Mark Scheme (Results)

November 2021

Pearson Edexcel GCSE B in

Geography (1GB0)
Paper 02 - UK Geographical Issues
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November 2021
Question Paper Log Number 66781
Publications Code 1GB0_02_2111_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2021
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may
lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be
prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not
worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide
the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the
mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has
replaced it with an alternative response.
Paper 2 Mark Scheme – 1GB02 (2021)

Question Answer Marks

1(a) C – Chalk (1)

All other answers clearly mistaken – see diagram Figure 1

Question Answer Marks

1(b) C – the breakdown or dissolving of rocks on the surface (1)

All other answers clearly and demonstrably wrong

Question Answers Marks

1(c) Award one mark for identifying an appropriate characteristic that (2)
makes sedimentary rock more readily erodible or why igneous
rock is more resistant and a further mark for an
extension/development of that idea.

Not as hard (1) because more compressed (1)

More bedding planes/joints (1) so more access for water etc. (1)

Chemically less resistant to solution (1) for example chalk and

limestone s (1)
Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

2 (a) (i) B – Yorkshire and Humberside (1)

All other answers clearly and demonstrably wrong

Question Answer Marks

2 (a) (ii) 6.6 x 11,154/100 = 736.16 so 736.2 (km) (2)

One mark for correct method – one for the result

Allow 736.1

Question Answer Marks

2(a) (iii) Award one mark for identifying an appropriate reason why a (2)
small percentage of Scottish coastline is protected and a further
mark for a legitimate development of that point.

Much of the coastline is made up of hard, resistant rocks (1) so

erosion rates are very low without protection (1)

Much of the coastline is experiencing uplift (1) so it is advancing

and not retreating (1)

Much of the coastline is very lightly populated (1) making

protection expensive and pointless (1)
 There is a great deal of coastline to protect (1) so only a small
proportion is likely to need and/or warrant protection

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

2(b) Award one mark for an appropriate basic explanation of (4)
coastal erosion creating cliffs (1) and a further 3 marks
for its development (1) (1) +(1+1+1)

Waves erode the coastline with hydraulic energy and

abrasion (1) exploiting weaknesses in the
lithology/structure of the rocks (1) leading to the
undercutting of the cliff (1) leading to rockfall and/or
slumping due to gravity (1) development of cliffs and
their retreat over time (1) these processes can be
exacerbated by weathering (1)

Diagram will be version of below:

Limit to three if sequence is not apparent

Do not credit twice if diagram/text replicate each other

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

3 (a) (i) D – a meander (1)

All other answers demonstrably wrong – see Figure 3

Question Answers Marks

3 (a) (ii) Because it is higher than point X (1) evidence from contour line (2)
and/or spot height (1) 1+1

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
3(b) One mark for each basic reason (1) and a further mark for its (4)
development (1)
(1+1) +
Building on floodplains reduces infiltration because grass/farmland (1+1)
replaced by tarmac and/or concrete (1) and so more water reaches the
river leading to peakier discharge (1)

Removal of trees reduces the amount of water taken up by plant growth

(1) which leads to more water reaching the river (1)

Climate change has led to more extreme events which includes graeter
storminess (1) which delivers more rain in shorter periods leading to
flooding as ground becomes a saturated (1)

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Indicative content

4 AO3 (4 marks) / AO4 (4 marks)

AO3 (4 marks)
• The general relationship is largely explained by the impact of altitude
on climate and the thermal growing season
• Exacerbated by poorer soils which are in many areas partly ..
• ..a function of their glacial history as in the Highlands of Scotland
and Wales
• Lowland densities reflect soil fertility at a local level but also
accessibility and human factors.
• These last include the impact of the industrial revolution and
accessibility
• Coastlines are also important for a trading nation
AO4 (4 marks)
• There is a close relationship between topography and population
density
• In all the >600metre areas population density is very low –
frequently between 0 and 0.2 per hectare
• That is also true for some (100 – 600 metres) lower altitudes e.g.
Dartmoor and Exmoor are clearly visible on the pop density map
• However, the relationship is not so clear at low altitudes and
certainly not at <100 metres
• There are many low latitude areas with minimal relief that have low
population density – examples are most obvious in East Anglia and
Lincolnshire
• Others have very high density
Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1–3 • Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but

