cos u + C 3 3 3
∫ cos u ⋅ 2 du = 2 sin u + C = 2 sin z + 3 + C
3 2

1
= − cos(6 x − 7) + C
6
29. u = ( x3 + 5)9 ,
20. u = πv − 7, du = π dv du = 9( x3 + 5)8 (3x 2 )dx = 27 x 2 ( x3 + 5)8 dx
1 1 1 1 1
∫ cos u ⋅ π du = π sin u + C = π sin(πv − 7) + C ∫ cos u ⋅ 27 du = 27 sin u + C
1
= sin ⎡( x3 + 5)9 ⎤ + C
27 ⎣ ⎦
21. u = x 2 + 4, du = 2 x dx
1 1 1 30. u = (7 x 7 + π)9 , du = 441x 6 (7 x7 + π)8 dx
∫ u ⋅ du = u 3 / 2 + C = ( x 2 + 4)3 / 2 + C
2 3 3 1 1
∫ sin u ⋅ 441 du = − 441 cos u + C
22. u = x3 + 5, du = 3 x 2 dx 1
1 1 10 1 3 =− cos(7 x 7 + π)9 + C
∫ u ⋅ 3 du = 30 u + C = 30 ( x + 5) + C 441
9 10

31. u = sin( x 2 + 4), du = 2 x cos( x 2 + 4) dx

23. u = x + 3, du = 2 x dx
2
1 1
−12 / 7 1 7 ∫ u ⋅ du = u 3 / 2 + C
∫u ⋅ du = − u −5 / 7 + C 2 3
2 10 1⎡ 3/ 2
= sin( x 2 + 4) ⎤ +C
7 2 ⎣ ⎦
= − ( x + 3)−5 / 7 + C 3
10
32. u = cos(3 x7 + 9)
24. u = 3 v + π, du = 2 3v dv
2
du = −21x 6 sin(3 x7 + 9) dx
1 4
∫u ⋅ du = u15 / 8 + C ⎛ 1 ⎞
7/8 1
∫ u ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ du = − u 4 / 3 + C
3
2 3 15 3
⎝ 21 ⎠ 28
( )
4 15 / 8
= 3 v2 + π +C =−
1 ⎡
cos(3x 7 + 9) ⎤
4/3
+C
15 3 28 ⎣ ⎦

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 33. u = cos( x3 + 5), du = −3 x 2 sin( x3 + 5) dx 41. u = 7 + 2t 2 , du = 4t dt
⎛ 1⎞ 1 3 3
7 + 2t 2 ⋅ ( 4t ) dt
∫u ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ du = − u10 + C
⎝
9
3 ⎠ 30
∫−3 7 + 2t 2 (8t ) dt = 2 ∫
−3
25
1 25 ⎡4 ⎤
= − cos10 ( x3 + 5) + C = 2∫ u du = ⎢ u 3 / 2 ⎥
30 25 ⎣ 3 ⎦ 25
⎡4 ⎤ ⎡4 ⎤
34. u = tan( x −3 + 1) , du = −3 x −4 sec2 ( x −3 + 1) dx = ⎢ (125) ⎥ − ⎢ (125) ⎥ = 0
⎣3 ⎦ ⎣3 ⎦
⎛ 1⎞ 5
∫ u ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ du = − u 6 / 5 + C
5
⎝ 3 ⎠ 18 42. u = x3 + 3x, du = (3 x 2 + 3) dx
5 ⎡ 6/5
=− tan( x −3 + 1) ⎤ +C 3 x2 + 1 1 3 3x2 + 3
18 ⎣ ⎦ ∫1 dx =
3 ∫1 x3 + 3 x
dx
x3 + 3 x
36
35. u = x 2 + 1, du = 2 x dx 1 16 −1/ 2 ⎡2 ⎤
2
=
3 ∫4
u du = ⎢ u1/ 2 ⎥
⎣3 ⎦4
1 2 10 ⎡ u11 ⎤
∫0 ( x + 1) (2 x)dx = ∫1 u du = ⎢⎢ 11 ⎥⎥
2 10
⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ 8
⎣ ⎦1 = ⎜ ⋅6⎟ − ⎜ ⋅ 2⎟ =
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 3
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ 2047
= ⎢ (2)11 ⎥ − ⎢ (1)11 ⎥ =
⎣ 11 ⎦ ⎣ 11 ⎦ 11 43. u = cos x, du = − sin x dx
π/2 π /2
∫0 cos 2 x sin x dx = − ∫ cos 2 x ( − sin x ) dx
36. u = x3 + 1, du = 3 x 2 dx 0
0
0 1 ⎡2 ⎤
1
0 2⎡ u3 ⎤
∫−1 x3 + 1 (3x 2 ) dx = ∫
0
udu = ⎢ u 3 / 2 ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦0
= −∫
1
= ⎢− ⎥
u du
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦1
⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⋅13 / 2 ⎟ − ⎜ ⋅ 0 ⎟ = = 0−⎜− ⎟ =
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3
37. u = t + 2, du = dt 44. u = sin 3 x, du = 3cos 3 x dx
5
3 1 5 −2 ⎡ 1⎤ π/2
∫−1 (t + 2)2 dt = ∫ 1
u du = ⎢− ⎥
⎣ u ⎦1 ∫0 sin 2 3 x cos 3x dx
1 π /2 2 1 −1
⎡ 1⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥ − [ −1] =
4 = ∫ sin 3 x ( 3cos 3 x ) dx = ∫ u 2 du
⎣ 5⎦ 5 3 0 3 0
−1
⎡ u3 ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 1
38. u = y – 1, du = dy = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎜− ⎟−0 = −
9 ⎢⎣ 9 ⎥⎦ 0 ⎝ 9⎠ 9
10 ⎡2
9 ⎤
∫2 y − 1 dy = ∫
1
udu = ⎢ u 3 / 2 ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦1
45. u = x 2 + 2 x, du = (2 x + 2) dx = 2( x + 1) dx
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤ 52
= ⎢ (27) ⎥ − ⎢ (1) ⎥ = 1
∫0 ( x + 1)( x + 2 x)2 dx
2
⎣3 ⎦ ⎣3 ⎦ 3
11
39. u = 3x + 1, du = 3 dx =∫ ( x 2 + 2 x)2 2( x + 1) dx
02
8 1 8 1 25
∫5 3x + 1 dx = 3 ∫5 3x + 1 ⋅ 3dx = 3 ∫16 u du 1 3 2 ⎡ u3 ⎤ 9
3

