Flooring

PRESENTATION
Construction & Material
RAR 502

Terrazzo & Chequered Tile Floor

TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 TERRAZO
FLOOR

• Physical And Chemical Properties

• Manufacturing Process
• Application Process

02 CHEQUERED TILE FLOOR

• Physical And Chemical

Properties
03 IMPORTANT INFO • Manufacturing Process
• Application Process
• Chequered concrete tiles
• Mosaic v/s Terrazzo

04 MARKET SURVEY
• Market Availability
• Unit
• Rate
 01
TERRAZZO FLOOR

●Terrazzo is a composite
material, poured in place or
precast, which is used for floor
and wall treatments.

Introduction!
● It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite,
glass, shell or other suitable material, poured
with a cement binder in proportion of 3:1 (three
marble chips: one cement).
● The choice of materials for floor covering is
affected by factors such as cost, endurance,
noise insulation, comfort & cleaning effort.
● Terrazzo flooring is poured with a cement
binder (for chemical binding) or polymeric
binder(for physical binding) or a combination of
both.
● Used for flooring, base, walls, stair treads,
countertops, and other custom products.
Basic Information
● Origin: Going back more than 500 years to Italy where
marble was the main material of choice. Venetian workers
would use scrap marble fragments that they saved from
their upscale projects, placing them next to each other in a
clay mortar base for their own residence and terraces.

● Composition: Marble, granite, quartz and/or glass chips

mixed with a binder like portland cement, polyacrylic-
modified portland cement or epoxy resin.

Types
• Introduction
• In detail expression
of the systems
• Aggregates
 Epoxy terrazzo - Currently one of
01 the most popular types of terrazzo,
with the lowest maintenance. To
make it, one must place a thick
resin matrix veneer on a level
concrete slab. It is chemical
resistant.

Sand cushion terrazzo - Sand that

02 is used as a bed onto which a
concrete mix is poured. It is
definitely versatile and is used for
incorporating a logo or any specific
design on the surface since there is
no mirroring.

Cement terrazzo - This type

of terrazzo is particularly
03 preferred for areas with high
foot traffic like malls, airport
terminals etc.

Rustic terrazzo - It has a

smooth surface but has a slightly
rough exterior that adds friction
04
and gives it a rustic feel. Its
texture makes it perfect for
outdoor use.
 Thin-Set Terrazzo Systems
Thin-set Terrazzo systems include epoxy resin or polyacrylate as the matrix.
(Polyacrylate is a cement modified acrylate creating higher compressive strength
and higher impact resistance than cement. Polyacrylate also allows for vapor
transmission.)

Installed in the same manner as for regular monolithic terrazzo but at a minimum
3/8” thickness. An Epoxy Resin Matrix is a 2-component resin which bonds directly
to the concrete slab.

A moisture mitigation system and or a crack suppression membrane may be

required. A vapor barrier is required below the slab for all slab on grade
applications. Today, epoxy terrazzo is the most-used system in commercial
construction.

• The Advantages of this material over

cementitious terrazzo include an
almost endless color selection. Exotic
aggregates such as mirror, Mother of
Pearl and plastic aggregates can also
be used in epoxy terrazzo systems.
• This system is installed at 1/4 inch to
3/8-inch finish thickness.
• Other advantages include lighter
weight, higher strengths with PSI rates
of 10,000 +, faster installations,
impermeable finish and less
susceptible to cracking.

• A disadvantage of epoxy
terrazzo that it is only for interior
and not exterior applications.
Also, the terrazzo topping is not
vapor-permeable so moisture
mitigations products may be
needed. If an old building does
not have an active vapor barrier
under the slab on grade, epoxy

terrazzo should not be installed .

1. Prepared Concrete
(diamond grinding)Cracks and seams are filled and
the whole floor is diamond grinded to smooth the
surface & for superior adhesion in the second step.

2. Polyurea/Epoxy Base Coat

(primer)Next a tinted primer base coat is added on
top of the grinded floor.

3. Layer of Decorative Chips

(full coverage)Third is a full layer of decorative chips.
The chips are broad-cast for even and full coverage.
Full range of colors available.

4. Polyurea Top Coat

(high durability clear coat)The final step is a highly
durable, chemical resistant, & UV stable top coat.
This means it won't discolor over time, keeping your
flooring looking pristine.
Cementitious Terrazzo Systems
Cementitious systems include Monolithic Terrazzo where the ½”
terrazzo topping is bonded directly to a new or existing concrete slab.
Panels are then poured within the directly bonded metal L angled
divider strips.