1 understanding and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or
incomplete argument that provides limited synthesis of
understanding. Judgements that are supported by limited
evidence. (AO3)
• Uses some geographical skills to obtain information with limited
relevance and accuracy, which supports few aspects of the
argument. (AO4)
Level 4-6 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
2 some logical connections between concepts. An imbalanced
argument that synthesises mostly relevant understanding, but
not entirely coherently, leading to judgements that are supported
by evidence occasionally. (AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that
supports some aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Level 7-8 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
3 logical connections between concepts throughout. A balanced,
well-developed argument that synthesises relevant
understanding coherently leading to judgements that are
supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that
supports all aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Question Answer Marks
number
5 (a)(i) B – they are most extreme for those aged between 35 and 65 (1)
All other answers demonstrably mistaken – see Figure 5

Question Answerextree Marks

number
5(a)(ii) The mean is distorted by extreme values (1) so doesn’t fairly (2)
reflect the population and/or the middle value is better in those
circumstances (1)

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

number
5 (b) Award one mark for basic reason and a second through an
extension which might be an application of that idea. (4)

(1+1) +
Increasing jobs in some sectors (1) because of inward (1+1)
investment e.g. Nissan, Tata (1)

Loss of jobs in other sectors (1) as companies off-shore

production/services (1)

Growth of London as a financial centre through TNCs in the

banking sector (1) so more foreign banks established here (1)

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
number
6 (a)(i) D = in eight cities more people feel safe than unsafe (1)

All other responses demonstrably wrong – see Figure 6

Question Answer Marks

number
6(a)(ii) 10 values – so between 5th and 6th – so 32 and 34 = 33 (2)

One mark for correct result – one for legitimate working. (1+1)

Question Answer Marks

number
6 (b) Much depends on the chosen city (expect London and (4)
Birmingham to dominate)
(1+1) +
Award one mark for outlining a relevant explanatory point about (1+1)
the impact of migration and a second mark for the development
of that idea. or

It has changed the ethnic diversity of the city given contrasts (1+1+1)
with resident population (1) and so introduced many different +1
cultures (1) such as Brick Lane’s many changes over recent
years (1)

It has led to rapid population growth with many new arrivals (1)
leading to some strain on services (1) such as education and
transport (1)

It has led to regeneration of some inner-city areas as student

populations have grown (1) changing demand for services and
pushing up rents (1)

Migrants tend to be young so changing the age-structure and

rate if natural increase (1) leading to further growth (1)

Do no expect specific demarcation between national and

international migration

Allow 3+1 but the points must be explanatory

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
number
6 (c) Much depends on the chosen city (expect London and (4)
Birmingham to dominate)
(1+1) +
Award one mark for outlining a basic explanatory reason and a (1+1)
further mark for expansion/application of that idea
or
Deindustrialisation has occurred due to mechanisation and/or
off-shoring (1) leading to job losses (1) and reduction in incomes (1+1+1)
(1) which reduces tax income for local authorities (1) and so +1
local services suffer (1)

Lack of government spending (austerity) (1) has reduced

spending on services (1) including education/health services (1)
leading to out-migration (1)

Allow 3+1 but the points must be explanatory

Accept any other appropriate response

Question Indicative content

7 AO3 (4 marks) / AO4 (4 marks)

AO3 (4 marks)
• Significant population differences between the regions – this is not
‘per capita’ data – this ‘explains most of the difference.
• Wealth highly concentrated too which would explain some of the
differences in domestic footprints
• Wealthy regions with large amounts of commuting have high
transport contribution
• London’s high density and good public transport helps explain its
lowish) transport footprint.
• Industry/commerce unevenly distributed – much to do with location
of power stations too
• Long term decline might not continue given coal has virtually
disappeared as fuel for use in electricity generation
• Transport use not likely to decline but electric cars might make a
difference in future (with legislation to support e.g. against air
pollution).

AO4 (4 marks)
• South-east has largest footprint, especially transport
• Industrial and commercial very uneven across the regions
• North-east has high ind/comm but very low domestic and transport
• York and Humber has highest ind/commerce; nearly double its
domestic ‘footprint
• Ind and comm highest on 9 of these regions
• Transport highest in the other three; south-west and south-east and
west Midlands
• Some negatives/improvements i.e. creation of carbon sinks by land
use changes (forestry).
• Fall over time largely fuel changes in electricity generation
• Not much further tio go with these; see coal data
• Transport dominant user of oil
Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1–3 • Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but