25
= ∫ u du = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎡2 ⎤ ⎡2 ⎤ ⎡2 ⎤ 122
= ⎢ u 3 / 2 ⎥ = ⎢ (125) ⎥ − ⎢ (64) ⎥ =
2 0 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
6 2
0
⎣ 9 ⎦16 ⎣ 9 ⎦ ⎣ 9 ⎦ 9
1
46. u = x − 1, du = dx
40. u = 2x + 2, du = 2 dx 2 x
7 1 1 7 2
∫1 2 x + 2 dx = 2 ∫1 2 x + 2 dx 4
∫1
( x − 1)3
dx = 2 ∫
4 ( x − 1)3
dx
x 1 2 x
1 16 16
= ∫ u −1/ 2 du = ⎡⎣ u ⎤⎦ = 4 − 2 = 2 ⎡u4 ⎤
1
2 4 4 1 3 1
= 2∫ u du = 2⎢ ⎥ =
0
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ 0 2

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 47. u = sin θ , du = cos θ dθ 56. u = π sin θ , du = π cos θ dθ
4 ⎤1/ 2 1 π 1 π
⎡u cos u du = [ sin u ]−π = 0
π ∫−π
1/ 2 3 1 1
∫ u du =⎢ ⎥ = −0 = π
⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥ 0
0 64 64

57. u = cos( x 2 ), du = −2 x sin( x 2 )dx

48. u = cos θ , du = − sin θ dθ
cos1
1⎛4 ⎞ 1 1 cos1 3 1 ⎡u4 ⎤ cos 4 1 1
−∫
3/2 1
u −3 du = ⎡u −2 ⎤
3/2
= ⎜ − 1⎟ = − ∫ u du = − ⎢ ⎥ =− +
1 2 ⎣ ⎦1 2⎝3 ⎠ 6 2 1 2 ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
1
8 8

1 − cos 1 4
49. u = 3 x − 3, du = 3dx =
8
1 0 1 1
cos u du = [sin u ]−3 = (0 − sin(−3))
3 ∫−3
0
3 3 58. u = sin( x3 ), du = 3x 2 cos( x3 )dx
sin 3
= 1 sin( π3 / 8) 2 1 ⎡ 3 ⎤ sin( π / 8)
3
3
3 ∫− sin( π3 / 8) u du = ⎣u ⎦
9 − sin( π3 / 8)
u = 2πx, du = 2πdx
2sin 3 ⎛⎜ π8 ⎞⎟
50. 3
1 π 1 π 1 ⎝ ⎠
sin u du = − [ cos u ]0 = − (−1 − 1)
2π ∫0
=
2π 2π 9
1
= 59. a. Between 0 and 3, f ( x) > 0 . Thus,
π
3

