246 Reinforced Concrete Design

Limit State
Design of Beams 247
i)x =
(250 + 20+ 10) = 280 mm depth = (span/7) = (2500/ ) = 357 mm.
+ y)/ 4] [(280 + 530)/4] = 202 mm
i) [ =
Adopt effective depth = d=400 mm
iii) 300 mm = D=450 mm
Overall depth
200 300 mmn
Adopt minimum spacing S, = mm.
Width = b =

Details of reinforcements are shown in Fig. 8.10.

Loads

) Check for Deflection Control

of beam = (0.3 x 0.45 x 25)
Self weight =3.375 kN/m
P=0.38 and P.= I(100 A /bd) =[(100 x 402Y(300 x 550) = 24 20.000 kN/m
Live load
z

Finishes= 0.625 kN/m

(/b)=(300/1125) =0.266 Total working load = w = 24.000 kN/m

Refer Fig. 7.2, K,= 1.30

1.07 Ultimate moments and shear forces
Fig. 7.3, K, =

Fig. 7.4, K, = 0.80

M 1.5[0.5wL)
=
=1.5[0.5 x24 x2.5) 112.5 kN.m
xK,xKxK V. 1.5[w L)
=
1.5 [24 x2.5]
nax
=
=90 kN
= (20x 1.30x 1.07 x0.8) = 22.2
)Main Reinforcements
6300
5 5 0 1 1 . 4 5<
2.2
"provided
Mim(0.138b d)
Hence, the check for deflection control is satisfactory.
(0.138 x 20x300x400)10*
8.6 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER BEAMS = 132 kN.m

Since M,
Design a cantilever beam to suit the following data
<
Malim, the section is under reinforced.

a) Data M, =0.87 , A,bdfa

Clear span = 2.5 m 4154,
Working live load = 20 kN/m
=
(0.87x415A, x40) 300x400x 20
Cantilever beam is monolithic with R.C. column 300 mm w
nd
Solving A =928 mm
450 mm deep Provide 3bars 20 mm diameter (A, 942 mm) the tension face (top) on
a of or
=

Sa 20 N/mm* and , = 415 N/mm*

and 2bars mm diameter hanger bars the compression
as
face.
on

b) Cross sectional dimensions

Shear Reinforcements
For cantilever beams, the trial section is based on the (span/aepa 90x10=0.75 N/mm
of 7. 300 x 400)
P.P 1004 (100x9420.785
bd 300x400
 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Beams
248 249

t out = 0.56 N/mm*<T,

read
Refer Table-19 (IS: 456) and are required.
reinforcements provided
=
6.25
400
= 6.25<7.175
Hence, shear
[V.-t,b d] [90-(0.56x300 x400)
10=23 tN
the deflection criteria is satisfied.
=

Balance shear =
V =

Hence,
the spacing S, of the
the stin
stirrups is
diameter 2 legged stirrups,
Using 8 mm T reinforcement details in the cantilever beam are shown in Fig. 8.11.
given by )
400 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
0.87, A, d.0.87x415x2x50x
23x10
631mm 87

moment and Shear Force Coefficients

(0.75 x 400) 300
= mm 8.7.1 Bending
ButS, (0.75 d) =

at 300 mm centres.
diameter 2 legged stirrups
Adopt 8 the case of multistoried reinforced concrete framed structures, the floor
mm
th
are cast monolithic
with secondary
and
labs main beams continuous over

g) Anchorage length at supports several spans supported

on columns at regular intervals. The continuous
beams framing into the columns are designed for maximum bending
Anchorage length required is given by moments and shear forcesmoments
developed due to dead and superimposed loads.
0.87 .
(0.87 0.87 x415x20 940mm Rigorous analysis of and shear forces in continuous beams is

4T4 Thd 4x1.2x1.6 generally made by using the classical methods such as moment distribution
matrix
length of 400 mm method, Kani''s rotation contribution method, stiffness or flexibility
into the column to a
The main tension bars are extended methods which involve lengthy computations. However the IS: 456-2000
extended to 500 mm as shown in Fig. 8.11. in
and bent at 90" and up code permits the use of moment and shear force coefficients shown
Tables 8.2 and 8.3 of the text (Tables 12 and 13 of IS: 456 code) for
com-

continuous beams
3 #20 3 20300 puting the design bending moments and shear forces in
400- Supporting substantially uniformly distributed loads
over three or more

which do not differ by more than 15 percent of the longest span.

spans when using these
450 owever redistribution of moments are not permitted
500 coefficients.
2 #10
#8-300c/
8.7.2 Effective Span
-450 #8-300 c/e
for a continuous beam having
R.C. Column ring to IS: 456-2000 code clause 22.2, effective span shall be as per
the
Fig. 8.11 Reinforcement Details in Cantilever Beam fOrt width less than 1/12 clear span, the effective depth or centre to
Cenupported beams, i.e. clear span plus wider than I/12 the
supports are
lclear OSupports whichever is less. If the the effective span is computed
h) Check for Deflection Control span or 600 mm whichever is less,
USing the following
= 0.785, From Figs. 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 read out
the modification
a) For specifications. other continuous or
for inter-
end spanpan with one end fixed and the between the
mediate spans be the clear span
tors the effective span shall
K= 1.025, K= 1.0 and K, = 1.0 Supports. the
b For other end continuous,
end span with one end free and the
ne end effective