1 understanding and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or
incomplete argument that provides limited synthesis of
understanding. Judgements that are supported by limited
evidence. (AO3)
• Uses some geographical skills to obtain information with limited
relevance and accuracy, which supports few aspects of the
argument. (AO4)
Level 4-6 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
2 some logical connections between concepts. An imbalanced
argument that synthesises mostly relevant understanding, but
not entirely coherently, leading to judgements that are supported
by evidence occasionally. (AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that
supports some aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Level 7-8 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
3 logical connections between concepts throughout. A balanced,
well-developed argument that synthesises relevant
understanding coherently leading to judgements that are
supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that
supports all aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Question Answer Marks
number
8 (a) Award one mark for explaining the basic reason and second (2)
mark for a development of that. Expect;

It is easy to access (1) so saving time and/or allowing more time

for fieldwork (1)

The beach is wide (1) so transect should show variation (1)

It has some areas that are protected by groynes and others not
(1) allowing a comparison to be made (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
number
8 (b) Award one mark for a reasonable suggestion and a further mark (2)
for supporting evidence for that idea.

They appear to be evenly spaced so it is a systematic sample (1)

allowing for proper comparison (1)

The beach is roughly the same width at all three locations (1)
allowing a fair comparison of gradient and sediment (1)

There are groynes at two locations but not Profile 1 (1) which
allows a comparison to be made (1)

They are in different locations relative to the groynes (1) which

allows a proper comparison to be made (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

number
8 (c) Award one mark for identifying a basic problem and a further (2)
mark for its extension.

The profile starts under a cliff (1) si it might be a dangerous

environment form rockfall (1)

The presence if cliffs is likely to change the beach profile (1)

without management being an issue (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

number
8 (d) Award one mark for identifying a basic reason and a further (4)
mark for its extension.
(1+1) +
Not all of it appears to be of great value (1) with agricultural (1+1)
land above the cliffs at the western end (1)

The beach is quite wide (1) so maybe coastal erosion is quite

limited (1)

There is a wave cut platform below the cliff at the western end
of the map (1) suggesting that cliff erosion is reducing as the
cliff retreats (1)

The beach faces south east (1) so fetch is going to be small so

wave heights will be low(er) (1)

Some parts of the beach are already protected by groynes (1)

which may be enough to reduce the risk of erosion (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
number
9 (a) Award one mark for explaining the basic reason and second (2)
mark for a development of that. Expect;

It is easy to access (1) so saving time and/or allowing more time

for fieldwork (1)

The stream is accessed by a footpath (1) so no legal issues (1)

The stream is quite narrow (1) allowing data to be gathered

safely (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

number
9 (b) Award one mark for a reasonable suggestion and a further mark (2)
for supporting evidence for that idea.

They appear to be evenly spaced so it is a systematic sample (1)

allowing for proper comparison (1)

There are tributaries (1) so there should be variations in the

channel characteristics (1)

They appears to be a floodplain at site 6 (1) which allows a

proper assessment of flood risk (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks

number
9 (c) Award one mark for identifying a basic weakness and a further (2)
mark for its extension.

It is not on the main river measured (1) so cannot be relevant

in downstream changes and flood risk (1)

It doesn’t appear to be on any river but in woodland (1) so not

relevant to the study (1)

It isn’t on the footpath (1) so there are access issues (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
number
9 (d) Award one mark for identifying a basic reason and a further (4)
mark for its extension.
(1+1) +
Not all of it appears to be of great value (1) with agricultural (1+1)
land dominant (1)

There are no settlements/houses in the valley itself (1) so

flooding poses no risk to life/property (1)

The river is flowing in a (relatively) deep valley (1) and/so the

floodplain is very small (1)

Flooding might be useful (1) bringing sediment onto the valley

floor/floodplain (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Answer Marks
number
10 (a) The candidates have a clear steer to the types of data collected (2)
– ‘…..they measured litter, traffic noise, graffiti, amount of
open space and the quality of the buildings.’ They are not told
how this data was selected or measured.