51. u = πx 2 , du = 2πx dx
∫0 f ( x) dx > 0 .
1 π 1 π 1
sin u du = − [ cos u ]0 = − (−1 − 1)
2π ∫0
b. Since f is an antiderivative of f ' ,
2π 2π 3
1 ∫0 f '( x) dx = f (3) − f (0)
=
π = 0 − 2 = −2 < 0

u = 2 x5 , du = 10 x 4 dx 3
∫0 f ''( x) dx = f '(3) − f '(0)
52. c.
1 2π5 1 2 π5
∫ cos u du = [sin u ]0 = −1 − 0 = −1 < 0
10 0 10
1 1 d. Since f is concave down at 0, f ''(0) < 0 .
= (sin(2π5 ) − 0) = sin(2π5 )
10 10 3
∫0 f '''( x) dx = f ''(3) − f ''(0)
53. u = 2 x, du = 2dx
= 0 − (negative number) > 0
1 π/ 2 1 π/2
2 ∫0
cos u du + ∫ sin u du
2 0
a. On [ 0, 4] , f ( x) > 0 . Thus,
4
1 π/2 1
= [sin u ]0 − [ cos u ]0
π/2
60. ∫0 f ( x) dx > 0 .
2 2
1 1 b. Since f is an antiderivative of f ' ,
= (1 − 0) − (0 − 1) = 1 4
2 2
∫0 f '( x) dx = f (4) − f (0)
54. u = 3 x, du = 3dx; v = 5 x, dv = 5dx = 1 − 2 = −1 < 0
1 3π / 2 1 5π / 2
∫ cos u du + ∫ sin v dv 4
3 −3 π / 2 5 −5π / 2 c. ∫0 f ''( x) dx = f '(4) − f '(0)
1 3π / 2 1 5π / 2
= [sin u ]−3π / 2 − [ cos v ]−5π / 2 1 9
3 5 = − (−2) = > 0
4 4
1 1 2
= [(−1) − 1] − [0 − 0] = −
3 5 3 4
d. ∫0 f '''( x) dx = f ''(4) − f ''(0)
55. u = cos x, du = − sin x dx = ( negative ) − ( positive ) < 0
− ∫ sin u du = [ cos u ] = 1 − cos1
0 0
1 1

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 n
∫ V ′ (t ) = ∫
1 2
V (t ) = ( 20 − t ) dt = 20t −
t +C b b
61.
2
67. a. ∫a x n dx = Bn ; ∫ n n y dy = An
a
V ( 0 ) = C = 0 since no water has leaked out at Using Figure 3 of the text,
(a )(a n ) + An + Bn = (b)(b n ) or
time t = 0 . Thus, V ( t ) = 20t − t 2 , so
1
2 Bn + An = b n +1 − a n +1 . Thus
V ( 20 ) − V (10 ) = 200 − 150 = 50 gallons.
bn
y dy = b n +1 − a n +1
b n
1
Time to drain: 20t − t 2 = 200; t = 20 hours.
∫a
x dx + n n
a ∫
2
b b n
∫a x dx + ∫an n y dy
n
1 b.
⎡ t2 ⎤ 219
V (1) − V ( 0 ) = ∫ V ′ ( t ) dt = ⎢t −
1
62. ⎥ = b n
0
⎣⎢ 220 ⎦⎥ 0 220 ⎡ x n +1 ⎤ ⎡ n ( n +1) / n ⎤
b
=⎢ ⎥ +⎢ y ⎥ n
10 ⎛ t ⎞ 201 ⎢⎣ n + 1 ⎥⎦ a ⎣ n + 1 ⎦a
V (10 ) − V ( 9 ) = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dt =
9 ⎝ 110 ⎠ 220 ⎛ b n +1 a n +1 ⎞ ⎛ n n +1 n n +1 ⎞
=⎜ − ⎟+ b −
⎜ n + 1 n + 1 ⎟ ⎜⎝ n + 1
T⎛
2 a ⎟
t ⎞ T n +1
55 = V (T ) − V ( 0 ) = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dt = T − ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
0 ⎝ 110 ⎠ 220
(n + 1)b n +1 − (n + 1)a n +1
T ≈ 110 hrs = = b n +1 − a n +1
n +1
63. Use a midpoint Riemann sum with n = 12
b 1 ⎡ n +1 ⎤ b
partitions. c. Bn = ∫ x n dx = x
12 a n +1 ⎣ ⎦a
V = ∑ f ( xi ) Δxi 1
i =1 = (b n +1 − a n +1 )
n +1
≈ 1(5.4 + 6.3 + 6.4 + 6.5 + 6.9 + 7.5 + 8.4
bn
+ 8.4 + 8.0 + 7.5 + 7.0 + 6.5) bn ⎡ n ( n +1) / n ⎤
An = ∫ n y dy = ⎢ y ⎥ n
= 84.8 an ⎣ n +1 ⎦a

