Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Communication and Electronics Engineering Stream
Title: Multi-user MIMO-OFDMA Channel Capacity
Enhancement with constant bandwidth
Name ID.No
1. Temesgen Wale BDU0801312UR
2. Tewodros Degfe BDU0801337UR
3. Tigabu Tariku BDU0801352UR
4. Tsegaye Geta BDU0801375UR

Name of Mentors: Mrs. Hiwot.B

January, 2020
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Declaration
We are students of Bahir Dar University in Bahir Dar Institute of technology (BIT), faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering. The information found in this proposal project is our original
work. And all sources of materials that will be used for the project work will be fully acknowledged.
1. Name signature
2. Temesgen Wale ____________
3. Tewodros Degfe ____________
4. Tigabu Tariku ____________
5. Tsegaye Geta ____________

Date of submission: 17/05/2013 E.C

This thesis proposal has been submitted for examination with our approval as a university advisor.
Project advisor Signature Date
Mrs.Hiwot B. _______________ _________________

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Acknowledgment
First and foremost, we would like to express our special sincere thanks and praise to our
Almighty God and saint Merry for helping us in each day, in each time, in every minute, and in
every second until we accomplish our final project.
Second, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisor Mrs. Hiwot B. for her
invaluable guidance and steadfast support during the course of this project. Fruitful and
rewarding discussions with her on numerous occasions have made this work possible. It has
been a great pleasure for us to work under her guidance. We would also like to express sincere
thanks to all the faculty members of Electrical Engineering Department for their kind co-
operation. We would like to acknowledge the assistance of all our friends in the process of
completing this work. Finally, we express our sincere gratitude to our friends for their constant
encouragement and support.

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Abstract
Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing access is the
dominant air interface for 4G and 5G broadband wireless communications. It combines
multiple-input multiple-output technology, which multiplies capacity by transmitting different
signals over multiple antennas, and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, which
divides a radio channel into a large number of closely spaced sub channels to provide more
reliable communications at high speeds. Mainly multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing is the foundation for most advanced wireless local area
network and mobile broadband network standards because it achieves the greatest spectral
efficiency, and therefore delivers the highest capacity and data throughput.
The bandwidth consumption and the transmitting power are the scarce resources we need to
conserve to improve the capacity and data throughput; then by keeping these parameters
constant, we are going to use some techniques associated with multiple-input multiple-output
concept and the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing access concepts such as the beam
forming technology to enhance the SNR with constant transmitting power by eliminating
the interfering signal.
To do this project, we first start from identifying the problems on the basis of data rates and
throughput especially on areas with group of people such as stadiums and restaurants. Then we
will try to execute the multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing with different schemes including the multiple-input multiple-output, orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing and both multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing.
Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is expected to have
high channel capacity and data throughput when compared to the multiple-input multiple-output
and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing separately. This is because orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing technique has high data rate and the multiple-input multiple-
output makes the system to have more users.

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Table of Contents
Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................ ii

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii

Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... vi

List of figures................................................................................................................................ vii

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii

Chapter One ................................................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background of the Project .................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of Problem .......................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objective of the project ....................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 General Objective ......................................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific Objective.......................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Significance of the Project ................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Project Organization ........................................................................................................... 4

Chapter Two................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter Three ................................................................................................................................ 7

3. System Methodology and Mathematical Modeling ................................................................ 7

3.1 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Expected Output ................................................................................................................ 8

3.3 Channel Capacity................................................................................................................. 8

3.4 MIMO in Wireless Communications System .................................................................. 10

3.4 OFDMA in Wireless Communications System ............................................................... 12

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 3.5 Mu MIMO-OFDMA in Wireless Communications System .......................................... 14

3.6 Beam Forming .................................................................................................................... 15

3.7 Mathematical Modeling of the system ............................................................................. 16

3.7.1 System Model .............................................................................................................. 16

3.7.1 System Parameters ..................................................................................................... 17

3.7.2 Adaptive beam forming .............................................................................................. 19

3.7.3 Adaptive Beam Forming Algorithms ........................................................................ 20

3.7.3 MIMO Capacity .......................................................................................................... 22

3.7.4 MIMO-OFDMA Capacity ......................................................................................... 22

3.8 Flow Chart .......................................................................................................................... 25

Chapter Four ................................................................................................................................ 26

4. Simulation Result and Discussion .......................................................................................... 26

Chapter Five ................................................................................................................................. 32

5. Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................... 32

5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 32

5.2 Recommendation and Future Work ............................................................................ 33

References ..................................................................................................................................... 34

APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................... 35

APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................... 37

APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................... 39

APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................................... 42

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Acronyms
AP……………………….…. Access Point
BER…………………….……Bit Error Rate
CSI…………………………. Channel State Information
HD…………………………...High Definition
HEW………………………...High-Efficiency Wireless
ICI…………………………...Inter-Carrier interference
LAN………………………... Local Area Network
LTE……………….…………Long Term Evolution
MCS……………….………...Modulation and Coding Set
MU-MIMO………….………Multi User Multi Input Multi Output
OFDMA……………………. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
QAM……………….………..Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RF………………….………...Radio Frequency
RU………………….………..Resource Unit
Rx…………………...………. Receiver
STC……………….......………Space Time Coding
STFC……………………. …. Space Time Frequency Coding
SU-MIMO………………….... Single User Multi Input Multi Output
TX………………………….... Transmitter
WLAN……………………...…Wireless Local Area Network

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List of figures
Figure 3. 1 Block diagram of MIMO ......................................................................................... 11
Figure 3. 2 SU MIMO .................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 3. 3 MU-MIMO ................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 3. 4 A single user using the channel vs. multiplexing various users in the
same channel using OFDMA ...................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3. 5 Architecture of OFDMA with MIMO .................................................................... 15
Figure 3. 6 AP using MU-MIMO beam forming to serve multiple users located
in spatially diverse positions ....................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3. 7 MIMO OFDMA system transmitter with 2x2 antenna .................................... 17
Figure 3. 8 MIMO OFDMA system receiver with 2x2 antenna .............................................. 17
Figure 3. 9 Channel matrix ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3. 10 Adaptive beam forming technique ........................................................................ 19
Figure 3. 11 General flow chart show how MATLAB executes the operation ...................... 25
Figure 4. 1 Channel capacity verses SNR with different number of antenna ........................ 28
Figure 4. 2 Channel Capacity vs SNR for MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO
OFDMA System ........................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 4. 3 Result of beam forming ............................................................................................ 30
Figure 4. 4 Signal with and without beam forming .................................................................. 30

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List of Tables
Table 3. 1 802.11ac vs.802.11ax .................................................................................................... 9
Table 4. 1 Simulation parameters .............................................................................................. 27
Table 4. 2 Capacity versus SNR for MIMO OFDMA System ................................................. 28
Table 4. 3 Capacity versus SNR for MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO-OFDMA
System ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 4. 4 BER versus SNR for 16-QAM modulation of multistep channel .......................... 31

