DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY – 2021

EXPERIMENT NO 2
Performance Analysis of Single-Phase Uncontrolled Rectifier

OBJECTIVE:

Performance of single phase ac to dc bridge uncontrolled rectifier.

BACKGROUND:

DC power can be obtained from AC supply using single phase or three phase bridge rectifiers.
Diode bridges are easy to cool, extremely robust against voltage and current surges and inexpensive
even for large power ratings. But if SCRs are used, then the output of these rectifiers can be controlled
as per the firing angle and hence these are called controlled rectifiers. This experiment will allow us to
assess the performance of single-phase and three-phase uncontrolled, semi-controlled and fully-
controlled rectifiers.

The load of a bridge rectifier is not a pure DC, but a rippled DC i.e. an average component on
which there is a superimposed AC component. In case of single phase input supply, second harmonic
component is prevalent. In 3-phase case, the DC output will have a ripple at a frequency of 6f where
f=AC supply frequency. To filter out the ripples in the DC link, the output is normally passed through
an L-C filter.

1. In the laboratory, output of a rectifier board is tested with two sets of filter values for the 1φ case.
.

Value of Inductance(L) Value of Capacitance(C) Cut-off Frequency(Hz)

Filter 1 15 mH 2500 µF 25.98
Filter 2 2 mH 2200 µF 75.87

OBJECTIVE:

To study the performance of the single-phase and three-phase rectifiers in terms of output ripple,
input power factor and THD of the supply current.

IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS:

1) Under all conditions, the electrolytic DC capacitor on the board retains a fairly large voltage;
so, before you change any connections, this must be discharged. For this purpose, a discharge
switch has been provided close to the output of the rectifier board. In each experiment where
you use the rectifier board the following steps must be carried out before you change any power
circuit connections:
a) Turn off the AC supply feeding the rectifier board.
b) Turn the discharge switch ON, and then turn it OFF after a short-while.
2) Before energising the AC side again, make sure that the discharge switch is in the OFF position.

1
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. Connection Diagram for Uncontrolled Rectifier.

PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Select the connecting cables according to the current ratings of the various equipment.
3) Initially keep the auto-transformer at zero-position and the rheostat value should be set such
that current in the ammeter does not cross 2A.
4) For 1st set of filter values, apply input voltage of 50V to the rectifier.
5) Now vary the rheostat so that the load current goes from 0 to 2 A. For different values of load
current, measure average load voltage and load ripple voltage (peak-peak) from DSO.
6) Repeat the above step with an input voltage of 100 V.
7) Plot a graph: Load Current vs % of Ripple Voltage
8) Now, connect L and C corresponding to the second filter set.
9) Repeat the steps 4,5,6 and 7.

% of Ripple Voltage = Load ripple voltage (Peak-peak)/Average load voltage

For the FFT analysis:

1. Set Autotransformer to desired AC voltage.

2. Connect the differential probe to channel-1 (x100 setting).
3. PRESS Channel-1 Button→Coupling→set AC.
4. Move the channel-1 cursor to ground line (move the waveform to top portion of screen) .
5. Press “MATH” button→ set operator FFT.
6. Press “SPAN” button and adjust 1 KHz, centre frequency to zero (now the FFT spectrum in
light pink colour will appear on the screen).
7. Press”more FFT” button → set vertical units to V RMS.
8. To adjust the magnitude of the FFT waveform use “PUSH for FINE” button (set to 100 mV).
9. To adjust the offset of the FFT waveform use “PUSH to ZERO” button (set to 300 mV).
10. Press cursor button and bring the X1 cursor to middle of the scope screen, then press X2 cursor
and adjusting it on the screen. With this X1 and X2 one can able to identify different harmonic
frequency components on the scope screen.
11. To move the” X1, X2”cursors rotate the ”cursors knob.”

