Group G ACN Microproject

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI
JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT POLYTECHNIC

MICRO PROJECT REPORT
ON
Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Data Transmission
Academic year: 2021-22

Submitted By
1. Phadtare Vaishnavi Gopinath
2. Sathe Gayatri Uttam
3. Saurabh Rajpoot
4. Thawal Piyush Rajesh
Guided By
Mrs.A.R.Saoji
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr/Ms: Phadtare Vaishnavi Gopinath, Sathe Gayatri
Uttam, Saurabh Rajpoot, Thawal Piyush Rajesh.
Roll No:91,102,103,122 of Semester Fifth of Diploma in Computer

Engineering of Institute, JS POLYTECHNIC (Code:0711) has completed the
Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject Advanced Computer Networks for the
academic year 2021- 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: Hadapsar, Pune Enrollment No: 1907110249
1907110271
1907110202
1907110264
Date: Exam Seat No:
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

JSPM’s
JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT POLYTECHNIC,
Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune-28
Department of Computer Engineering
Academic Year 2021-22
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
Name of student: Phadtare Vaishnavi Gopinath Enrollment No: 1907110249

Name of program: Computer Engineering Semester: Fifth
Course Title: Advanced Computer Networks Code: 22520
Title of Micro Project: Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Data Transmission
Course Outcomes Achieved:
1) Implement Network Layer Protocols.
2) Configure IPv6 Network.
3) Implement different Transport Layer Protocols.
Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent
No assessed (Marks1- 3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks6-8) (Marks 9-10)
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literature Survey /
Information collection
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the Target as
per Project Proposal
5 Analysis of data and
representation
6 Quality of Prototype/ Model
7 Report preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
Micro Project Evaluation Sheet
Process Assessment Product Assessment Total
Marks
Part A – Project Part B – Project Individual
Project Methodology Report/ working Presentation/ Viva 10
Proposal (2 Marks) Model (4 Marks)
(2 Marks) (2 Marks)
Note: Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evaluation in first 3
columns and individual evaluation 4th column
Comment/suggestion about team work/leadership/interpersonal communication (If any)

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Any other comment:
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Name and Designation of the Faculty Member: Mrs.A.R.Saoji (Lecturer)
Signature:
JSPM’s
Name of student: Sathe Gayatri Uttam Enrollment No: 1907110271


3 Project Proposal
representation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
Marks
(2 Marks) (2 Marks)

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Any other comment:
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Signature:
JSPM’s
Name of student: Saurabh Rajpoot Enrollment No: 1907110202


3 Project Proposal
representation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
Marks
Part A - Project Part B - Project Individual
Proposal Model
(2 Marks) (4 Marks)
(2 Marks) (2 Marks)

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Any other comment:
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Signature:
JSPM’s
Name of student: Thawal Piyush Rajesh Enrollment No: 1907110264


3 Project Proposal
representation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
Marks
(2 Marks) (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Any other comment:
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Signature:
INDEX
SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
Brief Description (Introduction) 1

1
2 Aim of Micro Project (Proposed System) 2
3 Course Outcome Integrated (Technology ) 3
Actual Procedure Followed (SDLC) 4

4
5 Output 5
Actual Resources Used 6

6
Skill Developed/ Learning out of this Micro project

(Advantages/ Disadvantages/ Conclusion/ References’)
7
7
Introduction:
 Unicast
Unicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from
one point to another point. In this case there is just one sender, and one receiver.
Unicast transmission, in which a packet is sent from a single source to a specified destination,
is still the predominant form of transmission on LANs and within the Internet. All LANs (e.g.
Ethernet) and IP networks support the unicast transfer mode, and most users are familiar with
the standard unicast applications (e.g. http, smtp, ftp and telnet) which employ the TCP
transport protocol.
 Broadcast
Broadcast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent
from one point to all other points. In this case there is just one sender, but the information is
sent to all connected receivers.
Broadcast transmission is supported on most LANs (e.g. Ethernet), and may be used to send
the same message to all computers on the LAN (e.g. the address resolution protocol (arp)
uses this to send an address resolution query to all computers on a LAN, and this is used to
communicate with an IPv4 DHC server). Network layer protocols (such as IPv4) also
support a form of broadcast that allows the same packet to be sent to every system in a
logical network (in IPv4 this consists of the IP network ID and an all 1's host number).
 Multicast
Multicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent
from one or more points to a set of other points. In this case there is may be one or more
senders, and the information is distributed to a set of receivers (there may be no receivers, or
any other number of receivers).
One example of an application which may use multicast is a video server sending out
networked TV channels. Simultaneous delivery of high quality video to each of a large
number of delivery platforms will exhaust the capability of even a high bandwidth network
with a powerful video clip server. This poses a major salability issue for applications which
required sustained high bandwidth. One way to significantly ease scaling to larger groups of
clients is to employ multicast networking.
Multicasting is the networking technique of delivering the same packet simultaneously to a