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 Chapter One
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the Project
Recent advances in mobile computing and hardware technology enable transmission of rich
multimedia contents over wireless networks. Examples include digital TV, voice and video
transmission over cellular and wireless LAN networks, and sensor networks. With the high
demand for such services, it become crucial to identify the system limitations, define the
appropriate performance metrics, and to design wireless systems that are capable of achieving the
best performance by overcoming the challenges posed by the system requirements and the
wireless environment. In general, multimedia wireless communication requires transmitting
analog sources over fading channels while satisfying the end-to-end average distortion and delay
requirements of the application within the power limitations of the mobile terminal [1],[2].
Multiple input multiple output wireless communication system uses the multiple antennas at both
sender and receiver side to improve communication performance. Multiple antennas at the
transmitter and receiver introduces signaling degrees of freedom that were absent in SISO
systems. It is the one of the smart antenna technologies available in several forms. Orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing access is another popular radio technology for providing the
solution for spectrum challenges. But these technologies individually will not give the higher
information rates. With OFDMA, a single channel within a spectrum band can be divided into
multiple, smaller sub-signals that transmit information simultaneously without interference.
Because MIMO technology is able to link together many smaller antennas to work as one, it can
receive and send these OFDM multiple sub-signals in a way that allows the bandwidth to be
substantially increased to each user as required [3].
The bandwidth of wireless communication systems is often limited by the cost of the radio
spectrum required. Any increase in bit rate, which can be realized without increasing the
bandwidth, makes the system more spectrally efficient and less costly. Previous wireless
communication systems have been made more spectrally efficient through the use of clever
coding techniques and algorithms. However, the fundamental bandwidth limitation does not
change. MIMO OFDMA communication systems have the ability to greatly increase spectral
efficiencies. As opposed to previous wireless systems, in which there is one transmitting and one
receiving antenna (SISO), MIMO systems use arrays of multiple antennas at both ends of the
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communication link, all operating at the same frequency at the same time. This introduces spatial
diversity into the system, which can be used to tackle the problem of multipath.
In wireless communications system, such as point to point radio links, radio waves do not simply
propagate from the transmit antenna to the receive antenna. Rather they bounce and scatter off
objects, this effect is known as multipath. This effect is regarded as an impediment to the accurate
transmission of data in previous wireless links. MIMO systems exploit multipath by using the
rich scattering environment to increase the spectral efficiency of the wireless system. In wireless
scenario, the radio channel bandwidth is an inadequate resource and that is why the availability
of faster transmission and reception is restricted. In this era people wants to have accurate
communication of their messages with ultimate speed but with a sufficient low cost. For making
the current system efficient the degradation in service quality can no more be the excuse. Right
now the race is towards achieving the goal of excellent speed of propagation with lowest BER
and data rate communication with lowest error rate and of course the bandwidth requirement must
be reasonable enough. But because of certain practical limitations of wireless channel i.e. quoted
as multipath structure, fading, effect of Doppler shift, inter symbol interference, etc., the
efficiency of the existing standards cannot be upgraded. Hence the above mentioned loop holes
of existing technologies leads to the development of modern efficient wireless systems such as
Wi-Fi, WI-MAX, LTE, which fits as the futuristic system with highest data rates along with best
qualities at lowest error rate. To satisfy the requirement of the highest capacity along with
excellent error rates in the modern wireless systems, ordinary transceiver scheme i.e. single
antenna at the transmitter and receiver side is not at all justifiable [3].
The implementation of various advance antenna systems by suitable approaches is the most
innovative aspect to satisfy the above discussed needs. MIMO technology means multiple
antennas at both ends of a communication system [3], [4]. The idea behind MIMO is that the
transmitter antennas at one end and the receiver antennas at the other end are connected and
combined in such a way that the bit error rate, SNR or the data rate for each user is improved.
MIMO has the capacity of producing independent parallel channels and transmitting multipath
data streams and thus meets the demand for high data rate wireless transmission. This system can
provide high frequency spectral efficiency and is a promising approach with tremendous
potential. The use of multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver has been shown to be an

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effective way to improve capacity and reliability over those achievable with single antenna
wireless systems [5].
This project mainly studies software implementation of MU MIMO OFDMA based channel
capacity enhancement with constant band width and power.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The wireless communication environment is very hostile. The signal transmitted over a wireless
communication link is susceptible to fading (severe fluctuations in signal level), co-channel
interference, and dispersion effects in time and frequency, path loss effect, etc. On top of these
problems, the limited availability of bandwidth possess a significant challenge to a designer in
designing a system that provides higher spectral efficiency and higher quality of link availability
at low cost.
Previous wireless communication systems such as, SISO, SIMO, MISO and even the SU MIMO
have been made more spectrally efficient through the use of clever coding techniques and
algorithms. While using SISO, SIMO, MISO and even the SU MIMO there are some limitations
in case of the data rates, throughput and the use of bandwidth in wireless communications and
mobile communications especially in Wi-Fi and wireless broadband (WI-MAX), then in this case
we are going to use MU MIMO OFDMA concept to improve the channel capacity with constant
bandwidth and transmitting power due to the scarcity of these resources.

1.3 Objective of the project

1.3.1 General Objective
To enhance the channel capacity of MU MIMO OFDMA based wireless communication system
using mathematical equation and MATLAB software with constant bandwidth.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To model the MU MIMO OFDMA system.
 To simulate the channel capacity versus SNR with different number of antenna, channel
capacity versus SNR for MIMO OFDMA and MIMO OFDMA system, effect of beam
forming on signal frequency spectrum, and bit error rate.
 To analyze the simulation results.

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1.4 Scope of the Project
We execute the simulation with MATLAB to display channel capacity verses SNR with different
number of antennas, channel capacity versus SNR for MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO-OFDMA
system, the effect of beam forming and non-beam forming on BER, equalize the original
transmitted signal frequency spectrum with the estimated signal frequency spectrum by using
beam forming technique.

1.5 Significance of the Project

MU MIMO OFDMA based wireless communication has numerous applications in
real life. Some of them are;
 Increases the communication reliability
 Increase the data rate
 It is applicable for highly popular areas
 Bandwidth gain
 Power efficiency
1.6 Project Organization
This section will give an outlines of the structure of the project. This project will consist of five
chapters including this chapter. The following is an explanation for each chapter. Chapter 2
discuss about literature review. Chapter 3 discusses the basic concept of MU MIMO OFDMA
based wireless communication system in term of definition, algorithm, system modeling and
mathematical algorithm for the system proposed. Chapter 4 consists of MATLAB software results
and results analysis. Comparison between each graphically result was done. The last chapter (5)
summarizes the overall conclusion for this project and a few suggestion and recommendation for
future development.

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 Chapter Two
2. Literature Review
MU MIMO OFDMA transmission system have been comprehensively studied over the past
decade by numerous researchers, we have been proposed to increasing demand for high data
rates, high channel capacity and increase spectral efficiencies.
We study the MIMO broadcast channel and compare the achievable throughput for the optimal
strategy of paper coding to that achieved with sub-optimal and lower complexity linear pre-
coding (e.g., zero-forcing and block diagonalization) transmission [6]. Both strategies utilize all
available spatial dimensions and therefore have the same multiplexing gain, but an absolute
difference in terms of throughput does exist. The sum rate difference between the two strategies
is analytically computed at asymptotically high SNR, and it is seen that this asymptotic statistic
provides an accurate characterization at even moderate SNR levels. Weighted sum rate
maximization is also considered, and a similar quantification of the throughput difference
between the two strategies is computed. In the process, it is shown that allocating user powers in
direct proportion to user weights asymptotically maximizes weighted sum rate.
In [4], this paper presents two such constrained solutions. The first, referred to as “block
diagonalization,” is a generalization of channel inversion when there are multiple antennas at
each receiver. It is easily adapted to optimize for either maximum transmission rate or minimum
power, and approaches the optimal solution at high SNR. The second, “successive optimization,”
is an alternative method for solving the power minimization problem one user at a time, and it
yields superior results in some (e.g., low SNR) situations. Both of these algorithms are limited to
cases where the transmitter has more antennas than all receive antennas combined. In order to
accommodate more general scenarios, we also propose a framework for coordinated transmitter-
receiver processing that generalizes the two algorithms to cases involving more receive than
transmit antennas.
In [10], this paper proposes the network spectral efficiency in terms of bits/s/Hz of a MIMO adhoc
network with K simultaneous communicating transmitter-receiver pairs. Assume that each
transmitter is equipped with ‘t’ antennas and each receiver with ‘r’ antennas and each receiver
implement single user detection. With CSI corresponding to the desired receiver available at the
transmitter, it demonstrates the asymptotic spectral efficiency. Asymptotically optimum signaling
is also derived under the same CSI assumption, i.e., each transmitter knows the channel