2
OBSERVATION TABLE:

For L = 15 mH, C = 2500 µF ; Cut-off Frequency = 25.98 Hz

AC source voltage = 50 V, Average load voltage =

S.No Load Current Load Ripple Voltage % of Ripple Voltage

(in Amperes) (Peak-Peak)
(in Volts)

AC source voltage = 100 V, Average load voltage =

S.No Load Current Load Ripple Voltage % of Ripple Voltage

(in Amperes) (Peak-Peak)
(in Volts)

For L = 2 mH, C = 2200 µF ; Cut-off Frequency = 75.87 Hz

AC source voltage = 50 V, Average load voltage =

S.No Load Current Load Ripple Voltage % of Ripple Voltage

(in Amperes) (Peak-Peak)
(in Volts)

AC source voltage = 100 V, Average load voltage =

S.No Load Current Load Ripple Voltage % of Ripple Voltage

(in Amperes) (Peak-Peak)
(in Volts)

3
INFERENCE:

After conducting the experiment, it would be seen that the load of a bridge rectifier is not a pure
DC, but a rippled DC i.e. DC plus superimposed AC component. To minimise these ripples, the output
is passed through an L-C filter. After using the filter, it would be seen that the % of ripple voltage
reduces.

SAMPLE READINGS:

For L = 15 mH and C = 2500 µF, Cut-off Frequency = 25.98 Hz

AC Source Voltage = 100 V AC Source Voltage = 50 V

Average Load Voltage = 121.05 V Average Load Voltage = 59.7 V

S.No Load Load Ripple % of S.No Load Load Ripple % of

Current Voltage Ripple Current Voltage Ripple
(in (Peak-Peak) Voltage (in (Peak-Peak) Voltage
Amperes) (in Volts) Amperes) (in Volts)
1) 0.5 3.14 2.59 1) 0.25 2.37 3.96
2) 0.6 3.38 2.79 2) 0.4 2.45 4.11
3) 0.7 3.42 2.82 3) 0.6 2.87 4.81
4) 0.8 3.66 3.02 4) 0.8 3.18 5.33
5) 1.0 3.96 3.27 5) 1.0 3.42 5.73
6) 1.2 4.26 3.52 6) 1.2 3.66 6.13
7) 1.4 4.38 3.62 7) 1.4 3.78 6.33
8) 1.6 4.82 3.98 8) 1.6 3.86 6.47

4
 For L = 2 mH, C = 2200 µF, Cut-off Frequency = 75.87 Hz

AC Source Voltage = 100 V AC Source Voltage = 50 V

Average Load Voltage = 127.9 V Average Load Voltage = 65.33 V

S.No Load Load % of S.No Load Load % of

Current Ripple Ripple Current Ripple Ripple
(in Voltage Voltage (in Voltage Voltage
Amperes) (Peak- Amperes) (Peak-
Peak) Peak)
(in Volts) (in Volts)
1) 0.5 2.25 1.75 1) 0.5 2.13 3.26

2) 0.6 2.45 1.92 2) 0.6 2.37 3.63

3) 0.7 2.73 2.13 3) 0.7 2.65 4.06

4) 0.8 3.38 2.64 4) 0.8 2.89 4.42

5) 1.0 4.02 3.14 5) 1 3.42 5.23

6) 1.2 4.38 3.42 6) 1.2 3.9 5.97

7) 1.4 5.15 4.03 7) 1.4 4.38 6.71

8) 1.6 5.55 4.34 8) 1.6 4.86 7.44

5
Measurement of Harmonic components in the given waveform using FFT-
option in Digital Storage Oscilloscope

1. Turn on the Keysight DSOX3014A.

2. Connect the differential probe on channel-1.
3. Setup DSO to the default (for removing previous data or settings from DSO memory), then do
“Auto setup”, then you should get AC waveform like as shown in Fig. 1, go to measure and
measure the frequency and peak –to- peak voltage (as shown in the right corner of Fig. 1 with
red arrow).

Fig. 1. Waveform (AC superimposed on DC).

4. Go to “mode/coupling” located on the front panel or press “probe” key and select “coupling-
AC”.
5. Press “Math” Function and select operator “FFT”; you will get a pink trace as shown in Fig.
2.
6. Set “centre frequency” to “0 Hz” and “span” to “2 kHz”.

6
 FFT
Magnitude
adjustment

FFT frame
offset
adjustment

Cursor
adjustment

Harmonic
magnitude
measurements

7
 Fig. 2. Actual waveform (yellow trace) and its FFT (pink trace).

7. Go to option: “More FFT” and then set the “vertical” units to “V RMS” (Not dB-scale),
then “math function” will show you rms value of all the frequency components then this will
look like as shown in Fig. 3.