64. Use a midpoint Riemann sum with n = 10

n
=
n +1
(
b n +1 − a n +1 )
partitions.
n
10 nBn = (b n +1 − a n +1 ) = An
V = ∑ f ( xi ) Δxi n +1
i =1
⎛ 6200 + 6300 + 6500 + 6500 + 6600 ⎞ x
≈ 1⎜ ⎟ 68. Let y = G ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt . Then
⎝ + 6700 + 6800 + 7000 + 7200 + 7200 ⎠
a
dy
= 67, 000 = G '( x) = f ( x)
dx
65. Use a midpoint Riemann sum with n = 12 dy = f ( x) dx
partitions. Let F be any antiderivative of f . Then
12 G ( x ) = F ( x ) + C . When x = a , we must have
E = ∑ P ( ti ) Δti
i =0 G ( a ) = 0 . Thus, C = − F (a) and
≈ 2(3.0 + 3.0 + 3.8 + 5.8 + 7.8 + 6.9 G ( x ) = F ( x) − F (a) . Now choose x = b to
+ 6.5 + 6.3 + 7.2 + 8.2 + 8.7 + 5.4) obtain
= 145.2 b
∫a f (t ) dt = G ( b ) = F (b) − F (a)
x
66. δ ( x ) = m′ ( x ) = 1 + 3
4 3 2 ⎡ x3 ⎤
mass = ∫ δ ( x ) dx = m ( 2 ) =
2 5 69. ∫ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = 9−0 = 9
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ 0
0
0 2
2
2 3 ⎡ x4 ⎤
70. ∫0
x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = 4−0 = 4
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ 0

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 π π
sin x dx = [ − cos x ]0 = 1 + 1 = 2 77. a. Let c be in ( a, b ) . Then G '(c) = f (c) by the
71. ∫0 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Since G is differentiable at c , G is
2
2 ⎡ 1 2 1 3⎤ continuous there. Now suppose c = a .
∫0 (1 + x + x ) dx = ⎢⎣ x + 2 x + 3 x ⎥⎦0
2
72.
x

⎛ 8⎞ 20
Then lim G ( x) = lim
x →c
∫
x→a a
f (t ) dt . Since f is
= ⎜2+ 2+ ⎟−0 =
⎝ 3⎠ 3 continuous on [ a, b ] , there exist (by the
Min-Max Existence Theorem) m and M such
73. The right-endpoint Riemann sum is that f (m) ≤ f ( x) ≤ f ( M ) for all x in [ a, b ] .
2
⎛ 1− 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
n n
∑ ⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠ n3 ∑ i 2 , which for
0 + i = Then
x x x
i =1
77
i =1
∫a f (m) dt ≤ ∫ f (t ) dt ≤ ∫ f ( M ) dt
a a
n = 10 equals = 0.385 . ( x − a ) f ( m) ≤ G ( x ) ≤ ( x − a ) f ( M )
200
1 By the Squeeze Theorem
1 2 ⎡1 ⎤ 1 lim ( x − a ) f (m) ≤ lim G ( x )
∫0 x dx = ⎢ x3 ⎥ = = 0.333
⎣ 3 ⎦0 3 x→a+ x →a +
≤ lim ( x − a ) f ( M )
x →a +
∫−2 ( 2 a x b − 3 x ) dx = 2∫−2 a xb dx − 3∫−2
4 4 4
74 x dx Thus,
= 2 [ (−2 − 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3)(1) ] a
lim G ( x) = 0 = ∫ f (t ) dt = G (a)
x→a+
a
⎡1 1 ⎤
−3 ⎢ (2)(2) + (4)(4) ⎥ Therefore G is right-continuous at x = a .
⎣2 2 ⎦
Now, suppose c = b . Then
= –24
b
lim G ( x) = lim
x →b − x →b −
∫ f (t ) dt
⎞ 1 ⎛ x⎞ x
x
d ⎛1
75. ⎜ x x ⎟ = x⎜ ⎟ + = x As before,
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ x⎠ 2
(b − x) f (m) ≤ G ( x) ≤ (b − x) f ( M ) so we
b
⎡1 ⎤
x dx = ⎢ x x ⎥ = ( b b − a a )
b 1
∫a ⎣ 2 ⎦a 2
can apply the Squeeze Theorem again to
obtain
lim (b − x) f (m) ≤ lim G ( x)
76. For b > 0, if b is an integer, x →b − x →b −
b ≤ lim (b − x) f ( M )
∫0 a x b dx = 0 + 1 + 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + (b − 1) x →b −
b −1 Thus
(b − 1)b
= ∑i = . b
i =1 2 lim G ( x) = 0 = ∫ f (t ) dt = G (b)
x →b −
b
If b is not an integer, let n = ab b . Then
Therefore, G is left-continuous at x = b .
b
∫0 a x b dx = 0 + 1 + 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + (n − 1) + n(b − n) b. Let F be any antiderivative of f. Note that G
(n − 1)n is also an antiderivative of f. Thus,
= + n(b − n) F ( x) = G ( x) + C . We know from part (a)
2
(ab b − 1) ab b that G ( x) is continuous on [ a, b ] . Thus
= + ab b (b − ab b) .
2 F ( x ) , being equal to G ( x) plus a constant,
is also continuous on [ a, b ] .