5
corresponding to its desired receiver only. Further capacity improvement is possible with stronger
CSI assumption; we demonstrate that, this using a heuristic interference suppression transmit
beam forming approach.
In [6] the performance of space time frequency coded spatial modulation system is investigated
with the use of code division multiple access using a simulation on MATLAB program of bit
error rate. The system under study uses four antennas at both side transmitter and receiver to
deploy a multipath system, where the channels in each receiver is considered to be uncorrelated
channel, which mean any change in each channel doesn't affect the other channels.
As the collected literatures indicate all the researchers did their investigation by using single
approach to minimize specific effect. But in this project, MU MIMO OFDMA based channel
capacity enhancement with constant bandwidth and transmitting power performed by using
MATLAB with beam forming and precoding approach to have more users with the desired data
rate.

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 Chapter Three
3. System Methodology and Mathematical Modeling
3.1 Methodology
The methodology used in doing this project would have comprised important procedures to
achieve its objectives. The procedures are developed by reviewing and studying of various
literatures on performance and capacity enhancement of MU MIMO OFDMA wireless
communication system. These procedures are analysis, modeling, simulation, Result and
discussion, and Conclusion and recommendation. The procedures involved simulation of the
substrate parameter using MATLAB Software. By using multiple antennas and precoding the
data, different data streams could be sent over different paths. Rayleigh suggested and later
proved that the processing required by MIMO at higher speeds would be most manageable using
OFDM modulation, because OFDA converts high speed data channel into a number of parallel
lower speed channels.

Literature Review

Analyzing

Modeling

Simulation

Conclusion and
recommendation
Result and discussion

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3.2 Expected Output
 We will see the effect of path loss in throughput when we do in only MU MIMO, only
OFDM and in MU MIMO-OFDM.
 We will see the effect when the number of modulation order and the number of
transmitting antennas varying on channel capacity.
 We will see the effect of signal with and without beam forming on BER.
3.3 Channel Capacity
The channel capacity, C, is defined to be the maximum rate at which information can be
transmitted through a channel. According to the channel capacity equation,
C = B* log2 (1 + S/N) bit/s………………………………………………………………. (2.1)
S/N= n2*Signal power/n. (noise) =n*SNR……………………………………………….… (2.2)
So the channel capacity
C = B*log2 (1 +n*SNR) bit/s………………………………………………………………... (2.3)
n=Nr * Nt
Where, C-capacity, B-bandwidth of the channel, S-signal power, N-noise power, n-number of
antenna, Nr-number of receiver antenna, Nt- number of transmitting antenna
When B tends to infinity, capacity saturates to 1.44S/N. What happens when S/N become infinity
according to the formula above, capacity should become infinite, meaning a finite bandwidth
supports infinite data rates at very large SNR. On the other hand, if we take Inter Symbol
Interference into account, capacity should saturate to 2B at very large S/N.
In comparison with standard single antenna system, the multiple antenna systems channel
capacity with Nt transmit and Nr receive antennas can be uplifted by a multiple of minimum
value of (Nt, Nr) without t h e usage of extra transmit power and increased bandwidth
spectrum. Since faster data transmission is on high demand in the near future
telecommunication systems, the investigation of multiple antenna systems is actively going on.
802.11ax WLAN
802.11ax WLAN is the first WLAN standard to use OFDMA to enable transmissions with
multiple users simultaneously (it is called high efficiency multi users access). In OFDMA,
a symbol is constructed of subcarriers where the total number defines a protocol data
unit bandwidth. Each user is assigned different subsets of subcarriers to achieve simultaneous
data transmission in MU environment.

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802.11ax has the challenging goal of improving the average throughput per user by a factor of at
least four times in dense user environments. This new standard focuses on implementing
mechanisms to serve more users a consistent and reliable stream of data (average throughput) in
the presence of many other users.
High-efficiency wireless includes the following key features;
 Increase four times the average throughput per user in high-density scenarios, such as
train stations, airports and stadiums.
 Data rates and channel widths similar to 802.11ac, with the exception of new
Modulation and Coding Sets with 1024-QAM.
 Improved traffic flow and channel access
 Better power management for longer battery life
The following table highlights the most important changes to this revision of the standard, in
contrast to the current 802.11ac implementation:

Table 3. 1 802.11ac vs.802.11ax

802.11ac 802.11ax

Bands 5GHZ 2.4GHZ AND 5GHZ

channel band width 20MHZ,40MHZ,80MHZ,160MHZ 20MHZ,40MHZ,80MHZ

160MHZ
FFT size 64,128,256,512 256,512,1024,2048

subscriber spacing 112.5KHZ 78.125KHZ

OFDM Symbol 3.2US+0.8/0.4USCP 12.8US+0.8/1.6/3.2USCP

duration
highest modulation 256QAM 1024QAM

data rates 433Mbps(80MHZ,1SS) 600.4Mbps(80MHZ,1SS)

6933Mbps(160MHZ,8SS) 9607.8Mbps(160MHZ,8SS)

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The 802.11ax specification introduces significant changes to the physical layer of the standard.
However, it maintains backward compatibility with 802.11a/b/g/n and /ac devices, such that an
802.11ax subscriber access terminals can send and receive data to legacy subscriber access
terminals. These legacy clients will also be able to demodulate and decode 802.11ax packet
headers though not whole 802.11ax packets and back off when an 802.11ax subscriber access
terminal is transmitting.
Multi user operation
The 802.11ax standard has two modes of operation:
 Single User: in this sequential mode, the wireless subscriber access terminal send and
receive data one at a time once they secure access to the medium.
 Multi-User: this mode allows for simultaneous operation of multiple non-AP
subscriber access terminals. The standard divides this mode further into downlink and
uplink multi-user.
Downlink multi-user refers to the data that the AP serves to multiple associated wireless
subscriber access terminals at the same time. The existing 802.11ac standard already specifies
this feature. And uplink multi-user involves simultaneous transmission of data from multiple
subscriber access terminals to the AP. This is new functionality of the 802.11ax standard, which
did not exist in any of the previous versions of the Wi-Fi standard. Under the multi user mode of
operation, the standard also specifies two different ways of multiplexing more users within a
certain area: OFDMA. For both of these methods, the AP acts as the central controller of all
aspects of multi-user operation. An 802.11ax AP can also combine MU-MIMO with OFDMA
operation.

3.4 MIMO in Wireless Communications System

It uses the multiple antennas at both sender and receiver side to improve communication
performance. It is the one of the smart antenna technologies available in several forms. The
MIMO technology is the one of interested technology in wireless communications, because it
significantly increases the data throughput and link range too without the additional bandwidth
or increased transmit power. Multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver introduces
signaling degrees of freedom that were absent in SISO systems. This is referred to as the spatial
degree of freedom. The spatial degrees of freedom can either be exploited for “diversity” or
“multiplexing” or a combination of the two. In simple terms, diversity means redundancy.