(- XB,XK. xK,
=
(7x 1.025 x 1.0x 1.0) = 7.713
effective pan shall be equal to the
half the
clear span plus
 272 Reinforced Concrete Design
Limit State
Design of Slabs 273
along short and long span directions
g) Reinforcements
T
The area of reinforcement is calculated using the relation, Lex/3
M, =0.87 , A,d|1 -Al
bd fa
Lex/3
Spacing of the selected bars are computed using the relation,
Ley/3 Ley/3-
Area of one barx 1000 such that ey/3
Spacing S =| Total Area
A, (provided) 2 A, (minimum)
In addition, the spacing should be the least of three times the effective denthoor 300
300 mm. #10-300 c/c-
Using 10 mm diameter bars for long span, d = 145 mm & for short span d
135 mm.
The details of reinforcements provided in the twO-way slab is compiled in
Table-9.3.
Table 9.3 Reinforcement details in Two way sab
# 10-235 c/_ 35
Location A (Required) Spacing of 10 mm ¢ bars Lex/3
1) Short span
a)-ve B.Mtop of supports) 328.7 mm 235 mm cc
b) +ve B.M (centre ofspan) 242.2 mm
300 mm cic Long span: *10 at 300 c/c
2) Long span
a)-ve B.M (top of supports) 218.10 mm 300 mm clc Slab thickness : 170 mm
D) +ve B.M (Centre of span) 204 mm (Asmin) 300 mm c/c
Fig. 9.6 Reinforcement Details in Two Way Slabs

h) Torsion Reinforcement at corners from the wall face from lintel beams or floor slabs. The slabs are generally
designed as one-way slabs as a cantilever fixed or continuous at the sup-
Refering to Fig. 9.4 (a), ports.The trial depth is selected based on span/depth ratio of 7 recom-
of torsional steel in each of 4 mended in IS: 456 codes. The reinforcements provided in the slab at the
Area layers at -

A =(0.75 242.2) 181.0

x =

mm ension face should be checked for the anchorage length near the supports.
Provide 4 layers
of reinforcement at A with 4 bars of 8 mm Ihe thickness of the cantilever slab is generally varied from a maxi-
diameter
each layer (two layers at top level and two layers at bottom level) ver a a t the fixed end to a minimum of 100 to 150 mm at the free end.
length of 800 mm in
each direction from the corner. bution steel is provided in the transverse direction.
Proper selection of depth and detailing of reinforcements will safe-
At B' 50% of total torsional steel is 2 bars of 8 mm dimeter in h of
form layers. gaurd excessive deflections and cracking of the cantilever slabs.
At C' torsional steel is not OVert structural elements should be checked for safety against
required. overturning.
i) Details of reinforcements are shown in Fig. 9.6.
9.4.2 Design Example
9.4 DESIGN OF Design a cantilever slab projecting 2.l m from the support using M-20
CANTILEVER SLABS
9.4.1 General features Concrete and Fe-415
a) Data grade steel
Cantilever Slabs are
Cantilever Project
commonly used for chajjas and balconies proje =
L= 2.1m
 274 Reinforced Concrete Design
Limit State
Design of Slabs 275
Materials: M-20 Concrete 305.6 mm?
Fe-415 Grade Steel Solving A=
Provided 10 mm diameter bars at 25S5 centres at top of slab.
fa 20 N/mm and , =415 N/mm
g) Distribution steel
b) Depth of slab
R8 mm?. Provide 10 mm dimeter bars
at 270 mm centres.
Effective Depth = (span/10) =
(2100/10) = 21 A
Provide d = 240 mnm h) Anchorage Length
D = 215 mm
Maximum depth of 240 mm at support is gradually reduced to 120 mma
m at
free end. (0.87x415 10-470 mm
(4x1.2x1.6 10-470 mm

c) Load Main tension bars are extended into the support to a minimum length of
470 mm including anchorage value of hooks and 900 bends. Further safety
Self-weight of slab = 0.5(0.24 +0.12) 25 = 4.5 kN/m against overturning has to be satisfied by providing sufficient balancing
L.L. (Assuming Residential Building) = 2.0 moment.

Finishes = 1.5
Total working load = w= 8.0 kN/m Check for Deflection Control
Ultimate load w, = (1.5 x 8) =12.0 kN/m2

d) Ultimate Moments (- xK,xK.xK,

M. =0.5 w., L'= (0.5 x 12 x 2.1) = 26.46 kN.m

100A"
0 X(100x305.0=0.142
Pbd 0.142
100x215
From Fig. 7.2 read out Ki=2, K, =1 and K, =l
e)Checkfor depth
=(7x2x1 1) =14
x
M, =0.138 fa bd' max

26.46 x 20x
x 1098.9 (21009.76< 14
d Vo.138 mm < 215 mm provided 215
in the
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ate NCe the cantilever slab
code.
satisfies the deflection limits prescribed
moment.