Pink trace - FFT bar chart

Fig. 3. Waveform and FFT bar chart.

8. Set the “offset and scale” using keys available on front panel. Here FFT resolution is
important factor which can be changed using “horizontal scale key”.

8
 Fig. 4. FFT settings indicating window.

9. Turn on the “cursors” and select the source to “Math” and record the readings on “Cursor
X1, X2” and “Y1, Y2”. In this way one can analyze Harmonic components magnitude in the
given output waveform.

Step –by- step adjustments for the FFT analysis on DSOX3014A:

1. Set Autotransformer to desired AC voltage.

2. Connect the differential probe to channel-1 (x100 setting).
3. PRESS “Channel-1” (or the waveform to be analysed) Button → Coupling → set AC.
4. Move the “Channel-1” cursor to ground line (move the waveform to top portion of screen).
5. Press “MATH” button→ set operator “FFT”.
6. Press “SPAN” button and adjust “1 kHz”, centre frequency to zero (50 Hz-optional; now the
FFT spectrum in light pink colour will appear on the screen).
7. Press “more FFT” button → set “vertical units” to “V RMS”.
8. To adjust the magnitude of the FFT waveform use “PUSH for FINE” button (set to 100 mV).
9. To adjust the “offset” of the FFT waveform use “PUSH to ZERO” button (set to 300 mV).
10. Press “cursor” button and bring the “X1” cursor to middle of the scope screen, then press X2
cursor and adjusting it on the screen. With this “X1” and “X2” one can able to identify different
harmonic frequency components on the scope screen.
11. To move the “X1, X2”cursors rotate the “cursors knob”.

9
Experiment on Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers

OBJECTIVE:

To study the power control in the dc load, through firing angle control of a single phase
controlled rectifier, for different firing angles and then (i) record the voltage and current
waveforms and evaluate parameters like THD, CF, DF, DPF, PF, Ripple Factor, average and
rms value of load voltage and current.

THEORY:
The single-phase controlled rectifier consists of four SCR and they are connected in a
bridge fashion. A filter is added in between the dc load and rectifier output terminals to prevent
the high frequency components being passed on to the dc-load. During the positive half cycle,
T1 and T2 will be forward biased and the supply voltage will appear across the filter/load if the
SCRs are fired. During the negative half cycle, T3 and T4 will be forward biased; the reverse of
the supply voltage will appear across the load if T3 and T4 are fired. In this way, the current
flowing through the load is always unidirectional. If no filter components are present in the
converter, then the average load voltage, Vo will simply be a rectified sine wave, having an
amplitude equal to the ac source. In the presence of the filter elements the load will be
impressed with dc plus superimposed ac ripple voltage. The peak -to- peak ac ripple magnitude
depends on the type and size of filtering elements.

𝝅
∫𝜶 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒘𝒕) 𝑽𝒎 (𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶))
𝑽𝒐 = = for R-load (1)
𝝅 𝝅
𝜷
∫𝜶 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒘𝒕) 𝑽𝒎 (𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶)− 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜷))
𝑽𝒐 = = for R-L discontinuous load current (2)
𝝅 𝝅
𝝅+𝜶
∫𝜶 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒘𝒕) 𝟐𝑽𝒎 (𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶))
𝑽𝒐 = = for R-L continuous load current (3)
𝝅 𝝅

PRE EXPERIMENTAL QUIZ:

1. Describe the difference between the controlled & uncontrolled rectifier.
2. How many SCRs, in a given single-phase bridge rectifier, conduct at any given time
instant?
3. What is the conduction period for an SCR?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an SCR rectifier over a diode bridge
rectifier?
5. How do you define THD?
6.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. Single-Phase
Fully Controlled
Rectifier

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(i) Single phase SCR module, (ii) firing module, (iii) DSO/ Power analyzer, (iv)
Differential probe, Current probe, (v) Single-phase Autotransformer, and (vi) Multi-meter