10
A simple example of diversity is multiple antennas trying to receive the same signal,[7],[8]. The
received signal on the two antennas is corrupted by noise that is uncorrelated between antennas;
therefore, by combining the two signals a better quality signal can be reconstructed [9]. The
analogy here is that by looking at the same object from two different vantage points, richer
information on the object can be obtained. Diversity can also be achieved by using multiple
transmit antennas by using space time coding techniques, when a MIMO transmitter/receiver pair
operates in an environment rich in scattering, the channel matrix becomes invertible, thus
enabling the receiver to decode all the different signal transmitted from the various transmit
antenna apertures.

Figure 3. 1 Block diagram of MIMO

SU MIMO
The most obvious down side to single user MIMO is that the multiple streams of data must be
sent or received between just one devices at a time. However, there are more advantages as well.

11
 Figure 3. 2 SU MIMO

For instance, single user MIMO requires both the transmitting and receiving Wi-Fi radios support
the MIMO technology, along with having the multiple antennas. The multiple antennas add cost,
weight, and size to the Wi-Fi devices and the processing of the MIMO signals requires more
resources as well. These are especially evident with the smaller devices, like smart phones and
tablets.
MU MIMO
Multiple streams of data can be sent or received to or by different devices.

Figure 3. 3 MU-MIMO

Borrowing from the 802.11ac implementation, 802.11ax devices will use beam forming
techniques to direct packets simultaneously to spatially diverse users.

3.4 OFDMA in Wireless Communications System

The 802.11ax standard borrows a technological improvement from 4G cellular technology to
multiplex more users in the same channel bandwidth: i.e. OFDMA. Building on the existing
OFDM digital modulation scheme that 802.11ac already uses, the 802.11ax standard further
assigns specific sets of subcarriers to individual users. That is, it divides the existing 802.11
channels (20, 40, 80 and 160 MHz wide) into smaller sub-channels with a predefined number of

12
subcarriers. Also borrowing from modern long-term evolution terminology, the 802.11ax
standard calls the smallest sub channel a RU with a minimum size of 26 subcarriers.
Based on multi-user traffic needs, the AP decides how to allocate the channel, always assigning
all available RUs on the downlink [6]. It may allocate the whole channel to only one user at a
time just as 802.11ac currently does or it may partition it to serve multiple users
simultaneously,[10],[11].

Figure 3. 4 A single user using the channel vs. multiplexing various users in the same channel using OFDMA

In dense user environments where many users would normally contend inefficiently for their turn
to use the channel, this OFDMA mechanism now serves them simultaneously with a smaller but
dedicated sub channel, thus improving the average throughput per user. Note that the smallest
division of the channel accommodates up to nine users for every 20MHz of bandwidth.
In OFDMA, different transmit powers may be applied to different RUs. There are maximum of 9
RUs for 20 MHz, 18 RUs in case of 40 MHz and more in case of 80 or 160 MHz. The RUs enables
an access point station to allow multi-users to access it simultaneously and efficiently.
There are three subcarrier types used in OFDMA WLAN;
a) Data subcarrier: used for actual data transmission.
b) Pilot subcarrier: used for phase information and parameter tracking.
c) Unused subcarrier: which is neither data nor pilot subcarrier this includes Guard band
and null subcarriers.

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  Data mapping: is the process of creating data element mappings between two distinct
data models. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety of data integration
tasks, including;
 Data transformation or data mediation between a data source and a destination
 Identification of data relationships as part of data lineage analysis
 Discovery of hidden sensitive data such as the last four digits of a social security number
hidden in another user id as part of a data masking or de-identification project.
 Consolidation of multiple databases into a single database and identifying redundant
columns of data for consolidation or elimination.
The term cyclic prefix refers to the prefixing of a symbol, with a repetition of the end. The receiver
is typically configured to discard the cyclic prefix samples, but the cyclic prefix serves two
purposes;
 It provides a guard interval to eliminate inter symbol interference from the previous
symbol.
 It repeats the end of the symbol so the linear convolution of a frequency-selective
The multipath channel can be modeled as circular convolution, which in turn may transform to
the frequency domain via a discrete fourier transform. This approach accommodates simple
frequency domain processing, such as channel estimation and equalization.
For the cyclic prefix to serve its objectives, it must have a length at least equal to the length of the
multipath channel. The concept of a cyclic prefix is traditionally associated with OFDM systems;
however, the cyclic prefix is now also used in single carrier systems to improve the robustness to
multipath propagation.

3.5 Mu MIMO-OFDMA in Wireless Communications System

MIMO is an advanced antenna strategy for next generation remote access that can
carry number of times more data traffic than today’s most advanced third generation
networks. OFDMA is another popular radio technology for providing the solution for spectrum
challenges. But these technologies individually will not give the higher information rates. With
OFDMA, a single channel within a spectrum band can be divided into multiple, smaller sub-
signals that transmit information simultaneously without interference. Because MIMO
technology is able to link together many smaller antennas to work as one, it can receive and send

14
these OFDM's multiple sub-signals in a way that allows the bandwidth to be substantially
increased to each user as required.

Figure 3. 5 Architecture of OFDMA with MIMO

MIMO innovation is prevalently utilized as a part of broadband framework. Bit error rate is the
biggest issue in the field of communication. Due to this new innovation this problem is resolved
by combining both the approaches i.e. MIMO with OFDMA.
Advantages of MIMO OFDMA;

 The major advantages are increase in channel capacity.

 The coding over the frequency, time and space area empowers on a great deal, more
solid and powerful transmission over the harsh remote environment.
 The systems support high information rate and superior enhancement in diversity gain
and upgraded capacity of framework.
 Power efficiency optimization,
 Enhancement in reliability and enhancement in range of covering area.
3.6 Beam Forming
The formation of beam in the desired direction with appropriate power is known as beam forming.
Beam forming employs facility to vary power of the beams and their directions with the help of
amplitude/phase variations. Antenna arrays are used instead of single antenna in beam forming
system of MIMO OFDMA systems. Earlier days, mechanical rotation-based mechanism was
employed for steering the antenna or antenna array and separate mechanism for power
amplification of beams (i.e. antenna patterns) was used [11],[12],[13].

15
The procedures that we used are the AP will calculate a channel matrix for each user and steer
simultaneous beams to different users, each beam containing specific packets for its target user.
802.11ax supports sending up to eight multi-user MIMO transmissions at a time, up from four
for 802.11ac. Also, each MU MIMO transmission may have its own modulation and coding set
and a different number of spatial streams. By the way of analogy, when using MU MIMO spatial
multiplexing, the AP could be compared to an Ethernet switch that reduces the collision domain
from a large computer network to a single port.
As a new feature in the MU MIMO uplink direction, the AP will initiate a simultaneous uplink
transmission from each of the subscriber access terminal by means of a trigger frame. When the
multiple users respond in unison with their own packets, the AP applies the channel matrix to the
received beams and separates the information that each uplink beam contains.