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 ⎧1, x > 0
78. Let f ( x) = ⎨
x
and F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt . 6.
1 2
2 + 3 ∫−3
( x + x ) dx
⎩0, x ≤ 0 −1

= ⎛⎜ ∫ ( − x + x ) dx + ∫ 2 x dx ⎞⎟
If x < 0 , then F ( x) = 0 . If x ≥ 0 , then 1 0 2

x 5 ⎝ −3 0 ⎠
F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt 1 ⎡ 2 ⎤2 4
−1
= x =
0 x 5 ⎣ ⎦0 5
= ∫ 0 dt + ∫ 1 dt
−1 0
= 0+ x = x 1 π 1 π
cos x dx = [sin x ]0
π ∫0
7.
Thus, π
⎧ x, x ≥ 0 =
1
[sin π − sin 0] = 0
F ( x) = ⎨
⎩0, x < 0 π
which is continuous everywhere even though
1 π 1 π
sin x dx = ( − cos x )0
π − 0 ∫0
f ( x) is not continuous everywhere. 8.
π
1 2
4.5 Concepts Review = − ( −1 − 1) =
π π
1 b
f ( x ) dx
b − a ∫a
1. π
1 π 1 ⎛1 2⎞
π − 0 ∫0
9. x cos x 2 dx = ⎜ sin x ⎟
π ⎝2 ⎠0
2. f ( c ) 1
= (0 − 0) = 0
π

0; 2∫ f ( x ) dx
2
3. 1 π/2
0 10.
π /2−0 ∫0
sin 2 x cos x dx

4. f ( x + p ) = f ( x ) ; period
π/ 2
2 ⎡1 3 ⎤ 2
= sin x ⎥ =
π ⎢⎣ 3 ⎦0 3π
Problem Set 4.5
4 ⎤2
( ) ⎡1
( ) ⎥⎦1
1 2 3

2 − 1 ∫1
1 3 3 1 3 11. y 1 + y2 dy = ⎢ 1 + y 2
= ⎡ x4 ⎤
3 − 1 ∫1
1. 4 x dx = 40 ⎣8
2 ⎣ ⎦1
625 609
= −2 = = 76.125
4 8 8
1 4 2 1 ⎡5 ⎤
2.
4 −1 ∫1
5 x dx = ⎢ x3 ⎥ = 35
3 ⎣ 3 ⎦1 π /4
1 π /4 1 ⎡1 ⎤
3
12.
π / 4 −1 ∫0
tan x sec2 x =
π / 4 − 1 ⎢⎣ 2
tan 2 x ⎥
⎦0
dx = ⎡ x 2 + 16 ⎤ =
1 3 x 1 1
3. ∫
3 − 0 0 x 2 + 16 3 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 0 3 =
2
(1 − 0 ) =
2
π −4 π −4
2
1 2 x2 1 ⎡2 3 ⎤ π /2
4.
2−0 ∫ dx = ⎢
2 ⎣3
x + 16 ⎥
⎦0 13.
1 π / 2 sin z
∫
4
dz = ⎡ −2 cos z ⎤
π⎣ ⎦
0
x + 16
3
π /4 π / 4 z π /4
=
1
(
24 − 4 =
2
)6 −2 ( ) =
8
(
cos π / 4 − cos π / 2 ≈ 0.815 )
3 3 π
1 1
1 + 2 ∫−2
( 2 + x ) dx 1 π / 2 sin v cos v
π / 2 ∫0
5. 14. dv
1 + cos 2 v
= ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 2 − x ) dx + ∫ ( 2 + x ) dx ⎤⎥
1 0 1
3⎣ − π /2
2 0 ⎦ 2⎡ ⎤
= − 1 + cos 2 v
1 ⎧⎡ 0 1⎫ π ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
= ⎨ 2 x − 12 x 2 ⎤ + ⎡ 2 x + 12 x 2 ⎤ ⎬
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3⎩ −2 0⎭
=
2
π
(
−1 + 2 )
=
1
3
(−2(−2) + 12 (−2)2 + 2 + 12 =
17
6
)