Sand Cushion Terrazzo, which is where the terrazzo is poured over a

wire-reinforced 2 1/2”- 3” mud bed (low slump) of sand and cement
mixture that is also installed by the terrazzo workers. While the mud
bed is still soft the standard straight metal divider strips are partially
embedded in the mud bed wherever there is to be a joint or a color
change. Underneath the mud bed is an isolation sheet on top of a 1/8”
sand dusting creating a floating floor which allows for horizontal
movement in the building, thus practically eliminating the possibility of
cracking. The Sand Cushion system requires the building to have 3”
recessed concrete slab to accommodate for flooring elevations.

Rustic Terrazzo, also known as

Washed Terrazzo, is typically an
exterior application with its slip-
resistant textured finish. In lieu
of grinding and polishing the
finish is achieved by lightly
washing away some of the
cement before curing exposing
the marble, granite and or
quartz aggregate. Rustic
systems can be installed either
in a monolithic or a bonded
mud bed application.
 Divider Strip Terrazzo

Primer

Compacted Fill Vapour barrier

Expansion joint with flexible

sealant
Existing Slab
Sizes Material Type

Gauge “L”
⅛" × ⅝"
Heavy Top 2 Piece “L”
Zinc
¼" × ⅛"
Brass
¼" × ¼" “L” Extruded

¼" × ½" Heavy Top 2 Piece “L”

Aluminium
(only used in case of
epoxy terrazzo)

⅜" × ½"
16 Gauge

⅜" × ¼" Channel Strip 6'

PROCEDURE
Constructing terrazzo
flooring
04
The steps involved in the process are…..

Floating
Laying of
Thickness Dividing Laying of and
concrete
of the the whole terrazzo troweling curing
under-
flooring area mix of the
layer
floor

Step Step Step Step Step Step

1 2 3 4 5 6

PRECAUTIONS
precautions to be taken while constructing
terrazzo flooring
What precautions one should follow while laying
terrazzo flooring?

01 The cement and marble powder shall be

mixed in the proportion of three parts of
cement to one part marble powder by
weight.

02 Where the aggregate of size larger than

10mm are used then the min. thickness of
topping shall not be less than 1-1/2 times the
max. size of chips.

03 Where large size chips such as 20mm or

25mm are used, they shall be bedded on the
flat face so as to keep the min. thickness of
wearing layer.
● Coloring materials where specified shall be
mixed dry thoroughly with the cement and
marble powder and then marble chips added
and mixed.

● This mixture shall be stored in a dry place and

well covered and protected from moisture.

● The dry mortar shall be mixed with water in the

usual way as and when required.

● The mixed mortar shall be homogeneous and

stiff and to contain just sufficient water to make
it workable. The terrazzo topping shall be laid
while the under layer is still plastic, but has
hardened sufficiently to prevent cement from
rising to the surface. This is normally achieved
between 18 to 24 hrs. after the under layer has
been laid.
Considerations for rubbing and curing..

01 The surface shall be allowed to cure for 5 to 7

days and then rubbed with machine fitted
with fine grit blocks.

02 The surface is again cured for 3 to 5 days after

cleaning and repairing.

03 Curing shall be done by suitable means such as

laying moist sawdust or ponding water.
While polishing and grinding we should
note..

About 36 hrs after laying the top layer, the surface

shall be watered and ground evenly with machine,
fitted with special rapid cutting grit blocks,
(carborundum stone) of coarse grit till the marble
chips are evenly exposed and the floor is smooth .

After the first grinding, the surface shall be

thoroughly washed to remove all grinding mud
and covered with the grout of cement and coloring
matter in the same mix and proportion as the
topping in order to any pin holes that appear
Considerations for polishing ..

01 Finally the third grinding shall be done with

machine fitted with fine grade grit
blocks(no.320), to get even and smooth
surface.

02 Oxalic acid shall be dusted over the surface @

33 grams per sq. meter sprinkled with water
and rubbed with nemdah block(pad of
woolen rags).

03 The following day, the floor shall be wiped with

a moist rag and dried with a soft cloth and
finished clean.
MERITS AND DEMERITS
06
ADVANTAGES
01 Durable; and
should last a
lifetime, if
Maintained
properly

02 Easy to maintain.

03 Terrazzo provides an elegant

look to a room if done well.

04 Water resistant; due to its low

moisture absorbency and
hydrophobic nature.
DISADVANTAGES

01 terrazzo flooring can be installed only by a

professional

02 terrazzo requires heavy polishing at the time

of laying.

03 Slippery, good conductor of heat, stains are

other minor disadvantages.

04 The upfront cost is considerably higher than

resilient flooring.
CHEQUERED TILE
02
 CHEQUERED FLOOR TILE
1. Chequered tiles are cement tiles or
terrazzo tiles with the centre to centre
distance of chequers not less than 25 mm
and not more than 50 mm.