Figure 3. 6 AP using MU-MIMO beam forming to serve multiple

users located in spatially diverse positions

3.7 Mathematical Modeling of the system

We are doing MU MIMO and OFDMA based channel capacity enhancement with the constant
BW and transmitting power. So to do this, we would have been some models in MU MIMO and
OFDMA concepts.
3.7.1 System Model
The transmitter and receiver blocks with two antennas both at the transmitter and the receiver of
the MIMO OFDM system is shown in Figure (3.7). At the transmitter, the source bit streams are
mapped, passed via the space-time code encoder and then mapped to their corresponding symbols
with two outputs. Each symbol passes through a serial to parallel (S/P) converter and becomes
parallel data. Afterwards, the inverse fast fourier transform is performed, employing OFDM
modulation in each sub-carrier. Time domain symbols are parallel to serial (P/S) converted and

16
then a cyclic prefix (CP) is added in order to mitigate or eliminate ISI and ICI. Lastly, the
amplified modulated signals are transmitted.
Generally MIMO OFDMA system see below;

Figure 3. 7 MIMO OFDMA system transmitter with 2x2 antenna

Figure 3. 8 MIMO OFDMA system receiver with 2x2 antenna

3.7.1 System Parameters

In wireless communication system we have a general formula that describes the transmitting
signal, receiving signal, channel and noise signal.

17
 Figure 3. 9 Channel matrix

Y (t) =H (t) X (t) +n (t)…………………………………………………………3.1

Where,
Y (t) = signal at the destination
H (t) = matrix of the channel
X (t) = signal at the input
n (t) = noise
MIMO OFDMA system with Mt transmit and Mr receive antennas, where OFDM with N
subcarriers is employed at each transmit antenna. The frequency-selective fading channel
between the Nth transmit antenna and the Mth receive antenna is modeled with L channel taps.
Equivalently, the impulse response vector hNM can be obtained by two methods these are; STF
coding and beam forming methods.

18
3.7.2 Adaptive beam forming

Figure 3. 10 Adaptive beam forming technique

The array factor of spherical angle θ for linear array of N radiating elements with elements spacing
is given by the formulas;
𝑁/2
AFeven (𝜃)=∑𝑛=1 𝑊𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠((2𝑛 − 1)𝑢), 𝑁 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛………………………….………3.2
𝑁+1/𝑁
AF odd(𝜃)=∑𝑛=1 𝑊𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠(2(𝑛 − 1)𝑢), 𝑁 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑 …………………………….……3.3

Wn is the weight of Nth radiating element

u= (πd/λ) sinθ…………………………………………………………….3.4
Equation (3.2) and (3.3) can be written in general form for N even or odd number of radiating
elements as:
𝑁−1
𝑗(− +𝑛)𝑘𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑖)
Xn (t) = ∑𝑀−1
𝐼=0 𝑆𝑖(𝑡)𝑒
2 + 𝑛𝑛 (t)………………………………….....3.5

19
Where k is wave number (2π/λ), λ wavelength of the incident wave, Considering M to be the
number of arriving plain waves that are incident on the linear array.
From multiple directions from the incident signals on nth radiating element are given by: - Xn (t)
𝑁−1
𝑗(− +𝑛)𝑘𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑖)
= ∑𝑀−1
𝐼=0 𝑆𝑖(𝑡)𝑒
2 + 𝑁𝑛 (t)…………………………………………….…3.6
Where,
Xn (t) = the desired signals
Si (t) = the interfering signals
Nn (t) = the received noise signal at nth element.
̅ 𝐻. 𝑋̅(𝑘)……………………………………………………………………….3.7
Y (k) =𝑊
̅ =[𝑊0 𝑊1 … … … … 𝑊𝑁 − 1]T
Where array weights vector 𝑊
𝑥̅ (k): Vectors of inputs to the array which is equal to equation
𝑥̅ (k)= 𝑥 𝑠(k) + 𝑥̅ 𝑖 (k) + 𝑛̅ (k) ………………………………………………….…….3.8
Where, 𝑥̅ (𝑘)= vector of desired signal
𝑥̅ 𝑖 (𝑘) =Vector of interfacing signal
𝑛̅ (k)= zero mean Gaussian noise vector
3.7.3 Adaptive Beam Forming Algorithms
The adaptive beam forming algorithms compute the weights by minimizing the error between the
array output and the desired signal until the weights reach their optimum values.
In some applications, such as a wireless mobile communications system and RADAR target
tracking, it is desired to achieve high speed adaptation of the weights and to reject the interference
and noise.
𝑅̂ 𝑥𝑥(𝑘)= α𝑅̂ xx (k-1) + 𝑥̅ (k)𝑥̅ H (k)……………………………………………………….3.9
𝑟̂ 𝑥𝑥(𝑘)= α𝑟̂ 𝑥𝑥(𝑘 − 1) + d*(k)𝑥̅ (𝑘)……………………………………………………..3.10
Where α is the forgetting factor; that is a positive constant value in range 0≤α<1. The weights of
RLS algorithm are updated as follows
̅ (k)=𝑤
𝑊 ̅ (k-1)) ………………………………....………3.11
̅(𝑘 − 1) + 𝑔̅ (𝑘)(d*(k) – x-H (k)𝑊
For
𝑔̅ (k) =α-1𝑅̂ 𝑥𝑥-1(k-1)𝑥̅ (𝑘)/1+α-1𝑥̅ H (k)𝑅̂ 𝑥𝑥-1(k-1) ̅𝑥(k)…………………………………….3.12
Correlation matrix inverse can be computed iteratively as
𝑅̂ xx-1= α-1𝑅̂ -1xx(k-1) – α-1𝑔̅ (k)𝑥̅ H(K)𝑅̂ -1xx(k-1) ……………………………………………3.13

20
The adaptive algorithm considered in this project work is based on Least Mean Square (LMS). It
uses a gradient based method of steepest decent. And also estimate the gradient vector from the
available data. This algorithm computes the complex weights vector recursively using the
equation, given as;
W (n+1) = W (n)+µx(n)[d*(n) – x(n)WH ] ……………………………….………...3.14
Where the step is size parameter and controls the convergence characteristics of the LMS
algorithm. The LMS algorithm is initiated with an arbitrary value of W (0) for the weight vector
at n=0.
The successive corrections of the weight vector eventually lead to Minimum value of the Mean
Square Error (MSE). The LMS algorithm is important because of its simplicity and ease of
computation, because it does not require off-line gradient estimations or repetition of data. One
of the drawbacks of the LMS adaptive scheme is that the algorithm must go through many
iterations before satisfactory convergence is achieved. If the signal characteristics are rapidly
changing, the LMS algorithm may not allow the tracking of the desired signal in a satisfactory
manner
When we are using OFDMA and MU MIMO we are finding the throughput and data rates with
respect to the path loses and signal to noise ratio including different noises such as noise floor
and the variation of transmitting and receiving antennas in the following formulas.
First to find out the path loss we need to have path loss formula given by
PL=A log10 (d[m]) +B+C log10 (fc [GHz]/5.0) + X……………………………………..3.15
PL free =20log10 (d) + 46.4 +20log10 (fc/5.0) …………………………….……………3.16
Here d is the separation between the transmitter and receiver in meters, fc is the frequency in
GHz, A is the path loss exponent, B is the intercept and C is the frequency dependent parameter.
X is the environment specific parameter such as path loss due to a wall. PL free is the path loss
in a free space line of sight environment (here A=20, B=46.4 and C=20).
Environments can be defined the different parameters in the WINNER-II model.
Once an environment is selected the path loss parameters A, B and C can be selected from the
table further down e.g. A1 is the in-building scenario with
A=18.7, B=46.8 and C=20 for the LOS case. The PL for a T-R separation of 100 m and frequency
of 2 GHz is calculated as (Appendix 1):