group of clients. IP multicast provides dynamic many-to-many connectivity between a set of
senders (at least 1) and a group of receivers. The format of IP multicast packets is identical to
that of unicast packets and is distinguished only by the use of a special class of destination
address (class D IPv4 address) which denotes a specific multicast group. Since TCP supports
only the unicast mode, multicast applications must use the UDP transport protocol.
1
Aim of Micro Project:
 Resource Sharing:
The main goal of the computer network is Resource Sharing. It is to create all the
programs, data and hardware accessible to anyone on the network without considering
the resource’s physical area and the client.
 High Reliability:
The second goal is to support high reliability by acquiring a different authority of
supply. For example, all files can be recreated on a few machines, and thus if one of
them is nonexistent, the additional copies could be available.
 Improve Performance:
The third goal of a computer network is to improve accessibility and the performance
of the system. A system’s performance can be improved by inserting one or more
processors into it as its workload grows.
 Communication Medium:
The fourth goal of the computer network offers a powerful communication medium.
The different user on the network can immediately identify a document that has been
refreshed on a network.
2
Course Outcome Integrated:
3
Actual Procedure Followed:
 A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by
network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital
interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up
of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and
wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network
topologies.
 The nodes of a computer network may include personal computers, servers,

networking hardware, or other specialised or general-purpose hosts. They are
identified by network addresses, and may have hostnames. Hostnames serve as
memorable labels for the nodes, rarely changed after initial assignment. Network
addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols
such as the Internet Protocol.
 Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission

medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organize
network traffic, the network size, the topology, traffic control mechanism, and
organizational intent.
 Computer networks support many applications and services, such as access to the
World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage
servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging
applications.
4
Output:
a) Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Diagrams
5
Actual Resources Used :-
Sr.
Name of resource / material Specification Quantity Remarks
NO
Ram 2 Gb
1 Computer 1
Rom 256 Gb
Windows
2 MS Word, Notepad 1
OS: 1.6 GHz
3 Internet IETF 1
6
Advantages and Disadvantages:
 Unicast
Advantages:
 The server responds to the request from the client in a timely manner.
 The server sends different data for different requests of each customer, which is
easy to implement personalized services.
Disadvantages:
 The server sends data streams to each client. Server traffic = client quantity ×
client traffic.
 In the streaming media application where the number of customers is large and the
traffic of each client is large, the server is overloaded.
 The existing network bandwidth is a pyramid structure. The inter-city backbone
bandwidth is only 5% of the total bandwidth of all users. If only 5% of customers
on the network use the unicast protocol, the backbone network will be overloaded.
 Broadcast
Advantages:
 The network equipment is simple, the maintenance is simple, and the network
deployment cost is low.
 Because the server does not need to send data to each client separately, the
server traffic load is extremely low.
7
Disadvantages:
 Personalized services cannot be provided in a timely manner based on the

requirements and time of each customer.
 The network allows the server to provide limited bandwidth for data. The maximum
bandwidth of the client is = of the total service bandwidth. As a result, more
diversified and personalized services cannot be provided to many customers.
 Broadcast packets cannot be transmitted on the Internet broadband network.
 Multicast
Advantages:
 The client that requires the same data flow joins the same group to share a data
flow, which saves the load of the server.
 The multicast protocol replicates and forwards data streams according to the needs
of receivers. Therefore, the total service bandwidth of the server is not limited by the
bandwidth of the client access end. The IP protocol allows more than 260 million
(268435456) multicast. Therefore, the IP protocol provides abundant services.
 The multicast protocol is the same as the unicast protocol and can be transmitted
on the Internet broadband network.
Disadvantages:
 Compared with the unicast protocol, there is no error correction mechanism. It is

difficult to make up for the error packet after packet loss. However, the error tolerance
mechanism and QoS can be used to compensate for the error.
 Although the existing networks support multicast transmission, they need to be
improved in terms of customer authentication and QoS. These disadvantages
theoretically have mature solutions and need to be gradually applied to existing
networks.
8
References:
1. "Network Dictionary – BUM". Retrieved 8 September 2018.
2. Sosa, Elver Sena (2016). VCP6-NV Official Cert Guide (Exam #2V0-641): VCPNV
Offi Cer Gui ePub_1. VMWare Press. ISBN 9780134133720. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
3. Deploying ACI: The complete guide to planning, configuring, and managing Application
Centric Infrastructure, Frank Dagenhardt, Jose Moreno and Bill Dufresne, 12 feb 2018 by
Cisco Press
4. IP Multicast, Volume I: Cisco IP Multicast Networking by Josh Loveless, Ray Blair