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect D-sub connector from chopper/ inverter PWM controller to the D-sub connector
of SCR module.
2. Connect single-phase supply cord at the back of the PWM controller.
3. Connect single-phase supply cord at the back of the single phase SCR module.
4. Connect G1, K1(output from PWM module) to G1, K1 (close to SCR symbol) on SCR
module.
5. Repeat step-4 for G2, K2 to G4, K4
6. Connect (short) A2, and A4.
7. Connect (short) K1, and K3.
8. Connect load across K3 and A2.
9. Connect single phase supply to the front side of SCR module through an
Autotransformer.
10. Set autotransformer setting to 0%.
11. Keep the load resistance as 220 Ω.
12. Get connection checked by lab instructor.
13. Turn-ON single phase supply to all.
14. Turn- ON the red power switch at the front side of PWM controller.
15. Turn ON the red power switch at the front side of SCR module.
16. Set the ON-OFF switch on PWM controller to ON position.
17. Turn on single phase supply.
18. Turn on MCB switch of single phase SCR module (Note: Check whether the LED’s is
ON).
19. Set autotransformer such that the ac voltage is 75 V.
20. Set the firing angle to 54° which is the minimum possible value for the module.
21. Set the differential probe settings to “x100” and set the DSO channel probe setting which
is connected to differential probe to 100:1.

11
22. Set the current probe settings to “10 mV/A” and set the DSO channel probe setting which
is connected to current probe to “10 mV/A” and make sure that the current probe offset is
set to zero.
23. Record the observations as per the sequence given in Table. 1 given below.
24. Measure input supply voltage, current, current THD, DPF from DSO/Power analyser.
25. For measuring load/output voltage and current use differential probe and current probe,
respectively.
26. Repeat Step-23 for different firing angles (72°, 90° and 108°, etc).
27. Repeat the same procedure for different input ac voltages (100 V, 125 V and 150 V).
28. For R-L load: keeping the connection as it is, switch the main supply MCB off and
connect an R-L load across K3 and A2.
29. Adjust the Rheostat to 25 Ω and add an inductance of 50 mH.
30. Set firing angle at 54°.
31. Now set the source voltage at 100 V using single phase Autotransformer.
32. Record the observations as per the sequence given in table below.
33. Measure input supply voltage, current, current THD, DPF from DSO/Power analyser.
34. For measuring load/output voltage and current use differential probe and current probe,
respectively.
35. Repeat Step-33 for different firing angles (72°, 90° and 108°).
Important Note:
 Maximum ac input voltage applied should not exceed 150 V for R-load and 100 V for R-L load
(here for the safety of the equipment/ module).
 Minimum firing angle is 540 (limitation of SCR firing module PEC14HV4T).
 Maximum firing angle for R-L load should not exceed 120°.
 Critical firing angle for R-L load is 59.4° for R=25 Ω and L=50 mH.

OBSERVATIONS:
Table. 1.
Firing Supply Supply Load Load Supply Harmonics Power DPF
angle Voltage Current Voltage Current Current (W)
(Deg.) (V) (A) (V) (A) THD (%)
1–
3–
5–
7–

12
SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS: (for R load)
Table – 2.

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS-1

Firing
Angle VIN Iin Vout Iout I_THD P Q S
(deg.) (Volts) (Amp.) (V) (A) (%) Harmonics (W) (VAR) (VA) DPF
1-0.296
3-0.54 21.5 23.4
54 75 0.313 55.44 0.224 26.4 9.3 0.98
5-0.42 5 75
7-0.25
1-0.386
3-0.076
54 100 0.411 72.52 0.319 27.4 38 14.8 40.5 0.98
5-0.57
7-0.033
1-0.487
3-0.204
54 125 0.512 85.07 0.4 27.7 5-0.071 60 23 64 0.98

7-0.042

1-0.582

3-0.112
54 150 0.615 95.48 0.48 27.4 86 32 91 0.98
5-0.083
7-0.051
Table.3.

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS-2

Firing I_TH S
Angle VIN Iin Vout Iout D P Q (VA
(Deg.) (Volt) (Amps) (Volts) (Amps) (%) Harmonics (W) (VAR) ) DPF
1-0.254
3-0.088
72 75 0.284 44.9 0.19 39.8 18.2 11.6 21.6 0.98
5-0.043
7-0.02
1-0.338
3-0.116
72 100 0.373 58.4 0.257 39.3 31.8 19.6 37.5 0.94
5-0.058
7-0.026
1-0.421
3-0.142
72 125 0.467 70.1 0.328 383.8 5-0.072 50 30 59 0.94

7-0.033

13
 1-0.513

3-0.17
72 150 0.564 76 0.394 38.6 72 43 84 0.94
5-0.088
7-0.94

Table.4.