21
 2
PL=18.7*log10 (100) + 46.8+20*log10 (5) =76.42dB…………………………………..…3.17

And further from this we have used zero forcing precoding and beam forming equations and
algorithms. A separate equation for the path loss is given where the parameters A, B and C are
not sufficient to describe the scenario.
3.7.3 MIMO Capacity
This section, Shannon capacity results for the three algorithms under consideration will be
revised. A MIMO channel is a wireless link between MT transmits and NR receive antennas. It
consists of MT NR elements that represent the MIMO channel coefficients. The multiple transmit
and receive antennas could belong to a single user modem or it could be distributed among
different users [14].
Statistical MIMO channel models offer flexibility in selecting the channel parameters, temporal
and spatial correlations. MIMO channel simulation tools are implemented based on these models.
Several statistical MIMO channel models were proposed.
The matrix H is the MxN channel matrix where the element at row n and column m, hmn denotes
the channel response at receiver NR due to transmitter MT. The channel capacity of MIMO
system is given by:
CMIMO=B*log2[1+M.N.SNR] (bps/Hz) ……………………………………………………3.18
We would have proposed, B is constant bandwidth which constant effect in capacity because it is
limited or scares resources. Where signal to noise ratio is given by, SNR = M x N x SNR.
As per the above equations and considering M number of transmitting antennas and N number of
receiving antennas, it can be said that the channel capacity of MIMO system is the highest among
all diversity techniques.
3.7.4 MIMO-OFDMA Capacity
In order to determine which transmit antennas has the best SNR and channel capacity at the ith
iteration; the following formula for the mth antenna is used:
The channel capacity using water filling solution we can determining the channel capacity of
MIMO OFDMA system.
Let considering C D( i ) data symbol transmitted at ith antenna on the Dth tone. Where
Dth =(0,1,2…….,N-1) tone
𝐻(𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝜃 ) = ∑𝐿−1
𝑖=0 𝐻1 𝑒
𝑗2𝜋𝜃 (0
≤ 𝜃 < 1)…………………………..................3.19

22
And CD = [ C D (0)
CD ……….CD(M-1) ]T………………………..……………...3.20
(1)

is transmitted data symbol into frequency vectors it can be shown that

𝑘
CD ՟=
𝐻 (𝑒 𝑗2𝜋(𝑛) ) CD + nD, D=(0, 1,2,3………n-1)………………………………………3.21

Where CD ՟ is the reconstructed data vector for the Dth tone and nD is additive white

Gaussian noise (AWGAN) satisfying

ɛ {nD n1 H}=Ϭ2n1N Ϭ[k-1]…………………………………...………………….................3.22
From equation 3 it can be seen that the equalization requires application of narrowband
receiver for each tone D =(0, 1,2,……….n-1) equation 3.21 can be rewritten as
C ՟=Hc+n……………………………………………………………….………………….3.23
We assume that OFDM symbol transmitted use independent realization of random channel
impulse response matrix and that the channel matrix remain constant within one channel use.
Using equation 5 the mutual information (b/s/Hz)of OFDM based multiplexing system under
an average transmitter power constraint is given by
I=1/𝑁 log 2 [det(𝐼𝑁, 𝑛 + 1/𝜎2H∑HH)]…………………………………………………3.24
Where: Tr is the trace of the matrix A. ∑ with Tr (∑)<=p is the covariance matrix of Gaussian
input vector C and p is the maximum over all transmitted power. Note that mutual information
is normalized by n since n data symbol are transmitted in one OFDM symbol and that we
ignored the loss in spectral efficiency due to presence of cp.
The nMxnN matrix ∑ is block diagonal matrix given by;
∑=diag{∑k}D=0n-1
Where the M×M matrices are the covariance matrices of the Gaussian vectors CD, and
determine power allocation of the transmitted antenna across OFDM tone. In OFDM spatial
multiplexing system statically independent data symbol are transmitted from different antenna
and different tone and total available power allocation uniformly across all space frequency
sub channel.
∑D= ( P/(Mn) )IM(D=0,1,…..n-1) which is easily verified to result in Tr (∑)=p using equation
6 we there for obtain
I=1/𝑛 ∑n−1
D=0 ID … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .3.25
𝑗2𝜋(𝐷/𝑛)
I=1/n∑𝑛−1
𝐷 =0 log 2 [det(𝐼N +ῥH(𝑒 ) HH(𝑒 𝑗2𝜋(𝐷/𝑛) ) ]…………………………....3.26

23
The quantity ID is mutual information in MIMO OFDMA sub channel since H(𝑒 𝑗2𝜋(𝐷/𝑛)) )

is random, ID is random.
From the above the capacity of MIMO OFDMA system is given below.
CMIMO-OFDMA =1/n∑𝑛−1 H
𝐷 =0 log 2 [det(𝐼N + 𝝔𝜦𝑯H ) ]……………..….………….3.27

Where 𝜦 =diag {ƛi (R)}N-1i=0, H is an MXN random matrix. R=∑𝐿−1

𝐼=0 𝑅1 ƛi(R) is denoted

Eigen value of R .the capacity of MIMO-OFDMA is given above

Case 1: for large M and fixed N
(1/M)HHH IN
C MIMO-OFDMA=log 2 [det( IN + Ǭ𝛬)]………………………………………..……………………….3.28

Ǭ=M𝝔=p/N Ϭ2n
Case2: For low SNR, large M and small ῥ

𝑖=0 1 + Ǭƛ1( R)))

Capacity MIMO-OFDMA=log 2 (∏𝑁−1
=log 2 [1 + Ǭ𝑇r(R)]……………………………………………………….……………..3.29
Case 3: For high SNR
CMIMO-OFDMA=∑𝑁−1
𝐼=0 log 2 (det( 1 + ῥƛ1(R))……………………...………………3.30

24
3.8 Flow Chart

Figure 3. 11General flow chart to show how MATLAB executes the operation

25
 Chapter Four
4. Simulation Result and Discussion
When we are doing this project, we would have used MATLAB to execute and test the parameters
and the results regarding to the specified parameters. We are trying to enhance the channel
capacity with the parameters of signal to noise ratio and packet error rate with constant
bandwidth. The field of wireless communication systems and networks has experienced explosive
growth and wireless communications has become an important part in everyday life. To overcome
the limited capacity of conventional SISO, SIMO, MISO and even SU MIMO systems, by the
use of multiple antennas a MIMO with OFDMA systems, offers greater capacity than SISO,
SIMO, MISO and SU MIMO counterparts. The multiple antennas can be used to increase the
communication reliability by diversity or to increase the data rate by spatial multiplexing or a
combination of both. Multiple antennas has performance and capacity enhancements without the
need for additional bandwidth or constant bandwidth.
We have used some built in functions such as in the beam forming techniques, calculating the
steering matrix and the configurations of the channel model which is Winner two channel model
changed to Tgax channel model and AWGN channel model. We use beam forming technique in
MIMO system to reduce the effect of interfering signal. This is achieved by creating radiation
pattern of the antenna array by adding the phase of signals in desired direction and by null the
pattern in unwanted direction.

26
 Table 4. 1 Simulation parameters

Parameter Assumption
Technology MU MIMO OFDMA
Data modulation QAM modulation
Channel model AWGN/Rayleigh flat fading
Transmitting Constant
bandwidth
FFT 256
Antenna 2x2,3x3,4x4,5x5
configuration
SNR The total received power per
antenna to noise power ratio
Frame length 5ms
Carrier frequency 4 MHZ

Simulation Result
Figure 4.1 below shows a plot of the capacity versus SNR for MIMO OFDMA system. We note
that capacity increases with increasing SNR (dB) and with increasing Nt or Nr. It is observed that
at SNR=20dB the capacity varies from 6.25 bits/s/ Hz for MIMO OFDMA (NT=NR=2) to 14.25
bits/s/Hz for MIMO-OFDMA (NR=NT=5). Hence it is concluded that the capacity growth
achieved by MIMO OFDMA system is the highest compared to other systems yielding
remarkable improvement (especially for High SNR).