They selected sites by sampling (allow any coherent

explanation of sampling (1) and at each site selected they
measured the amount of litter (allow any variable) on a scale
of (allow any legitimate scale (1)

They designed a questionnaire for the local inhabitants asking

them to evaluate the quality of their environment perhaps
using a Lickert scale (1) which would enable a comparison to
be made of the two areas (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Indicative content

Number

10 (b) AO3 (4 marks) / AO4 (4 marks)

AO3
• Census data is old -2011 so may not be reliable
• Evidence suggests that Area A is changing (graduates etc) –
maybe both studentification and gentrification
• Presence of university supports above idea(s) as does number of
‘professionals’
• Many inner cities have changed in recent years and 9/10 years
since Census data released
• We have no idea about the quality of the four-bed houses
• Many inner city houses large terraced houses maybe subdivided
• Conclusion is not reliable – ‘always’ an obvious problem
• Causation not tested = better environment because….
• Plausible that better environments attract better off people
• Only certain aspects of environment were measured by students in
their primary data so limited scope and thus conclusion is highly
partial

AO4
• Census data is mixed but Area A has much higher scores for
owner-occupation and 4-bedroomed houses
• Less of a difference in terms of professional jobs
• Area A much younger but also better qualified academically
• Area A has much more varied land-use
• Area B above national averages in all categories
• Area B appears to be commuter suburb
• Primary data is divided into five categories and all score better in
Area B
Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1–3 • Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but

1 understanding and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or
incomplete argument that provides limited synthesis of
understanding. Judgements that are supported by limited
evidence. (AO3)
• Few aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills to obtain information, which has limited
relevance and accuracy. Communicates generic fieldwork findings
and uses limited relevant geographical terminology. (AO4)
Level 4-6 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
2 some logical connections between concepts. An imbalanced
argument that synthesises mostly relevant understanding, but not
entirely coherently, leading to judgements that are supported by
evidence occasionally. (AO3)
• Some aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills. Communicates fieldwork findings with some
clarity using relevant geographical terminology occasionally. (AO4)
Level 7-8 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
3 logical connections between concepts throughout. A balanced,
well-developed argument that synthesises relevant understanding
coherently leading to judgements that are supported by evidence
throughout. (AO3)
• All aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills. Communicates enquiry-specific fieldwork
findings with clarity, and uses relevant geographical terminology
consistently. (AO4)
Question Answer Marks
number
11 (a) The candidates have a clear steer to the types of data collected (2)
– ‘…..they measured litter, traffic noise, graffiti, amount of
open space and the quality of the buildings.’ They are not told
how this data was selected or measured.

They selected sites by sampling (allow any coherent

explanation of sampling (1) and at each site selected they
measured the amount of litter (allow any variable) on a scale
of (allow any legitimate scale (1)

They designed a questionnaire for the local inhabitants asking

them to evaluate the quality of their environment perhaps
using a Lickert scale (1) which would enable a comparison to
be made of the two villages (1)

Allow any other appropriate response

Question Indicative content
Number

11 (b) AO3 (4 marks) / AO4 (4 marks)

AO3
• Census data is old -2011 so may not be reliable
• Evidence suggests that Village A is changing (graduates, elderly
etc) – maybe both second home owners and retirement
• Many coastal villages have changed in recent years and 9/10 years
since Census data released
• Presence of restaurants and bars relatively high number of
‘professionals’
• We have no idea about the quality of the four-bed houses
• Many older village houses may be large terraced houses, maybe
subdivided
• Conclusion is not reliable – ‘always’ an obvious problem
• Causation not tested = better environment because….
• Plausible that better environments attract better off people
• Only certain aspects of environment were measured by students in
their primary data so limited scope and thus conclusion is highly
partial

AO4
• Census data is mixed but Village A has much higher scores for
owner-occupation and 4-bedroomed houses
• Less of a difference in terms of professional jobs
• Village A much older but also better qualified academically
• Village A has much more varied land-use
• Village B above national averages in all categories
• Village B appears to be commuter community
• Contrasting services in the two locations – closure of pub and shop
in Village B
• Primary data is divided into five categories and all score better in
Village B
Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1–3 • Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but

1 understanding and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or
incomplete argument that provides limited synthesis of
understanding. Judgements that are supported by limited
evidence. (AO3)
• Few aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills to obtain information, which has limited
relevance and accuracy. Communicates generic fieldwork findings
and uses limited relevant geographical terminology. (AO4)
Level 4-6 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
2 some logical connections between concepts. An imbalanced
argument that synthesises mostly relevant understanding, but not
entirely coherently, leading to judgements that are supported by
evidence occasionally. (AO3)
• Some aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills. Communicates fieldwork findings with some
clarity using relevant geographical terminology occasionally. (AO4)
Level 7-8 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
3 logical connections between concepts throughout. A balanced,
well-developed argument that synthesises relevant understanding
coherently leading to judgements that are supported by evidence
throughout. (AO3)
• All aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills. Communicates enquiry-specific fieldwork
findings with clarity, and uses relevant geographical terminology
consistently. (AO4)
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