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS-3

Firing
Angle VIN Iin Vout Iout I_THD P Q
(Deg.) (Volt) (Amps) (Volts) (Amps) (%) Harmonics (W) (VAR) S (VA) DPF
1-0.2
3-0.103
90 75 0.244 34.5 0.144 52 13.3 12.7 18.3 0.87
5-0.03
7-0.037
1-0.269
3-0.136
90 100 0.323 44.3 0.196 51.5 23.5 22.3 32.3 0.87
5-0.043
7-0.049
1-0.34
3-0.169
90 125 0.404 54.3 0.25 50.7 5-0.055 38 34 51 0.87

7-0.06

1-0.412

3-0.203
90 150 0.483 59.4 0.309 50.7 54 49 73 0.87
5-0.067
7-0.071

Table.5.

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS-4
Firing Angle VIN Iin Vout Iout I_THD
(Deg.) (Volt) (Amps) (Volts) (Amps) (%) Harmonics P (W) Q (VAR) S (VA) DPF
1-0.137
3-0.095
108 75 0.191 22.7 0.912 64.6 7.7 12 14 0.75
5-0.04
7-0.023
1-0.187
108 100 0.252 29.82 0.127 63.7 14 21.1 25.5 0.75
3-0.128

14
 5-0.052
7-0.033
1-0.234
3-0.158
108 125 0.312 37.3 0.165 63.2 5-0.064 22 32 39 0.75

7-0.43

1-0.283

3-0.19
108 150 0.375 40.92 0.192 63.3 32 46 56 0.75
5-0.076
7-0.053

SAMPLE DSO WAVEFORMS:

Fig. 2(a). Load voltage and current waveforms for R-load at firing angle of 1200.
(Chanel-1: 100 V/div; Chanel-2: 100 mV/A)

15
 Fig. 2(b). Load voltage and current waveforms for R-L load for discontinuous
conduction.
(Chanel-1: 10 mV/A; Chanel-2: 100 V/div).

Fig. 2(c). Load voltage and current waveforms for R-L load for continuous conduction.
(Chanel-1: 10 mV/A; Chanel-2: 100 V/div)

SAMPLE POWER ANALYSER OBSERVATIONS:

16
 Fig. 3(a). Supply Voltage and Fig. 3(b). Supply active Fig. 3(c). Supply Current total
Current Waveforms for firing power, reactive power, harmonic distortion &
angle 600 apparent power and Harmonics Analysis.
displacement power factor.

Fig. 3. Load voltage and current waveforms for R-load (From Power quality analyser).

SAMPLE PLOTS:

120
Firing angle vs Load
100
Voltage VIN=
75V
Load Voltage (V)

80
VIN=
100V
60

40

20

0
40 60 80 100 120
Firing angle (deg)
Fig. 4. Load voltage variation with firing angle.

17
 Firing angle vs Load Power
100

90

80

Load Power (W)

70

60
Vin = 75 V
50
Vin = 100 V
40

30 Vin = 125 V
20 Vin = 150 V
10

0
40 60 80 100 120

Firing angle (deg)

Fig. 5. Load power variation with firing angle.

Firing angle vs Supply Current

0.7

0.6
Supply Current (A)

0.5

0.4 Vin = 75 V
0.3 Vin = 100 V

0.2
Vin = 125 V
Vin = 150 V
0.1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Firing angle (deg)

Fig. 6. Supply current variation with firing angle.

18
 Firing angle vs Supply Current
THD
70

Supply Current THD in % 60

50
40 VIN=75V
30 VIN=100V
20
VIN=125
10
0
VIN=150
30 50 70 90 110

Firing angle (deg)

Fig. 7. Supply current total harmonic distortion variation with firing

angle.