27
 Figure 4. 1 Channel capacity verses SNR with different number of antenna

Table 4. 2 Capacity versus SNR for MIMO OFDMA System

SNR(dB) Capacity(bit/s/HZ)
MIMO-OFDMA MIMO-OFDMA MIMO-OFDMA MIMO-
NT=NR=2 NT=NR=3 NT=NR=4 OFDMA
NT=NR=5
4 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25
8 2.75 3.55 4.25 5.75
14 4.25 6.75 7.5 10.0
20 6.25 6.45 11.25 14.25

Figure 4.2 below shows a plot of the capacity versus SNR for MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO
OFDMA System together. It is observed that at SNR=10dB the capacity varies from 2.75 bits/s/
Hz for MIMO (NT=NR=2) to 7 bits/s/Hz for OFDMA (NR=NT=2) and to 14 bit/s/HZ for MIMO
OFDMA (NT=NR=2).

28
Hence it is concluded that the capacity growth achieved by MIMO OFDMA system is the highest
compared to other systems yielding remarkable improvement (especially for High SNR). Note in
our project, we would have been improve channel capacity of MIMO OFDMA system at constant
band width by using number of SNR. If SNR increase channel capacity is enhance as you see
from simulation.

Figure 4. 2 Channel Capacity vs SNR for MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO OFDMA System

Table 4. 3 Capacity versus SNR for MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO-OFDMA System

SNR(dB) Capacity(bit/s/HZ)
MIMO OFDMA
MIMO-OFDMA
(NT=NR=2) (NT=NR=2)
(NT=NR=2)
4 1.75 3.75 6.55
8 2.55 5.75 11.75
10 3.25 7.25 14.0
Figure 4.3 below show the beam forming techniques the original transmitted signal frequency
spectrum with the estimated signal frequency spectrum by minimizing the error between the array
output and the desired signal until the weights reach their optimum values and also, by rejecting
the interference.

29
 Figure 4. 3 Result of beam forming

From the above figure we have observed that beam forming technique almost equalize the
original transmitted signal frequency spectrum with the estimated signal frequency spectrum
by minimizing the error between the array output and the desired signal until the weights reach
their optimum values and also, by rejecting the interference. We would get relatively expected
signal by using beam forming spectrum.

Figure 4. 4 Signal with and without beam forming

30
From the above Figure (4.4) we have observed that signal with and without beam forming
technique by using Bit error rate and Eb/No parameter. And the signal with beam forming has
low bit error rate compared to signal without beam forming and vice versa. We would concluded
that if we use beam forming techniques on MIMO OFDMA System we can increases SNR by
minimizing bite error rate and enhancing (improving) the capacity of the system.

Table 4. 4 BER versus SNR for 16-QAM modulation of multistep channel

SNR(dB) BER
Beam forming Non-beam forming
5 0.9938 0.9948
15 0.9884 0.9908
30 0.9875 0.9885

We can summarize from the above result and discussion in MIMO OFDMA system there is high
spectral efficiency, higher SNR and low BER than MIMO only and OFDMA only.

31
 Chapter Five
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
In this project we described the current situation of WLAN regarding the current channel capacity
basically on the throughput and path loss faced by the access points and the devices. According
to our investigation, the current WLAN technology based on SU MIMO has bandwidth
limitations and this leads to have less throughput access which leads to more power consumption
and time loss to the subscribers. So, we have designed a system based on MIMO OFDMA, which
has the capability to enhance the channel Capacity current WLAN system with constant BW. We
strongly believe that this system is much better than the previous system using MIMO only. From
the simulations performed, it can be concluded that a simple way to improve the capacity of the
Channel is to increase the number of receiver antennas. For small devices, where the number of
antennas is limited, a solution is to increase the number of transmit chains with very little
decoding complexity. When the SNR is high; diversity is important and over compensates the
larger sensitivity of high-order modulation schemes.
 By considering BER as parameter that beam forming techniques is good for error less
transmission.
 By using high order antenna configuration space diversity can be increased, which will
further decrease the BER at given SNR as compared to lower order Antenna
configurations.
 By doing so, even higher data capacity at any given SNR can be achieved.
 From the simulations performed, it can be concluded that a simple way to improve the
quality of the transmission is to increase the number of receive antennas.
Generally, we concluded that when the number of antennas and the modulation order increase,
and using beam forming techniques Spectral efficiency (Capacity) is enhanced for
MIMOOFDMA System with constant bandwidth.

32
5.2 Recommendation and Future Work
In MIMO-OFDMA systems, spatial multiplexing is used where independent signals are transmitted
simultaneously via different antennas. This gives good results in increasing the capacity of the
channel. This well-known system is designed to maximize the spectral efficiency with constant
bandwidth. However, in some environments, the independent links of MIMO system only may
suffer from a considerable fading which causes decreasing in the total data rate. Space-time block
codes can mitigate that problem but with occupation of at least two links to transmit one symbol in
at least two time slots which decreases the number of transmitting layers and transmitted symbols.
The result is a decrease in channel capacity. MIMO OFDMA systems is the key techniques for the
next generation communication systems and achieves high data rates with acceptable BER
performance over a good channels state.
The current project is MU MIMO OFDMA based channel capacity enhancement which describes
basically the channel capacity with different number of antennas and modulation orders but still
the system have some trade off especially on the SNR so we need to recommend future
researchers to develop this system by combining STF coding combined with Beam forming and
throughput with path loss to improve the SNR trade off and to make the MU MIMO concept in
to massive MIMO then it will support up to 100 antennas.

33
References
[1] C.K.Kim, K. a. (2000). "Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for OFDM Systems with Antenna
Array". IEEE Trans. on consumer Electronics, 1052-1058.
[2] M.Lei, P. H. (May 2004). "Adaptive Beamforming based on frequency-To-Time Pilot.
Transform For OFDM". Proc. of 59th IEEE Vehicular technology conf., 564-656
[3] Chin, Z. a. (May 2004). "Post and Pre-FFT Beamforming in an OFDM System". Proc.59th
IEEE Vehicurar Technology Conference, 132-234.
[4] R.Prasad, [. R. (2000). OFDM For wireless Multimedia Communication. Artech House
Pubilshers, 354-512.
[5] Wikipedia MIMO in wireless communications, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO.
[6] Poongodi, P.Ramya, & Ashanmugam. (2010). "BER Analysis of MIMO-OFDM system using
m-QAMover Rayligh Fading Channel. Proceding of the international conference on
communication and computational Intelligence, 702-756.
[7] A.udwatl, p. S. (2011). Comparation of optimization capabilityes of RLS Adaptive
Beamforming Algorizmfor smart antenna a system. Pro National conference , 78-90.
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[9] A.Forouzan, [. B. (2007). data communications and Networking. New York: McGraw- Hill,.
[10] R.Bouallegue, [. A. (2011). "New transmission Scheme for MIMO OFDM System".
International Journal of Next-Generation, 50-62.
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IEEE Select. Areas in Comm., vol 16, no. 8, pp. 1451 -1458, 1998.
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34
APPENDIX A
Thise code shows channel capacity enhancement in MIMO OFDMA system based on number of
antenna.
clear all; clf
NR=4;NT=4; MaxIter=1000;
I=eye(NR,NR); sq2=sqrt(2); gss=['-ro';'-b^';'m-d';'-ks'];
SNRdBs=[0:2:20];
for sel_ant=1:4
for i_SNR=1:length(SNRdBs)
SNRdB = SNRdBs(i_SNR); SNR_sel_ant = 10^(SNRdB/10)/sel_ant;
%rand('seed',1);
%randn('seed',1);
cum = 0;
for i=1:MaxIter
H = (randn(NR,NT)+j*randn(NR,NT))/sq2;
if sel_ant>NT||sel_ant<1
error('sel_ant must be between 1 and NT!');
else indices = nchoosek([1:NT],sel_ant);
end
for n=1:size(indices,1)
Hn = H(:,indices(n,:));
log_SH(n)=log2(real(det(I+SNR_sel_ant*Hn*Hn')));
end
cum = cum + max(log_SH);
end
sel_capacity(i_SNR) = cum/MaxIter;
end
plot(SNRdBs,sel_capacity,gss(sel_ant,:), 'LineWidth',2);
hold on;
end
xlabel('SNR[dB]'), ylabel('bps/Hz'),

