Different Types of Fuels, Properties, Combustion of Fuel

PRESENTATION
ON
Different types of fuels, properties,
combustion of fuel
Presented By:
VISHAL PAL
ID. E-10477/18
MAHAMAYA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY , AKBARPUR
ACHARYA NARENDRA DEVA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY

KUMARGANJ, AYODHYA
OBJECTIVE
❖ INTRODUCTION
❖ TYPES
❖ APPLICATION
❖ PROPERTIES
❖ COMBUSTION OF FUEL
❖ FUTURE SCOPE
❖ REFRENCES
INTRODUCTION
❖ FUEL: A fuel is a combustible substance containing

carbon as the main constituent which on proper burning
gives large amount of heat that can be used economically
for domestic and industrial purposes.
❖ The main source of fuel is coal and petroleum.

TYPES OF FUEL
 Primary fuels :which occur in nature as such, e.g. coal, petroleum

and natural gas.
 Secondary fuels: which are derived from the primary fuels, e.g.
coke, gasoline, coal gas, etc.
 Both primary and secondary fuels may be further classified based upon their
physical state as-
(i) solid fuels
(ii) liquid fuels and
(iii) gaseous fuels

SOLID FUELS
COAL: Coal is a highly carbonaceous matter that has been formed as a result
of alteration of vegetable matter under certain favourable conditions.
Classification of Coal:
Coals are classified on the basis of their rank. Rank is defined as the degree or
extent of maturation and is therefore a qualitative measure of carbon contents.
▪ Peat
▪ lignite
▪ bituminous
LIQUID FUEL
 The important liquid fuels are petroleum, petroleum products, tar, alcohols.
These are naturally found under the sea surface.
Petroleum
 Petroleum or crude oil is a dark greenish brown or black coloured viscous
oil found deep in earth's crust. The oil is usually floating over a brine
solution and above the oil, natural gas is present.
 Classification of petroleum
 i) Paraffinic-base type crude oil: It contains saturated
hydrocarbons from CH4 to C35H72.
 ii) Asphaltic-base type crude oil: It contains mainly

cycloparaffins or naphthalenes.
 iii) Mixed-base type crude oil : It contains both paraffinic

and asphaltic hydrocarbons.
GASEOUS FUEL:
❖ NATURAL GAS
Natural Gas is obtained from wells dug in the oil
bearing regions. When natural gas occurs along with petroleum in oil
wells, it is called as ‘wet gas’ and contains gaseous hydro carbons.
❖ The natural gas can either be stored in a tank of a vehicle as

compressed natural gas (CNG) at 3,000 or 3,600 psi or as liquified
natural gas (LNG) at typically 20-150 psi.
PROPERTIES OF FUEL
❖ Knock Rating
If the temperature of the unburned mixture exceeds the
self - ignition temperature and remains at or above this temperature during a
period of time during the ignition lag, spontaneous ignition or auto ignition
occurs at various 'pin point' locations .This phenomenon is called as knocking.
One of the best qualities of fuel is that it should be used with higher
compression ratio without knocking because high compression ratio provides
high engine efficiency and lower fuel consumption.

❖ VISCOSITY
▪ It is the measure of the resistance to flow.

▪ It affects the atomisation of fuel and operation of high pressure fuel
pump.
▪ Greater the number of carbon atoms ,greater is the viscosity of the fuel
oil.
▪ The same the number of carbon atoms, a fuel will have higher viscosity
with lower hydrogen content.
▪ Viscosity should be high enough to permit bulk flow and high enough
to carry out lubrication.
❖ SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 For Petrol It lies in the range o.7 to .78.In diesel, the value of the specific
gravity is betweeno.82 and o.92.
 The specific gravity of the fuel should be higher forefficient combustion.
 The specific gravity of fuel can be determined bydividing the density of the
fuel to the density of water.

❖ SULPHUR CONTENT
 All hydrocarbon's contain free sulphur and Hydrogensulphide.
 The presence of sulphur in the fuel is highly undesirable because of the
formation of sulphurdioxide in presence of water vapour will have
corrosiveaction on engine parts.
 A high sulphur content is obviously undesirable.

❖ FLASH POINT
❖ The temperature at which the vapours of oil flash when
subjected to a flame is known as the flashpoint. If
container is closed ,it is called closed flash point and if
open it is called open flash point.