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 x + 1 dx = c + 1 ( 3 − 0 )
3 2
15. ∫0 24. ∫
2 3
x dx
⎡1 ⎤
= c3 ( 2 − 0 ) ; ⎢ x 4 ⎥ = 2c3
3
0 ⎣ 4 ⎦0
⎡2 3/ 2 ⎤
⎢ 3 ( x + 1) ⎥ = 3 c + 1 c = 3 2 ≈ 1.26
⎣ ⎦0
115
∫1 ( ax + b ) dx = ( ac + b )( 4 − 1)
4
14 / 3 = 3 c + 1; c = ≈ 1.42 25.
81
4
⎡a 2 ⎤ 5
1
dx = c 2 (1 − ( −1) ) ⎢ 2 x + bx ⎥ = 3ac + 3b; c = 2
∫−1 x
2
16. ⎣ ⎦1
1
⎡1 3 ⎤ 3
⎢ 3 x ⎥ = 2c ; c = ± 3 ≈ ±0.58
2 b
⎡1 ⎤
= c 2 ( b − 0 ) ; ⎢ y 3 ⎥ = bc 2
b 2
⎣ ⎦ −1 26. ∫0
y dy
⎣ 3 ⎦0

∫−4 (1 − x ) dx = (1 − c ) (3 + 4)
3 b
17. 2 2
c=
3
3
⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢ x − 3 x ⎥ = 7 − 7c
2

∫A ( ax + b ) dx = f ( c )
B
⎣ ⎦ −4
27.
39 B−A
c=± ≈ ±2.08
3 B
⎡a 2 ⎤
⎢ 2 x + bx ⎥
⎣ ⎦A
= ac + b
∫0 x (1 − x ) dx = c (1 − c )(1 − 0 )
1
18. B−A
a
( B − A)( B + A) + b ( B − A)
1
⎡ − x 2 ( 2 x − 3) ⎤
⎢ ⎥ = c − c2 2 = ac + b
⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 0 B− A
a a
3± 3 B + A + b = ac + b;
c= ≈ 0.21 or 0.79 2 2
6
1 1
c = B + A = ( A + B) / 2
2 2 2
⎡x x ⎤
x dx = c ( 2 − 0 ) ; ⎢
2
19. ∫0 ⎥ = 2 c ; c =1
⎣ 2 ⎦0 b
⎡1 3 ⎤
∫0 ay dy = ac ( b − 0 ) ; ⎢⎣ 3 ay ⎥⎦0 = abc
b2 2 2
28.
2
⎡x x ⎤
x dx = c ( 2 + 2 ) ; ⎢
2
20. ∫−2 ⎥ = 4 c ; c = −1,1
⎣ 2 ⎦ −2
c=
b 3
3

π
29.. Using c = π yields 2π (5) 4 = 1250π ≈ 3927
21. ∫−π sin z dz = sin c (π + π )
[ − cos z ]π−π = 2π sin c; c = 0

π
22. ∫0 cos 2 y dy = ( cos 2c )(π − 0 )
π
⎡ sin 2 y ⎤ π 3π
⎢ 2 ⎥ = π cos 2c; c = 4 , 4
⎣ ⎦0
30. (
Using c = 0.8 yields 2 3 + sin 0.82 ≈ 7.19 )
23. ∫0
2
(v 2
) (
− v dv = c − c ( 2 − 0 ) 2
)
2
⎡1 3 1 2 ⎤
⎢ 3 v − 2 v ⎥ = 2c − 2c
2
⎣ ⎦0
21 + 3
c= ≈ 1.26
6

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 4.5 277

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 2 3π 3π 2
31. Using c = 0.5 yields 2
1 + 0.5 2
= 3.2 38. ∫− 3π
x 2 cos( x3 ) dx = 2∫
0
x cos( x3 ) dx

( )
2⎡ 3π 2
= sin( x3 ) ⎤ = sin 3 3 π3
3 ⎣ ⎦ 0 3

π
∫−π (sin x + cos x)
2
39. dx
π
=∫ (sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x + cos 2 x) dx
−π
π π π
⎛ 16 ⎞
5 = ∫ (1 + 2sin x cos x) dx = ∫ dx + ∫ sin 2 x dx
32. Using c = 15 yields ⎜ ⎟ (20 − 10) ≈ 13.8 . −π −π −π
⎝ 15 ⎠ π
= 2 ∫ dx + 0 = 2[ x]0π = 2π
0

π/2
∫−π / 2 z sin ( z 3 ) cos( z 3 )dz = 0 , since
2
40.

