The Normal Distribution

The Normal Distribution
Zerrr Armmzzzz
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• The normal distribution or Gaussian distribution

is a continuous probability distribution that
often gives a good description of data that
cluster around the mean.
Importance
• Many dependent variables are commonly
assumed to be normally distributed in the
population•
• If a variable is approximately normally
distributed we can make inferences about
values of that variable
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORMAL
• DISTRIBUTION
• 1. It is symmetrical and bell-shaped.
• 2. the mean is In the middle and divides the area in half; the mean, median
and mode are identical.
• 3. The normal curve is asymptotic to the baseline, even when extended to
great distance beyond the mean, it continues to approach but never
quite reaches the base line.
• 4. the area between its graph and x-axis is unity. The area under the curve is
always less than 1, since the curve does not touch the x-axis within finite
limits.
• 5. if we fold the normal curve at the middle or about the 𝑥,ҧ the left half will
coincide with the right half.
• 6. 𝑷 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 = area under the normal curve between x = a and x = b.
Areas Under Normal Curve
NORMAL CURVE
 The curve is symmetric about the mean.
 Mean=Median= Mode
 The tail or ends are asymptotic relative
to the horizontal axis
 Each half represents 50% of
the total area.
 The total area under the normal
curve is 1 or 100%
Areas can be thought of as
probabilities. Areas could be written as percents. Areas can not
be negative.
❑ The normal curve area may be subdivided into standard
deviations, at least 3 units to the left and 3 units to the right of
the vertical line 28
THE HISTOGRAM AND THE
NORMAL CURVE
17
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The 68-95-99.7 Rule
Normal Density Plot
In the normal distribution with
0.08
mean µ and standard deviation σ:
68% of the observations fall
0.06
within σ of the mean µ.
95% of the observations fall
0.04
f(x)
within 2σ of the mean µ.
0.02
99.7% of the observations fall
within 3σ of the mean µ.
0.00
-20 -10 0 10 20
3σ 2σ σ 18x σ 2σ3σ
Area
The Standard Score
• STANDARD SCORES AND THE NORMAL CURVE
STANDARD SCORES
The primary procedure in finding the areas under the normal curve of any given variable
into a standardized normal curve by using the formula for the standard scores:
𝑋−𝑋ത
𝑍=
𝑠
Where: z = standard score
X = any raw score or unit of measurement
ത mean of the distribution of scores
𝑋=
S = standard deviation
Z scores are also useful for comparing scores from different populations with different
means and different standard deviations.
Z-SCORES
Are a way of determining the position of
a single score under the normal curve.
Measured in standard deviations relative
to the mean of the curve.
The Z-score can be used to determine an
area under the curve known as a
probability.
Formula: z = (X – 𝑥)
27
s
USING THE NORMAL CURVE: Z SCORES
Step
s:
 To find areas, first compute Z scores.
 Substitute score of interest for x.
 Use sample mean for 𝑥 and sample
standard deviation for s.
 The formula changes a “raw” score (x) to
a standardized score (z). 28
FINDING PROBABILITIES
 Areas under the curve can also be

expressed as probabilities.
 Probabilities are proportions and range
from 0.00 to 1.00.
 The higher the value, the greater the

probability (the more likely the event).
For instance, a .95 probability of rain is
higher than a .05 probability that it will
rain!
Area
THREE DIFFERENT AREA
CALCULATIONS:
1. FIND THE AREA TO THE LEFT OF Z
2. FIND THE AREA TO THE RIGHT OF Z
3. FIND THE AREA BETWEEN 𝒛𝟏 AND 𝒛𝟐

Obtaining Area under Standard Normal Curve
Approach Graphically Solution
Shade the area to the left Use Table to find the row and
Find the area to of za column that correspond to za.
the left of za The area is the value where the
row and column intersect.
P(Z < a)
a
Shade the area to the right Use Table to find the area to
Find the area to of za
the right of za the left of za. The area to the
right of za is 1 – area to the left
of za.
P(Z > a) or
1 – P(Z < a)
a
Shade the area between za Use Table to find the area to
Find the area and zb the left of za and to the left of
betweenza and zb zb. The area between is areazb
– areaza.
P(a < Z < b)
a b 35
EXAMPLE 1
normal curve that lies to the left of
A.Z = -3.49
= 0.0002
B.Z = -1.99
= 0.0233
C.Z = 0.92
= 0.8212
a
D.Z = 2.90
= 0.9981
36
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the area under the standard
normal curve that lies to the right of
a) Z = -3.49
= 0.9998
b) Z = -0.55
= 0.7088
c) Z = 2.23
a
= 0.0129
d) Z = 3.45
= 0.0003 37
EXAMPLE 3
Find the indicated probability of the

standard normal random variable Z
a) P(-2.55 < Z < 2.55)
= 0.9892
b) P(-0.55 < Z < 0)
= 0.2088 a b
c) P(-1.04 < Z < 2.76)

= 0.8479 39
Finding for the Values under a standard Score
ഥ + 𝒁𝒔
𝑿=𝑿
Where: 𝑋 = corresponding value under standard score
𝑋ത =mean of the distribution
𝑍 =given standard score
𝑠 =given standard deviation
Example:
Find the corresponding values under the given mean, standard score and
standard deviation
ഥ = 𝟓𝟒
Given: 𝑿 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐
1. Z= 1.25
2. Z=-0.75
3. Z= 2.15
4. Z=-1.05
A.From the Mean(either above or below the mean) Use table for areas under
normal curve
B. Below or above Standard Score
C. If two Z score are both above or below the mean- Subtract the higher value
by the lower value
D. IF two Z score situated above and below the mean- add their values
A. From the Mean(either above or below the mean) Use table for areas under
normal curve
B. Below or above Standard Score
Ex. 1. above Z=1.25 3. above Z= -1.5
2. below Z=-2.0 4. below Z= 2.25
C. If two Z score are both above or below the mean- Subtract the higher value
by the lower value
Ex. 1. between Z=0.25 and Z= 2.15
2. between Z= -2.75 and Z=-1.25
D. IF two Z score situated above and below the mean- add their values
1. between Z=-1.25 and Z= 0.25
Application
Mr. Manzano conducted Super Quiz in Statistics for his BPA Student and find
out that their mean score is 34 and standard deviation of 6.5. For a total of 134
students,
1. What percent falls below the score of 25?
2. How many student got the score higher the 40?
3. How many students got 30 to 55?
4. What percent of student surpassed by student go the score of 60?
5. How many student exceeds the score of 28?
• The incubation time for Rhode Island Red Chicks is normally
distributed with mean 21 days and standard deviation
approximately one day. If 1,000 eggs are being incubated, how
many chicks do we expect will hatch?
• a. in 19 to 23 days?
• b. in 20 to 22 days?
• c. in 21 days or fewer?
• d. in 18 t0 24 days?

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The Normal Distribution

• The normal distribution or Gaussian distribution

68% of the observations fall

95% of the observations fall

 Areas under the curve can also be

 The higher the value, the greater the

1. FIND THE AREA TO THE LEFT OF Z

2. FIND THE AREA TO THE RIGHT OF Z

3. FIND THE AREA BETWEEN 𝒛𝟏 AND 𝒛𝟐

Find the indicated probability of the

a) P(-2.55 < Z < 2.55)

c) P(-1.04 < Z < 2.76)

B. Below or above Standard Score

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