❖ AROMATIC CONTENT
 Aromatics though are high knock –rating hydrocarbons,
yet have a corrosive action on rubber of the fuel system
and have high freezing point.
 Therefore, their proportion in the engine fuel should not
exceed beyond a certain limit.

❖ CALORIFIC VALUE
 The calorific value of a fuel is the thermal energy

released per unit quantity of the fuel when the fuel is
burned completely and the products of combustion are
cooled back to the initial temperature of combustible
mixture.
 The fuel should have a high calorific value.
 Gasoline has approximately the calorific value about38-

48 MJ/kg.
❖ GUM CONTENT
❖ A good fuel should have the minimum gum content.All
petroleum products oxidise in the presence of air. Gum is
formed by the polymerization or oxidation reaction of
certain unsaturated hydrocarbons.

❖ CLOUD POINT
❖ The temperature below which, the wax content of theoil
separates out in the form of solid is known as cloud
point.
❖ This should be as small as possible so that this difficulty
will not be experienced even in cold winter.

COMBUSTION OF FUELS
 Combustion of carbon
C + O2 CO2
12 32 44 (by weight)
12 parts by weight-of carbon requires 32 parts by weight of
oxygen for complete combustion. 'C' parts by weight of
carbon requires == 32 C /12 == 2.67 C
(H- 0/8) parts by weight of hydrogen requires = (H - O/8) 32
4
= 8 (H- O/8)
 Combustion of hydrogen
When oxygen is present in the fuel, it always combines

with hydrogen. The combined hydrogen does not take part
in combustion reaction. Therefore, the quantity of
combined hydrogen must be deduced from the total
hydrogen in the fuel.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
2 2
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
 Vairam S, Kalyani P and Suba Ramesh, “Engineering Chemistry”.,

Wiley India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi., 2011
 Kannan P. and Ravi krishnan A., “Engineering Chemistry”, Sri
Krishna Hi-tech Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, 2009
 Renu Bapna and Renu Gupta., “Engineering Chemistry”, Macmillan
India Publisher Ltd., 2010.
 Pahari A and Chauhan B., “Engineering Chemistry”., Firewall
Media., New Delhi., 2010
 P.C.Jain and Monica Jain, “Engineering Chemistry”, Dhanpat Rai
Pub. Co., New Delhi

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PRESENTATION

MAHAMAYA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

ACHARYA NARENDRA DEVA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY

❖ FUEL: A fuel is a combustible substance containing

❖ The main source of fuel is coal and petroleum.

 Primary fuels :which occur in nature as such, e.g. coal, petroleum

(i) solid fuels

(ii) liquid fuels and

(iii) gaseous fuels

hydrocarbons from CH4 to C35H72.

 ii) Asphaltic-base type crude oil: It contains mainly

 iii) Mixed-base type crude oil : It contains both paraffinic

❖ The natural gas can either be stored in a tank of a vehicle as

self - ignition temperature and remains at or above this temperature during a

occurs at various 'pin point' locations .This phenomenon is called as knocking.

compression ratio without knocking because high compression ratio provides

high engine efficiency and lower fuel consumption.

▪ It is the measure of the resistance to flow.

gravity is betweeno.82 and o.92.

 The specific gravity of the fuel should be higher forefficient combustion.

fuel to the density of water.

 The presence of sulphur in the fuel is highly undesirable because of the

formation of sulphurdioxide in presence of water vapour will have

corrosiveaction on engine parts.

 A high sulphur content is obviously undesirable.

❖ The temperature at which the vapours of oil flash when

subjected to a flame is known as the flashpoint. If

container is closed ,it is called closed flash point and if

open it is called open flash point.

 Aromatics though are high knock –rating hydrocarbons,

yet have a corrosive action on rubber of the fuel system

and have high freezing point.

 Therefore, their proportion in the engine fuel should not

exceed beyond a certain limit.

 The calorific value of a fuel is the thermal energy

 The fuel should have a high calorific value.

 Gasoline has approximately the calorific value about38-

❖ A good fuel should have the minimum gum content.All

petroleum products oxidise in the presence of air. Gum is

formed by the polymerization or oxidation reaction of

certain unsaturated hydrocarbons.

❖ The temperature below which, the wax content of theoil

separates out in the form of solid is known as cloud

❖ This should be as small as possible so that this difficulty

will not be experienced even in cold winter.

When oxygen is present in the fuel, it always combines

 Vairam S, Kalyani P and Suba Ramesh, “Engineering Chemistry”.,

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