Firing angle vs DPF

1.2
1
DPF

0.8
Vin = 75 V
0.6 Vin = 100 V
0.4 Vin = 125 V
0.2 Vin = 150 V

0
0 50 100 150
Firing angle (deg)
Fig. 8. Displacement power factor variation with firing angle.

POST EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS:

1. THD is better in which case (among R and R-L load & also for different firing angles)
and why it is so?
2. PF is better in which case (among R and R-L load & also for different firing angles) and
why it is so?
PRECAUTIONS:
 Make sure that train of pulses are available from the SCR firing module.

19
  Connect Gate pulses in proper sequence to the respective SCRs in the SCR module after
verifying the sequence in the DSO.
 Always use differential probe to measure voltage waveforms through DSO.
 DSO probe settings should be in accordance with the Probe setting of differential and current
probes for proper display of waveforms/ measurements.
 The differential probe connected to DSO shows the desired waveforms only after a threshold
voltage level.
INFERENCE:
Observe the load voltage and current waveforms and determine the distortion of the source
current due to non-linear load (quality of input source current with variation in firing angle).
Compare the measured performance parameters with the help of theoretical formulae given in
the theory section of the manual and by taking help of references provided below.
REFERENCES:
[1] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications,3rd edition, Pearson
education, 2007.
[2] Ned Mohan, T. M. Underland, and W. M. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications,
and Design, 2nd Ed., John Wiley, New York, 1995.

Measurement of Harmonic components in the given waveform using FFT-

option in Digital Storage Oscilloscope

10. Turn on the Keysight DSOX3014A.

11. Connect the differential probe on channel-1.
12. Setup DSO to the default (for removing previous data or settings from DSO memory), then do
“Auto setup”, then you should get AC waveform like as shown in Fig. 1, go to measure and
measure the frequency and peak –to- peak voltage (as shown in the right corner of Fig. 1 with
red arrow).

20
 Fig. 1. Waveform (AC superimposed on DC).

13. Go to “mode/coupling” located on the front panel or press “probe” key and select “coupling-
AC”.
14. Press “Math” Function and select operator “FFT”; you will get a pink trace as shown in Fig.
2.
15. Set “centre frequency” to “0 Hz” and “span” to “2 kHz”.

21
 FFT
Magnitude
adjustment

FFT frame
offset
adjustment

Cursor
adjustment

Harmonic
magnitude
measurements

22
 Fig. 2. Actual waveform (yellow trace) and its FFT (pink trace).

16. Go to option: “More FFT” and then set the “vertical” units to “V RMS” (Not dB-scale), then
“math function” will show you rms value of all the frequency components then this will look
like as shown in Fig. 3.

Pink trace - FFT bar chart

Fig. 3. Waveform and FFT bar chart.

23
 17. Set the “offset and scale” using keys available on front panel. Here FFT resolution is
important factor which can be changed using “horizontal scale key”.

Fig. 4. FFT settings indicating window.

18. Turn on the “cursors” and select the source to “Math” and record the readings on “Cursor X1,
X2” and “Y1, Y2”. In this way one can analyze Harmonic components magnitude in the given
output waveform.

Step –by- step adjustments for the FFT analysis on DSOX3014A:

24
12. Set Autotransformer to desired AC voltage.
13. Connect the differential probe to channel-1 (x100 setting).
14. PRESS “Channel-1” (or the waveform to be analysed) Button → Coupling → set AC.
15. Move the “Channel-1” cursor to ground line (move the waveform to top portion of screen).
16. Press “MATH” button→ set operator “FFT”.
17. Press “SPAN” button and adjust “1 kHz”, centre frequency to zero (50 Hz-optional; now the
FFT spectrum in light pink colour will appear on the screen).
18. Press “more FFT” button → set “vertical units” to “V RMS”.
19. To adjust the magnitude of the FFT waveform use “PUSH for FINE” button (set to 100 mV).
20. To adjust the “offset” of the FFT waveform use “PUSH to ZERO” button (set to 300 mV).
21. Press “cursor” button and bring the “X1” cursor to middle of the scope screen, then press X2
cursor and adjusting it on the screen. With this “X1” and “X2” one can able to identify different
harmonic frequency components on the scope screen.
22. To move the “X1, X2”cursors rotate the “cursors knob”.

25