Grammar 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1. Adjectives and adverbs ................................................... 1
Unit 2. Comparative and Superlative ........................................13
Unit 3. Subject and Verb Agreement ........................................26
Unit 4. Gerunds and Infinitive ..................................................33
Unit 5. Conditionals ..................................................................45
Unit 6. Passive Voice ................................................................57
Unit 7. Relative Clauses ............................................................66
Unit 8. Reported Speech ...........................................................77
For Internal Use Only page 0

UNIT 1- AJECTIVES + ADVERBS
***
Adjectives Adverbs
Adjectives describe nouns; they say what Adverbs describe verbs; they explain how
kind” a noun is. Adjectives have the same (adverbs of manner), where (adverbs of
form in both singular and plural number and place), when (adverb of time) or how often
normally come before nouns and after “be” (adverbs of frequency) something happen.
That car is fast. (What kind of car? – A fast He drives carelessly. (How does he drive-
one) carelessly.)
A. ADJECTIVES
1. Adjectives positions
 Before nouns
Ex: She is a beautiful girl/ I love red roses/ That expensive ring was sold to a rich man.
 After “be” or linking verbs

Ex: Your mother is so nice/ They are hardworking
Linking verbs: look, sound, taste, smell, feel, seem, appear, remain, become, turn…
Ex:
She looks sad. This cake tastes good. Her idea sounds very interesting.
 Some adjectives which are only used in one position

Here are some adjectives which can only go before a noun: main, chief, elder, inner, indoor,
outdoor, outer, principal (=main), upper, only, former
Be careful crossing the main road. The only problem is I’ve got no money.
Chess is an indoor game. The former footballer new trains young players.
Here are some adjectives which can only go after be or linking verbs: asleep, alike, afraid,
alone, ashamed, awake, alive, content (=happy), fine (= in a good health), glad, ill, unwell,
well.
At last, the baby is asleep. Emma’s two brothers are very alike.
I’m really pleased to see you. Vicky looked ill, I thought.

2. The old, the rich, etc.
Some of the adjectives and other words that we can use in a phrase with “the” to talk about
groups of people in society.
- To do with social or economic position: the disadvantaged, the homeless, the hungry,
the poor, the privileged, the rich, the starving, the strong, the unemployed, the weak.
- To do with physical condition or health: the blind, the deaf, the dead, the disabled, the
handicapped, the living, the sick.
- To do with age: the elderly, the middle-aged, the old, the over-sixties, the under-fives,
the young.
EX:
- What can we do to feed the hungry? The rich can afford to pay more taxes.
- The young are usually keen to travel It is our duty to care for the sick.
- Should the mentally ill be allowed to live in the community.
3. Order of adjectives
Sometimes, one noun can be modified by many adjectives, and following is the order of such
adjectives from 1 to 8.
1. Opinion: silly, beautiful, horrible, … 6. Origin: French, Chinese, American …

2. Size: large, tiny, enormous, little… 7. Material: wooden, metal, cotton, paper…
3. Age: ancient, new, young, old … 8. Purpose: These adjectives often end with
4. Shape: square, round, flat, rectangular "-ing". Examples: sleeping (as in
… "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting
5. Colour: blue, pink, reddish, grey… tin”) …
Note: We should use too many adjectives before a noun
Ex: It is a beautiful blue sailing boat/ That ugly small old woman has a lot of money.

4. V-ing and V-ed as adjectives
Situation: Mike is reading a book.
Interesting Interested
The book is full of information. It’s very interesting Mike is very interested in the book
The word interesting tells us what the book does to The word interested tells us how
Mike- it interests him. A feature of the book is being Mike feels. A person can feel
interesting. a book can be interesting, boring, interested, bored, excited or amused,
exciting or amusing, for example. for example.
Here are some adjective pairs:
Tom told us an amusing story. We were amused at Tom’s story.

The two-hour delay was annoying. The passengers were annoyed about the
I didn’t enjoy the party, it was boring. delay.
This computer has some very confusing I went to the party, but I felt bored.
instructions. I got very confused trying to make sense of
This wet weather is so depressing. the instructions.
It was very disappointing not to get the job. This weather makes me so depressed.
The game was very exciting. I was very disappointed not to get the job.
Going for a jog with Matthew is exhausting. The United fans were excited.
I though the program on wildlife was I’m exhausted after jogging all that way.
fascinating. I watched the program on wildlife, I was
For one frightening/terrifying moment I absolutely fascinated.
thought I was going to fall. When I got onto the roof, I felt frightened.
I just don’t understand. I find the whole I must say I’m puzzled. I just don’t
thing rather puzzling. understand.
Lying in a hot bath is relaxing. I feel relaxed when I lie in a hot bath.
I think the way she behaved was quite I was quite shocked to see Jessica behaving
shocking. like that.
The test results were surprising. I was surprised at the test results.
What thrilling news this is! Congratulation! We were thrilled to hear your good news.
The journey took all day and night. They After travelling all day and night, they were
found it very tiring. very tired.

