Chapter

Two-Port Networks

Two-Port Networks

.1 Introduction
.2 Impedance parameters (z-parameters)
.3 Admittance parameters (y-parameters)
.4 Hybrid parameters (h-parameters)
.5 Transmission parameters (T-parameters)

1
 .1 Introduction

What is a port?

It is a pair of terminals through

which a current may enter or
leave a network.

.1 Introduction
One port or two
terminal circuit

Two port or four

terminal circuit

• It is an electrical
network with two
separate ports for
input and output.

• No independent
sources. 4

2
 .1 Introduction
• Characterization of a two-port network requires that
the relationship between terminal quantities V1, I1, V2, I2
must be expressed.

• Out of the four terminal quantities, two are independent.

• Various terms that relate these voltages and currents

are called parameters.

.2 Impedance Parameters

Assume no independent source in the network

V1  z11I1  z12 I 2 V1   z11 z12   I1   I1 

V2  z 21I1  z 22 I 2 V    z z   I   z  I 
 2   21 22   2   2

where the z terms are called the impedance parameters,

or simply z parameters, and have units of ohms.
6

3
 .2 Impedance Parameters
V1 V2
z11  and z 21 
I1 I 2 0
I1 I 2 0

z11 = Open-circuit input impedance

z21 = Open-circuit transfer Impedance
(from port 2 to port 1)

V1 V2
z12  and z 22 
I 2 I 0 I2 I1 0
1

z12 = Open-circuit transfer

impedance (from port 1 to port 2)
z22 = Open-circuit output impedance
7

.2 Impedance Parameters
Since the z-parameters are obtained by open-circuiting the input
or output port, they are called open-circuit impedance parameters

•When z11 = z22, the two-port network is said to be symmetrical.

•When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent
sources, the transfer impedances are equal (z12 = z21), and the
two-port is said to be reciprocal.

General Equivalent
Circuit

4
 .2 Impedance Parameters
Example :
Determine the Z-parameters of the following circuit.

I1 I2
V1 V2
z11  and z21 
I1 I2 0
I1 I2 0
V1 V2
V1 V2
z12  and z22 
I2 I1 0
I2 I1 0

z z 
[z]   11 12  
60 40 z z
 21 22 
Answer: z 
40 70 9

.2 Impedance Parameters
Solution:

10

10

5
 .2 Impedance Parameters
Example:
Determine I1 and I2 in the two-port network shown.

Solution:

11

11

.2 Impedance Parameters
Thus,


and,

Hence,

12

12

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 .2 Impedance Parameters
Exercise:
10 6 
For the circuit shown, let [ z ]   
4 1 2 
Find I1, I2, V1, and V2.
I
2Ω I
1
2
+ +

3A 4Ω V1 [z] V2 10Ω
− −

Answers: I1 = 0.8049 A, I2 = 0.1463 A, V1 = 7.1706 V , V2 = -1.463 V

13

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.3 Admittance Parameters

Assume no independent source in the network

I1  y11V1  y12 V2 I1   y11 y12  V1  V1 


I   y y  V   y  V 
I 2  y 21V1  y 22 V2  2   21 22   2   2

where the y terms are called the admittance

parameters, or simply y parameters.
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 .3 Admittance Parameters
I1 I2
y 11  and y 21 
V1 V2  0
V1 V2  0

y11 = Short-circuit input admittance

y21 = Short-circuit transfer
admittance from port 1 to port 2

I1 I2
y12  and y 22 
V2 V1 0
V2 V1 0

y12 = Short-circuit transfer

admittance from port 2 to port 1
y22 = Short-circuit output admittance
15

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.3 Admittance Parameters
Since the y-parameters are obtained by short-circuiting the input
or output port, they are called short-circuit admittance parameters

When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent

sources, the transfer admittances are equal (y12 = y21), and the
two-port is said to be reciprocal.

General Equivalent
Circuit

16

16

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 .3 Admittance Parameters
Example:
Determine the y-parameters of the following circuit.

I1 I2 I1 I2
y11  and y21 
V1 V2 0
V1 V2 0
V1 V2
I1 I2
y 12  and y 22 
V2 V1  0
V2 V1  0

y y 12 
[y]   11
 y 21 y 22 
17

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.3 Admittance Parameters
Solution:

 0.75  0.5 
Answer: [y]   
 0.5 0.625 18

18

9
 .3 Admittance Parameters
Exercise:
Obtain the y-parameters of circuit shown below.

Answer:
y11 = 0.625 , y12 = -0.125 , y21 = 0.375 , y22 = 0.125
19

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.4 Hybrid Parameters

Assume no independent source in the network

V1  h11I1  h12 V2 V1   h11 h12  I1  I1 

I   h  h 
I 2  h 21I1  h 22 V2  2   21 h 22  V2  V 
 2

where the h terms are called the hybrid parameters, or

simply h parameters, and each parameter has different
units. 20

20

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 .4 Hybrid Parameters
V1
h 11  h11= short-circuit input impedance
I1 V2 0

I2 h21 = short-circuit forward current gain

h 21 
I1 V2 0

V1
h 12 
V2 h12 = open-circuit reverse voltage-gain
I1  0

I2 h22 = open-circuit output admittance

h 22 
V2 I1  0

21

21

.4 Hybrid Parameters
h-parameter equivalent network

22

22

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 .4 Hybrid Parameters
Example:
Determine the h-parameters of the following circuit.

I1 I2 V1 I2
h11  and h 21 
I1 V2 0
I1 V2 0

V1 V2

V1 I2
h12  and h 22 
V2 I1 0
V2 I1 0

h h12 
[h]   11 
h 21 h 22  23

23

.4 Hybrid Parameters
Solution:





24

24

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 .4 Hybrid Parameters



4  2 
[h]   2 3
1 
 3 9  25

25

.4 Hybrid Parameters
Exercise:
Find the impedance at the input port of the circuit shown.

000

Answer: 1.667 kΩ
26

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 .5 Transmission Parameters

Assume no independent
source in the network

V1  AV2  BI 2 V1  A B  V2  V2 

I1  CV2  DI 2

I   C D  I   T   I 
1    2  2

where the T terms are called the transmission parameters,

or simply T or ABCD parameters, and each parameter has
different units.
27

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.5 Transmission Parameters
V1 A=open-circuit voltage ratio
A 
V2 I2 0

I1
C  C= open-circuit transfer admittance
V2 I2 0

V1
B B= negative short-circuit transfer impedance
I2 V2  0

I1 D=negative short-circuit current ratio

D 
I2 V2  0 28

28

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 .5 Transmission Parameters
Example:
Determine T-parameters of the following circuit.

V1 V2

V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2
29

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.5 Transmission Parameters
Solution:

30

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 .5 Transmission Parameters

Combining these gives:

31

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.5 Transmission Parameters
Exercise:
Find I1 and I2 if the transmission parameters for the
two-port network shown below are:
 5 10 
[T ]  
 0.4 1 

Answer: 1 A , -0.2 A 32

32

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