(− z ) sin 2 [(− z )3 ]cos[(− z )3 ]

= − z sin 2 (− z 3 ) cos(− z 3 )
= − z[− sin( z 3 )]2 cos( z 3 )
33. A rectangle with height 25 and width 7 has = − z sin 2 ( z 3 ) cos( z 3 )
approximately the same area as that under the
curve. Thus 1
∫−1 (1 + x + x + x3 ) dx
2
1 7 41.
7 ∫0
H (t ) dt ≈ 25
1 1 1 1
=∫ dx + ∫ x dx + ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x3 dx
−1 −1 −1 −1
34. a. A rectangle with height 28 and width 24 has 1
⎡ x3 ⎤ 8
= 2 [ x]
approximately the same area as that under 1
+0+ 2⎢ ⎥ +0 =
the curve. Thus, 0
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 0
3 3
1 24
24 − 0 ∫0
T (t ) dt ≈ 28
100
∫−100 (v + sin v + v cos v + sin v)5 dv = 0
3
42.
b. Yes. The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
guarantees the existence of a c such that since (−v + sin(−v) − v cos(−v) + sin 3 (−v))5
1 24 = (−v − sin v − v cos v − sin 3 v)5
24 − 0 ∫ 0
T (t ) dt = T (c)
= −(v + sin v + v cos v + sin 3 v)5
The figure indicates that there are actually
two such values of c, roughly, c = 11 and
c = 16 . 43. ∫−1 ( x
1 3
)
+ x3 dx = 2∫ x3 dx + ∫
1
0
1
−1
x3 dx

π π π 1
⎡ x4 ⎤
35. ∫−π (sin x + cos x) dx = ∫ sin x dx + 2 ∫ cos x dx
−π 0 = 2⎢ ⎥ +0 =
1
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 0
4 2
π
= 0 + 2 [sin x ]0 = 0

3
44. ∫−π / 4 ( x sin
π/4 5 2
x + x tan x dx = 0 )
1 x
36. ∫−1 (1 + x2 )4 dx = 0 , since the integrand is since − x sin 5 (− x) + − x tan(− x)
2

2
odd. = − x sin 5 x − x tan x

π/2 sin x −a
∫−π / 2 1 + cos x dx = 0 , since the integrand is odd.
b
37. 45. ∫−b f ( x) dx = ∫
a
f ( x) dx when f is even.
−a b
∫−b f ( x) dx = − ∫
a
f ( x) dx when f is odd.

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 46. u = − x, du = − dx k b 1 b
b −b
b. ku =
b−a ∫ u dx =
b − a ∫a
ku dx = ku
∫a f ( − x ) dx = − ∫−a
a
f (u ) du
−a −a c. Note that
=∫ f (u ) du = ∫ f ( x) dx since the variable
−b −b 1 b 1 a
∫ u ( x ) dx = u ( x ) dx , so
a − b ∫b
u=
used in the integration is not important. b−a a
we can assume a < b .
4π π/2
47. ∫0 cos x dx = 8∫ cos x dx 1 b 1 b
b − a ∫a b − a ∫a
0 u= u dx ≤ v dx = v
π/ 2
= 8 [sin x ]0 =8
54. a. V = 0 by periodicity.
48. Since sin x is periodic with period 2π , sin 2x is
periodic with period π . b. V = 0 by periodicity.
4π π2
∫0 sin 2 x dx = 8∫
0
sin 2 x dx 2
c. Vrms =∫
φ +1
Vˆ 2 sin 2 (120π t + φ ) dt
π2 φ
⎡ 1 ⎤
= 8 ⎢ − cos 2 x ⎥
= ∫ Vˆ 2 sin 2 (120π t ) dt
= –4(–1 – 1) = 8 1
⎣ 2 ⎦0 0
by periodicity.
1+π π π u = 120π t , du = 120π dt
49. ∫1 sin x dx = ∫
0
sin x dx = ∫ sin x dx
0
1 120π ˆ 2 2
120π ∫0
π
2
=
= [ − cos x ]0 = 2
Vrms V sin u du
120π
Vˆ 2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= − cos u sin u + u
120π ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ 0
1
= Vˆ 2
2