A.min(0.0012 x 1000 x 240) = 288 mm )

Reinforcement details in the cantilever slab are shown in Fig. 9.7.
Reinforcement details S
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLABS
9.5.1 Introduction
M, 0.87 A,, d|1-bdfa
(26.46x 10)=(0.87x415 A,x 215)| 415A the case of tee beam and slab floors, the slab is continuous over tee

11000
1000x215x 20
x215x 20
 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 277
276

c)Loads

10-255 c/c
weight
of slab =
(0.16 x 25) 4.00 kN/m
=

Self
Finishes = 1.00

t 120 mm
Total
dead Load =
g
=

kN/m?
5.00 kN/m?

240mm =q=4.00
Liveload
- # 10-270 c/c
Efective span
= centre to centre
of supports = L =4 m

2-1m
e)Moments
and shear forces
Fig:9.7 Reinforcement Details in Cantilever Slab
Referring to
Table-12 and 13 of IS:456-2000 code,
moment at support next to the end support is
beams spaced at regular intervals of 2.5 to 3.5m. Continuous slabs Are Maximum negative
designed similar to that of continuous beams using moment and shear
2.66 kN.m
coefficients recommended in IS:456 2000. The depth of the slab is based M-ve)= 1.5
on the basic span depth ratio of 26 recommended in the IS. Code with
suitable modification factors applied for tension reinforcement. M.+ve) = 1.5 =20.65 kN.m
The limitations regarding variations in spans and redistribution of
moments discussed in continuous beams, also apply for the design of con- Maximum shear force is computed as
tinuous slabs when the moment and shear co-efficients specified in Tables
-12 and 13 of the IS:456-2000 code, are used in design.
V,=(1.5 x0.6) (g +q)L
= (1.5x 0.6) (5 + 4)4 = 32.4 kN

9.5.2 Design example

e) Check for depth
Design a continuous one- way slab for an office floor. The slab is continu:
ous over tee beams spaced at 4m intervals. Assume live load of 4 kN/m Malim 0.138 fb d
and adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars.
22.66 x 10° = 90.6 mm < 140 mm

a) Data d=No.138 x20x 10

Hence the provided depth is safe.
Live Load =q=4 kN/m.fa = 20 N/m' and , = 415 N/mm
D Reinforcements
b) Depth of slab

Small
A
M = (0.87AAbdral
Since the slab is continuous and the percentage of reinforcement is

the span/depth ratio may be assumed as 30 415A

Depth =pan(4000) (22.66 x 10)=(0.87x415xA, X140)| 10 x 140x20
Depth30
3030134 mm
m Solving, A =485 mm
Adopt effective depth =
d =140 and Overall depth D= 160 524
mm =
Provide diameter bars at
mm 150 mm centres
at supports (A =

Mm
 Limit State Design of Slabs 279
278 Reinforced Concrete Design
OF FLAT SLABS
The same reinforcement is providedfor positive moment at mid DESIGN
Distribution reinforcement
= (0.0012 x 1000 x 160) 192 mm2 Pan
= 9.6
9.6.1 Introduction

bars at 300 mm centres.

Provide 10 mm diameter
slab is a
reinforced
concrete
when
slab supported directly over columns
flat used headroom is limited such
Check for Shear
A
ams generally as in cellars
g) and warehouses.

324x 32.4x10|=0.23 N/mm

Refer Table-19
(10'x 140)
of IS: 456 and read out the permissible shear stress.
T Column
Slab

T=(1.25 x0.36) 0.45 N/mm>t,

=

shear failures.
Hence, the slab is safe against
Without Drop and Column Without
(a) Slab
h) Check for Deflection Control Column Head

100x524 = 0.37. From Fig. 7.2, K,= 1.35

basic
xKand P1000x 140 -Column
Slab
20+ 26
(- 1.35 =29.9

e45 Column head

4000
28.5<
140
29.9
t

Hence, the slab is safe against excessive deflections. Without Drop and Column With
(b) Slab
Column Head
shown in
i) The details of reinforcements in the continuous slab are

Fig. 9.8. -Column

Slab
#10-3000
0-5 As 10-300
-0:3 L1E+0:3L2
10-150 . #10-300
prop
160
45 Column head

As1 0-5 As As2 As2

#s2 10-150) (#10-150 )
With
and Column
(c) Slab With Drop
#0-15Lt +0251025La L2 (4000)*
Column Head
-L, (4000-
of Flat Slabs
9.8 Reinforcement Details in One Way Continuous Slab Fig. 9.9 Different Types
Fig. referred to as
shown in Fig.
9.9 are
The different type
'pes of flat slabs
Gi)Slabs without drops and column heads