and Arvind Durai, 12 Oct 2016 by Cisco Press. Part of the Networking Technology series
5. "Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast". erg.abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
6. Jansen, David; Krattiger, Lukas; Kapadia, Shyam (2017). Building Data Centers with
VXLAN BGP EVPN: A Cisco NX-OS Perspective. Cisco Press. ISBN 9780134514925.
7. Juniper Networks TechLibrary Security Feature Guide
8. Limiting Broadcast, Multicast, and Unknown Unicast Traffic (BUM)
9. Skaljo, E.; Hadziahmetovic, N.; Akyel, C. (2010). "Impact of broadcast, multicast and
unknown unicast at low speed DSL connections based at SHDSL". Proceedings ELMAR-
2010. pp. 187–190. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
10. Rate limiting unknown unicast forwarding
11. Reynolds, Harry; Marschke, Doug (2009). JUNOS Enterprise Switching: A Practical
Guide to JUNOS Switches and Certification. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 9781449379186.
Retrieved 8 September 2018.
12. Cisco-paper:737855
9
Future Scope:
The Unicast Routing protocols are further categorized as Delay Routing Protocol and Zero
Delay Routing Protocol. Delay Unicast Routing Protocols adds the delay constraint but
reduces the congestion and traffic in the network. We propose a novel adaptive beacon rate
scheme that can be applied to any beacon-based algorithm. We applied it to GPSR protocol
which is a widely adopted position-based unicast routing strategy. The algorithm considers
the density of nodes during beacon forwarding and adjusts the beacon delay for the next
beacon packet to minimize packet collision and packet traffic congestion's, which eventually
leads to improved fairness of channel access and reception rate. Therefore, the desirable
properties of the routing protocol should be unicast instead of broadcast routing, which
motivates us to use unicast routing to forward the data. Hence, we opted to use as a baseline
algorithm the Geographic Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), which is a widely adopted
position-based unicast routing strategy which exploits the positions of neighbor nodes to
make decisions to forward the packets. This advantage leads the vehicular network to
eliminate the need of several complex problems, including route finding, address design and
resolution, topology management etc. Other types of data dissemination techniques that are
not discussed in this research include: unicast, geocast , multicast, peer-to-peer content
distributing, streaming and cluster-based dissemination.
10
Conclusion:
A network is two or more computers connected together using a telecommunication system
for the purpose of communicating and sharing resources. Without having a network,
Companies would not be able to share resources and increase productivity more
effectively. The WAN network allowed companies to use the Internet over large areas.
This provided the company tohave meetings overseas by video conferencing and sharing data
over the network. As you can see, Networks have many benefits to the end user. Weather
your Network is Wired or Wireless, Networks arean important part of technology.
11

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT POLYTECHNIC

Academic year: 2021-22

2. Sathe Gayatri Uttam

4. Thawal Piyush Rajesh

Roll No:91,102,103,122 of Semester Fifth of Diploma in Computer

Place: Hadapsar, Pune Enrollment No: 1907110249

Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Name of student: Phadtare Vaishnavi Gopinath Enrollment No: 1907110249

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Comment/suggestion about team work/leadership/interpersonal communication (If any)

Name and Designation of the Faculty Member: Mrs.A.R.Saoji (Lecturer)

Name of student: Sathe Gayatri Uttam Enrollment No: 1907110271

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Comment/suggestion about team work/leadership/interpersonal communication (If any)

Name and Designation of the Faculty Member: Mrs.A.R.Saoji (Lecturer)

Name of student: Saurabh Rajpoot Enrollment No: 1907110202

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Comment/suggestion about team work/leadership/interpersonal communication (If any)

Name and Designation of the Faculty Member: Mrs.A.R.Saoji (Lecturer)

Name of student: Thawal Piyush Rajesh Enrollment No: 1907110264

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Comment/suggestion about team work/leadership/interpersonal communication (If any)

Name and Designation of the Faculty Member: Mrs.A.R.Saoji (Lecturer)

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

Brief Description (Introduction) 1

2 Aim of Micro Project (Proposed System) 2

3 Course Outcome Integrated (Technology ) 3

Actual Procedure Followed (SDLC) 4

Actual Resources Used 6

Skill Developed/ Learning out of this Micro project

Multicasting is the networking technique of delivering the same packet simultaneously to a

the resource’s physical area and the client.

The second goal is to support high reliability by acquiring a different authority of

them is nonexistent, the additional copies could be available.

of the system. A system’s performance can be improved by inserting one or more

processors into it as its workload grows.

1) Implement Network Layer Protocols.

2) Configure IPv6 Network.

3) Implement different Transport Layer Protocols.

 The nodes of a computer network may include personal computers, servers,

 Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission

a) Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Diagrams

 Personalized services cannot be provided in a timely manner based on the

 Compared with the unicast protocol, there is no error correction mechanism. It is

4. IP Multicast, Volume I: Cisco IP Multicast Networking by Josh Loveless, Ray Blair

5. "Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast". erg.abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

7. Juniper Networks TechLibrary Security Feature Guide

8. Limiting Broadcast, Multicast, and Unknown Unicast Traffic (BUM)

10. Rate limiting unknown unicast forwarding

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