Vˆ 2
d. 120 =
2
V = 120 2 ≈ 169.71 Volts
ˆ

2 +π / 2 π/2
Since f is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b ]
50. ∫2 sin 2 x dx = ∫
0
sin 2 x dx 55.
there exist (by the Min-Max Existence Theorem)
[ − cos 2 x ]0π / 2 = 1
1
= an m and M in [ a, b ] such that
2
f (m) ≤ f ( x) ≤ f ( M ) for all x in [ a, b ] . Thus
1+π π π /2
∫1 cos x dx = ∫ cos x dx = 2∫ b b b
51.
0 0
cos x dx
∫a f (m) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx ≤ ∫ f ( M ) dx
a a
π /2
= 2 [sin x ]0 = 2 (1 − 0 ) = 2 b
(b − a) f (m) ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx ≤ (b − a ) f ( M )
a
1 b
b − a ∫a
52. The statement is true. Recall that f ( m) ≤ f ( x) dx ≤ f ( M )
1 b
b − a ∫a
f = f ( x) dx . Since f is continuous, we can apply the
Intermediate Value Theorem and say that f takes
b b 1 b b
∫a fdx = f ∫a dx = b − a ∫a f ( x)dx ⋅ ∫a dx on every value between f (m) and f ( M ) . Since
1 b
b − a ∫a
1 b b f ( x) dx is between f (m) and f ( M ) ,
=
b−a ∫a
f ( x)dx ⋅ (b − a ) = ∫ f ( x) dx
a
there exists a c in [ a, b ] such that
53. All the statements are true. 1 b
b − a ∫a
f (c ) = f ( x) dx .
1 b 1 b
a. u + v =
b−a a ∫ u dx +
b − a ∫a
v dx
2π 2π 2π
1 b 56. a. ∫0 (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) dx = ∫ dx = [ x ]0 = 2π
b − a ∫a
= (u + v) dx = u + v 0

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 b. 58. a. Odd
b. 2π
c. This function cannot be integrated in closed
form. We can only simplify the integrals
using symmetry and periodicity, and
approximate them numerically.

∫−a f ( x ) dx = 0
a
Note that since f is odd, and
π +a
∫π −a f ( x ) dx = 0 since
f (π + x ) = − f (π − x ) .

π /2 π
∫0 f ( x ) dx = J1 (1) ≈ 0.69 (Bessel
2
function)
π /2
∫−π / 2 f ( x ) dx = 0
3π / 2 π /2
2π 2π ∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ 0.69
c. 2π = ∫ cos x dx + ∫
2 2 0
sin x dx 3π / 2 2π
∫−3π / 2 f ( x ) dx = 0 ; ∫0 f ( x ) dx = 0
0 0
2π 2π
= 2∫ cos 2 x dx, thus ∫0 cos 2 x dx 13π / 6 2π
0
∫π / 6 f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
2π 0
=∫ sin x dx = π
2
4π / 3
0
∫π / 6 f ( x ) dx ≈ 1.055 (numeric integration)
10π / 3 4π / 3
57. a. Even
∫13π / 6 f ( x ) dx = ∫π / 6 f ( x ) dx ≈ 1.055
b. 2π
c. On [ 0, π ] , sin x = sin x . 59. a. Written response.
u = cos x , du = − sin x dx a a a ⎛c ⎞
b. A = ∫ g ( x) dx = ∫ f ⎜ x ⎟ dx
c ⎝a ⎠
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ sin x ⋅ sin ( cos x ) dx
0 0

c a a a2 c
= − ∫ sin u du = cos u + C =∫ f ( x) dx = ∫0 f ( x) dx
0 c c c2
= cos ( cos x ) + C b
B = ∫ h( x) dx = ∫
b b ⎛c ⎞
f ⎜ x ⎟ dx
Likewise, on [π , 2π ] ,
0 0 c ⎝b ⎠
c b b b2 c
=∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx
∫ f ( x ) dx = − cos ( cos x ) + C 0 c c c2 0
π /2
∫0 f ( x ) dx = 1 − cos1 ≈ 0.46 a b
Thus, ∫0 g ( x) dx + ∫0 h( x) dx
π /2 π /2
∫−π / 2 f ( x ) dx = 2∫0 f ( x ) dx a2 c b2 c
= ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
= 2 (1 − cos1) ≈ 0.92 c2 0 c2 0
3π / 2 π 3π / 2 a 2 + b2 c c
∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫
0 π
f ( x ) dx =
c 2 ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫0 f ( x) dx since
= cos1 − 1 ≈ −0.46
3π / 2 3π / 2
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 from the triangle.
∫−3π / 2 f ( x ) dx = 2∫0 f ( x ) dx
60. If f is odd, then f (− x ) = − f ( x) and we can
= 2 ( cos1 − 1) ≈ −0.92 write
2π
∫0 f ( x ) dx = 0 ∫−a f ( x) dx = ∫−a [ − f (− x)] dx = ∫a
0 0 0
f (u ) du
4π / 3 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛1⎞ a a
∫π / 6 f ( x ) dx = 2 cos1 − cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
= − ∫ f (u ) du = − ∫ f ( x) dx
0 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
On the second line, we have made the
≈ −0.44 substitution u = − x .
10π / 3 4π / 3
∫13π / 6 f ( x ) dx = ∫π / 6 f ( x ) dx ≈ −0.44
280 Section 4.5 Instructor’s Resource Manual
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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.