B. ADVERBS
1. Functions of adverbs
Modify verbs He drove fast and carelessly.
Modify adjectives The redwood tree was impressively tall.
Modify another adverb She spoke extremely confidently.
Modify a clause Luckily, she passed the exam.
2. Formation of adverbs from adjectives

Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective:
Adj + ly = adv
Adjectives ending in –ic, add –ally to form their adverbs. Dramatic  dramatically
Exception:
Public  publicly
Adjectives ending in –le, -able, ible, drop –le and add –ly Terrible  terribly
to form their adverbs.
Adjectives ending in consonant + y, drop –y and add –ily Happy  happily
to form their adverbs Angry  angrily
Adjectives ending in –ly, form their adverbs with in In a friendly way
a…way.
(friendly, lonely, lovely, fatherly, motherly, silly…)
Adjective ending in –e, form their adverbs by adding –ly Rare  rarely
without dropping –e. Exception:
Whole  wholly,
true  truly
Good well
Note: Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives
Adverbs and Adjectives with the same form
Adjectives Adverbs
That is a very fast train. It goes very fast.
He is a hard worker. He works hard.
He has gone to the Far East. We didn’t walk very far.

It is a straight road. It runs straight for miles.
I saw a dead bird in the garden. He was dead drunk.
That is a very high building. The birds are flying high.
She is a pretty girl. That is a pretty good picture.
My shoes are too tight. Hold tight.
I’m afraid he is not well. (healthy) He can sing well.
The teacher cut him short in the middle of
This is the short way home.
the presentation. (interrupt)
Adverbs with two forms and different meanings
He came late. I haven’t seen him lately.
The team played fair. He did fairly well in his examination.
My grandparents live quite near. I nearly made a mistake.
We had to work hard. They could hardly find their way.
The boy climbed high up the tree. She is highly interested in history.
He studied deep into the night. He is deeply grateful for our support.
The car stopped short at the gate.
He will come shortly (= soon).
(in an abrupt way; suddenly)
Please be back at 6 o’clock sharp. The father spoke sharply to the boy.
You guessed wrong. He was wrongly accused of the crime.

UNIT 1 CLASSWORK- ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS PRATICE
***
I. Fill in the blank with the form of adjectives or adverbs

1. He is tired because he has worked ……. (hard)
2. Your brother …………. works at all. (hard)
3. He is not a good student but he writes …………. (good)
4. The children behaved …………... (bad)
5. She looks …………... (pretty)
6. That milk tastes ……………. (sour)
7. I don’t know ……………where they live. (exact)
8. This brown fur feels …………... (soft)
9. Have you been to the cinema ……………? (late)
10. When the teacher heard about the missing book, he said ……………….:"You should be
more careful." (angry)
11. From the top of the mountain, he could see ……………. across the countryside. (far)
12. "I love you", Camilla said in a …………. voice. (soft)
13. He tasted the various kinds of tea ………………. (careful)
14. Tom looked at my lunch …………………... (hungry)
15. It was ……………. for me to come. (impossible)
16. She worked all the day. She feels ………………... (tired)
17. She came home ………………. (late)
18. Lucy is shy, so she cannot make friends …………………. (easy)
19. There was long applause because she sang …………………. (beautiful)
20. Mary waits ……………….in the doctor's waiting room (patient).
II. Reorder the adjectives

1. a/ an/ car/ American/ large/ old
2. small/ a/ an/ clock/ English/ eighteenth-century.
3. night-dress/ a/ an/ nylon/ pink/ short
4. handbag/ a/ an / yellow/ new/ plastic/ ugly
5. old/a/ an/ Scottish/ village/ beautiful/small.

III. Put the words in the right order to form a statement
1. a/ is/ nice/ place/ this
2. biscuit/ can’t/ find/ I/ large/ the/ tin
3. a/ behaved/ in/ silly/ Tessa/ way
4. coffee/ cold/ getting/ is/ your
5. a/ house/ in/ live/ lovely/ old/ stone/ they
6. for/ hospital/ ill/ is/ mentally/ the/ this
IV. Choose the correct option

The house was (quiet/ quietly). It had been snowing (heavy/heavily) all day and the ground
was covered in a (soft/ softly) white blanket. (Sudden/ Suddenly), there was a knock (loud/
loudly) at the door. I jumped up (nervous/ nervously). Who is it? I called (anxious/ anxiously).
There was no reply. I (slow/ slowly) opened the door and looked outside. I looked around,
I (quick/ quickly) shut the door and turned around then I saw the most (horrible/ horribly)
creature I had ever seen standing in front of me.
V. Fill in with suitable form of adjectives given

1. Is the book you are reading very …………….? Interest
2. The new James Bond film is really ……………. Thrill
3. We were both ……………. that she hadn’t heard the news. Surprise
4. The images of the war were very ……………... Depress
5. I nearly fell asleep in the cinema. The film was so ……………... Bore
6. She had such good marks that she was very ………………. Encourage
7. Can you tell me where that ……………? noise comes from? Annoy
8. They were …………. the weather wasn’t good yesterday. Disappoint
9. My sister was …………. by my old toys. Fascinate
10. When you are not in good spirits, it is ………… to stay in bed all day. Tempt
VI.Complete each sentences as in the example
1. (It is dangerous) The faster you drive, ................................................................
2. (Your marks will be good) The harder you work, ..............................................
3. (I feel fit) The more I exercise, ...........................................................................
4. (We’ll get there late) The later we leave, ............................................................
5. (It is quiet) The further we are from the city, .....................................................
6. (The roads became busy) The nearer we got to the city centre, ..........................