2. The groves in the chequers are uniform

and straight with the depth of grooves not
less than 3 mm.
MATERIALS
CEMENT: Cement used in the manufacture of tiles shall
conform to the respective IS codes:
• Ordinary Portland Cement: IS 269:1989
• Rapid hardening Portland cement: IS
8041:1990
• White Portland cement: IS 8042:1989
• Portland pozzolana cement (flyash based):
IS 1489 (Part 1)
• Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay
based): IS 1489 (Part 2)

AGGREGATES: Aggregates used in the backing layer of

tiles shall conform to the requirements of IS 383. For the
wearing layer, unless otherwise specified, aggregates
shall consist of marble chips or any other natural stone
chips of similar characteristics and hardness, marble
powder or dolomite powder, or a mixture of the two.

PIGMENTS: Pigments, synthetic or otherwise, used for

colouring tiles shall have durable colour. It shall not
contain matters detrimental to concrete and shall
according to the colour required be one of the following
or their combination:
 Physical Properties
• Flatness of the Tile Surface:
• The concavity and convexity in the tiles shall not
exceed 1 mm.

• Perpendicularity:
• The maximum gap between the arm of the square
and the edge of the tile shall not exceed 2 percent of the
length of the edge of the tile.

• Straightness:
• The gap between the thread and the plane of the tile
shall not exceed 1 percent of the length of the edge of
the tile.

• Average Water Absorption ≤ 10%

• Average wet transverse strength ≥ 3 N/mm2.

Manufacturing Process
• They shall be manufactured from a mixture of cement,
natural aggregates, and colouring materials where
required by pressure process or vibration or both so that
the tiles meet the required strength.
• The tile shall be manufactured in single layer/ mono
layer or in double layer.
• The portion of cement to aggregate in the backing of
the double layer tiles shall be not leaner than 1 : 3 by
mass.
• Where colouring materials is used in the wearing layer, it
shall not exceed 10% by mass of cement used in the mix.
• On removal from the mould, the tiles shall be kept in
moist condition continuously for a period.
 Table size of cement concrete
flooring tiles
Leng Brea Mono Layer Double Layer
th dth thickness (mm) thickness (mm)
(mm (mm
) )

1 200 200 17 22

2 250 250 17 22

3 300 300 20 25

4 400 400 20 25
 Types
Chequered Tiles Plain Chequered Tiles

The area of chequered grooves Chequered tiles, in the

should not be less than 2 percent of manufacture of which pigments and
the total surface area of the tile. The stone chips are not used in the wearing
chequered groove can be in any surface.
shape and length, but the depth of
the grooves
should not be less than 3 mm.

Monolayer Tiles Chequered Coloured Tiles

Chequered tiles on which there is Chequered tiles having a plain

only one layer that is wearing layer, wearing surface wherein pigments
and which does not contain backing are used but not stone chips.
layer.

Double Layer Tiles

Chequered tiles which

contain a wearing layer as
well as a backing layer.

Terrazo Chequered Tiles

Chequered tiles at least 25 percent

of whose wearing surface is
composed of stone chips in a
matrix of plain or coloured
Portland cement mixed with or
without pigments and
mechanically ground and filled.
Precautions Before You Start Laying
of Tiles
• It is recommended that quantity of tiles required
for every enclosed or open area should be
ascertained and check the availability of tiles
(Batch wise) to match with requirement. This will
help in minimizing left over tiles as well as short fall
of the tiles. The use of different batches of tiles in
one area may result in slight difference in color and
design.
• It is strictly advised that the tiles should be
installed after the internal and external
plastering. Any heavy dumping of material or
mixing of mortar on freshly installed tiles will
damage or spoil the surface of the tiles.
• Clean the Tiles carefully from all four sides before
installation to ensure fine joints.

Base Floor Preparation

Sub -Floor should be

cleaned properly by
removing any loose or set
mortar, unwanted
material or dust from the
sub -floor.

APPLICATION PROCESS
Laying of Tiles
• Chequered Tile Flooring work should start from the one side of
building compound after fixing curbstone or any other suitable
stone, which provide protection boundary to Chequered Tiles.

• It is strictly suggested that no area should be left out partly done,

as the last row of tiles fixed will have their edges expose, resulting in
not only the edge getting damaged but also the tiles becomes
loose, if someone were to step on them. Under no circumstances
should other area be taken up for tiles installation unless the room
already taken in hand for installation are completed.