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grid on;
legend('MIMO-OFDMA NT=NR=2','MIMO-OFDMA NT=NR=3','MIMO-OFDMA
NT=NR=4','MIMO-OFDMA NT=NR=5');

36
APPENDIX B
This code shows MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO OFDMA channel capacity versus SNR
%OFDMA channal capacity vs SNR
clear all
clc
N=2;%datastream of subchannel carrier
%rand('state' ,456321)
NR=2;
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=1/N*(NR*log(det(1+(10^snr/10)))/log(2));
end
y(i)=mean(c);
x(i)=snr;
end
figure
plot(x,y, 'bp-' , 'LineWidth' ,2);
hold on
%MIMO Capacity vs SNR
NR=2;%
snr=0;
for i = 1:10
snr = snr +2;
c=(NR*log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2);
xx(i)=snr;
yy(i)=c;
end
plot(xx,yy, 'kd-' , 'LineWidth' ,2);
% MIMO-OFDMA capacity vs SNR

37
N=2;
NR=2;
%rand('state' ,456321)
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=(1/N*(NR*log(det(1+(10^snr/10)))/log(2))+(NR*log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy, 'mo-' , 'LineWidth' ,2)
xlabel('SNR(dB)' )
ylabel('Capacity (bit/s/Hz)' )
grid on
legend('OFDMA','MIMO' , 'MIMO-OFDMA')
title('MIMO-OFDMA Capacity' )

38
APPENDIX C
This code show on spectrum of beam forming
Fc=4000000; %Carrier Frequency =1Mhz
f=Fc;
Fs=16000000; %sampling frequency
fm=700000;
Fd=fm;
sensors=4; % number of Sensors
angle_tx=pi/4; %Transmitter angle = 45 degrees
angle_jam=pi/4; %jammer angle = 45 degree
sens_wts=[0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8]; %Assigning Sensor weights
c=3e08;
lembda=c/f; % Transmitted signal wavelength
samps=2*(6*Fs/fm); % Number of samples of Data
max=(1/Fs)*(samps-1);
t=0:1/Fs:(max);
%Modulating Data
modsignal = sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Baseband Signal
modsignal(modsignal>0)=1;
modsignal(modsignal<0)=-1;
CAR=sin(2*pi*Fc*t); %carrier
t_sig=modsignal.*CAR; % modulated Data
ch_samps=length(t_sig); %Modulated Signal Data
Samples
g=0:ch_samps-1;
figure;
d=lembda/2; %Sensor separation
meu=15e-6; %Step size
%FFT of Transmitted signal
k=ch_samps;
fft_samps = 2^nextpow2(k);
t_fft = fft(t_sig,fft_samps)/k;
fprime = Fs/2*linspace(0,1,fft_samps/2);
subplot(4,1,1) ; %plot frequency components of
Transmitted Signal
plot(fprime,2*abs(t_fft(1:fft_samps/2)));
grid on;
title('Original Transmitted signal frequency spectrum');
xlabel('frequency Hz');
ylabel('magnitude');

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axis([0 8e6 0 1]);
%Jammer Signal
t=0:1/Fs:max;
j_sig=1*sin(2*pi*Fc*t);
%FFT of Jamming Signal
fft_samps = 2^nextpow2(k);
j_fft = fft(j_sig,fft_samps)/k;
fprime = Fs/2*linspace(0,1,fft_samps/2);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(fprime,2*abs(j_fft(1:fft_samps/2))); %plot frequency
components of Jamming Signal
grid on;
title('Spectrum of Jamming signal');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('magnitude');
axis([0 8e6 0 1])
%Array Propogation Vectors
for t2=1:sensors
v(t2)=exp(1i*(t2-1)*2*pi*d*sin(angle_tx)*1/lembda);%#ok<SAGROW>
%propagation vector
end
for t3=1:sensors
eeta(t3)=exp(1i*(t3-
1)*2*pi*d*sin(angle_jam)*1/lembda);%#ok<SAGROW> %Propagation
Vector for Jamming Signal
end
%Jammer Reception at the Sensor Array
j_rcvd=j_sig'*eeta; %Jamming signal Reception @ Sensors
% j_sig+t_sig = data after reception @ antenna
x=t_sig'*v+j_rcvd;

%FFT of Recieved Signal @ Sensors

fft_samps = 2^nextpow2(k);
x_fft = fft(x,fft_samps)/k;
fprime = Fs/2*linspace(0,1,fft_samps/2);
subplot(4,1,3 );
plot(fprime,2*abs(x_fft(1:fft_samps/2))); % Plot frequency
components of Rxd signal
grid on;
title('Signal After reception at Antenna (Jamming Signal +
Desired Signal)');

40
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
axis([0 8e6 0 1])
%LMS Algorithm
for n1=1:ch_samps
x_est=sens_wts*x';
E=t_sig-x_est;
sens_wts=sens_wts+(meu*E*x);
end
%FFT of Estimated
fft_samps = 2^nextpow2(k);
z_fft = fft(x_est,fft_samps)/k;
fprime = Fs/2*linspace(0,1,fft_samps/2);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(fprime,2*abs(z_fft(1:fft_samps/2))); % Plot frequency
components of Estimated signal
grid on;
title('Estimated signal frequency spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
axis([0 8e6 0 1]);

41
APPENDIX D
This code shows MIMO, OFDMA and MIMO OFDMA channel capacity versus SNR
%OFDMA channal capacity vs SNR
clear all
clc
N=2;%datastream of subchannel carrier
%rand('state' ,456321)
NR=2;
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=1/N*(NR*log(det(1+(10^snr/10)))/log(2));
end
y(i)=mean(c);
x(i)=snr;
end
figure
plot(x,y, 'bp-' , 'LineWidth' ,2);
hold on
%MIMO Capacity vs SNR
NR=2;%
snr=0;
for i = 1:10
snr = snr +2;
c=(NR*log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2);
xx(i)=snr;
yy(i)=c;
end
plot(xx,yy, 'kd-' , 'LineWidth' ,2);
% MIMO-OFDMA capacity vs SNR

42
N=2;
NR=2;
%rand('state' ,
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy, 'mo-' , 'LineWidth' ,2)
xlabel('SNR(dB)' )
ylabel('Capacity (bit/s/Hz)' )
grid on
legend('OFDMA','MIMO' , 'MIMO-OFDMA' ,1)
title('MIMO-OFDMA Capacity' )
456321)
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=(1/N*(NR*log(det(1+(10^snr/10)))/log(2))+(NR*log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);

43