Bedding of Mortar
• The bedding layer for laying tiles is to be prepared in cement mortar.
• It must be ensured that the base is well compacted and free from all
unwanted matters. The surface should be rough to form a suitable key
between the base and the mortar bed
• The bedding must be leveled and laid to slight slope as desired.
• The top of the mortar should be kept rough so that cement slurry can
be absorbed to form a bond between Tiles and Mortar.
• It is suggested that the thickness of Bedding Mortar should not be
more than 2" to avoid sinking of tiles.
 Laying Procedure
• The laying of Tiles should commence after the bedding has
become sufficiently hard.
• Neat cement slurry should be spread over the mortar bed and
tiles should be gently tapped over it, using a wooden hammer
to match the top level of the adjoining tiles. The cement sand
ratio in cement mortar should be as per IS specification (1:5).
• The joint shall be kept as thin as possible and in straight line.
• After proper laying of Tiles, the extra cement slurry coming out
from the joints must be cleaned thoroughly and Tiles laid
should be allowed to set for about 12 Hrs. Next day the joints
must be cleaned fairly deep with wire brush and then grouting
should be done.
• The joints shall be filled with cement grout of the same shade
as the tile matrix color. Grouting should be done carefully to
make sure that grouting material has completely filled the
joins
• In case of colored chequered tiles grouting material should be the
same color as Chequered Tile.
• After fixing of tiles, the flooring must be kept moist and set for at
least 7 days.
• In case where the edges of tiles are exposed, (for example due to
difference in floor levels) the exposed edges of Tiles should be
covered with Aluminium or S. S. Angles or any other suitable
material which can protect breaking of edges.
IMPORTANT INFO
The details we need to know about
given topics
03

●Chequered Concrete Tiles

• Chequered Concrete Tiles normally do not require any polishing to
be done.
• Chequered Concrete Tiles must be kept clean and free from all such
materials that are likely to stain or spoil the tiles, such as oils,
distempers, paints, etc.
• For normal day to day maintenance, it is sufficient to Top the floor
using clean cloth. But in any circumstances, Chequered Concrete
Tiles should never be exposed Io acids or similar agents. For
cleaning hard dirt, soap and water can be used.
• We assure you that our Super External Paving Tiles will give you a
life long excellent flooring proviced that the above points are
carefully implemented.
 Terrazzo

VS
Mosaic

Terrazzo vs Mosaic

While terrazzo was derived from mosaic, the main difference

between them lies in the pattern. Mosaic involves placing individual
pieces in a decorative pattern of choice and then filling in the
empty areas. By contrast, in terrazzo, we have smaller pieces
thrown haphazardly into a base to prepare an even surface.

The second major difference between the two is the level of the
surface to the touch. Mosaic comes off as rough and bumpy
because pieces were set by hand and then filled around. Terrazzo is
smooth and level because the masons mix it first before laying it
out.
MARKET SURVEY
MARKET AVAILABILITY
04
UNIT

RATE

Costing for terrazzo installation

A preliminary search would reveal that prices start from as low as Rs
35/sq ft and can range to well over Rs 1000/sq ft. The pricing
depends on the variant of terrazzo that you wish to opt for.

Epoxy Terrazzo Installation link

Costing for chequered tiles

We can get an average looking flooring done at Rs 32/square feet.
Also the cost may vary according to the special requirements of the
site or the tiles.

Chequered Tile Manufacture link

Chequered Tile Installation link

 Peace terrazzo
mosaic tile

USES: Roof, Balcony, Interior, Cafes etc.

SIZE : 250X250 MM &
300X300 MM
RATE: Rs. 10/ piece

Heavy duty carborundum

terrazzo tiles

USES: Outdoor, Pavement

STRENGTH: 400Kg/cm3
RATE: Rs. 50/ piece
 Terrazzo Mosaic
Tiles

USES: Flooring
THICKNESS: 6-8 mm
RATE: 32/ square feet

Polish Terrazzo
Leather Finish

SIZE : 1x1 feet

THIKNESS: 15-20
RATE: Rs. 125/ square feet
Grey Cement Terrazzo
Tiles

USES: Flooring
SIZE: 12X12 inch
THICKNESS: 20-25 mm
RATE: Rs. 25/ piece

Cement Chequered
Tiles

THIKNESS: 25mm
SIZE: 300x300 mm
USES: Floor
RATE: Rs. 32/ square
feet

Red Concrete Cheque

Tiles

FINISH: Gloss
USES: Flooring
RATE: Rs. 30/ piece
Red Kreative Concrete
Industries Chequered
Tiles

FINISH: Mosaic
RATE: 25/ square
feet

Square Chequered
Interlocking Tiles

THICKNESS: 20-40
mm
MATERIAL: Concrete
USES: Flooring
RATE: Rs. 26/ square
feet