VII. Fill in the blanks as in the example
Dear Wendy,
You asked me for advice on what to study at university, so I thought I’d write straight back
because 1) ……………………. (soon) you make a decision, 2) ……………………. (soon)
you’ll be able to apply for a place. You say you are not 3) ……………………. (interested) in
the Sciences as you are in the Arts. That’s very well, but the Fine Arts are much 4)
……………………. (little/ useful) than the Sciences when it comes to getting a job at the end
of the course. As you know it’s getting 5) ……………………. (difficult) for graduates to find
work these days. You may prefer 6) ……………………. (paint/ study) Physics but, let me tell
you, Art is 7) ……………………. (little/ useful) all the subjects you could do. Of course, the
final decision is up to you, but I would prefer 8) ……………………. (see) you get a degree
that would lead to a good job rather than 9) ……………………. (leave) university to find a
job at all.
VIII. Fill in: very or much
William has just bought a 1) ………………nice new car. It is 2) ………………faster than his
old one and 3) ………………more comfortable. He is 4) ………………proud of it as it is 5)
………………more stylish than any of his friends’ cars. And so, it should be, because it was
6) ………………expensive indeed. He spent 7) ……………… more money on it than he could
afford and his friends think he was 8) ………………foolish to buy it.
IX. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms. Add “the”, “than” or “of” where
necessary.
Last night I saw 1) ………………(bad) film I’ve ever seen. It was even 2) ………………(bad)
Rocky IV. It lasted 3) ………………(long) three hours and, believe me, it was 4)
………………(boring)three hours in my life. The acting was dull, and the story even 5)
………………(dull). I was very disappointed, as I’d left work 6) ………………(early) usual
especially to see it. My friend had recommended it, saying it was 7) ………………(good) film
he had seen for months. I won’t listen to him again. He has 8) ………………(strange)
taste………………anyone I know.

X. Fill in: more, most, less, least or much.
A: Max, our new dog, is 1) ……………. smaller than Sam, so he eats 2) ……………..food.
B: He sounds lovely. What does he look like?
A: He’s the 3) ……………. beautiful dog I’ve ever seen. He’s also the 4) …………….
aggressive dog I’ve ever owned. He’s even 5) ……………. gentle than Sam.
XI. Fill in the blank with suitable form of adjectives
1. I don't like country music very much. It's really

…. (bore). Besides, I'm too …….. (depress).
2.I was …… (surprise) to see my grandparents dancing.

They really seemed …….. (amuse).
3. She isn't very fit and gets ………. (tire) very quickly
when skipping rope.
4. I don't know how this is possible. This is very

………… (intrigue).

5.Stop that zapping. It's so ……. (annoy).
6. Mr. Johnson was ……. (worry) that he wasn't strong

enough. It would be very ………… (embarrass) if he
couldn't lift the weights.
7. The cat was so …………. (frustrate) because he

couldn't eat the sausages.
8. This cat didn't know what to do with the mouse. The

poor thing was totally ……. (confuse).
9. My coach was ………. (disappoint) in me because I

wasn't able to throw the ball through the basket.
10. Calvin doesn't like his dinner. He finds it

………. (disgust).

11. He was ………. (thrill) when he saw us.
12. Tom felt ………………. (ashame) when we saw

him picking his nose.
13. Pete is ……. (terrify) right now. Going to the

dentist is a very ……… (scare) thing for him.
14. Hum, how ………. (interest). He really does some

………… (fascinate) stuff.
15. I'm so …………. (excite). I've finally found my

key.
16. I don't know what they told him but he seems very
………………. (irritate).

17. He has just heard some ……………. (shock) news.
18. I'm trying to have a ………… (relax) bath.

UNIT 2- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
***
1. AS….AS
Structure: as .... as
S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun}
My house is as big as yours
He learns as well as his brother

In negative form, we can replace “as…….as” by so……………as
He is not as intelligent as me ~ he is not so intelligent as I am
Note also the same as
The result of the match was the same as last year.
In formal writing, it is supposed to use subject personal pronoun, not object personal pronoun
Peter is as tall as I. (more suitable) Peter is as tall as me. (Not suitable)
2. COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVE of ADJECTIVE
2.1. Forming comparatives and superlatives

How these forms are created depends on how many syllables there are in the adjective. Here
are the rules:
Adjective form Comparative Superlative

Only one syllable, ending in
Add -st: widest, finest,
E. Examples: wide, fine, Add -r: wider, finer, cuter
cutest
cute
Only one syllable, with one
Double the consonant, and
vowel and one consonant at Double the consonant, and
add -est: hottest, biggest,
the end. Examples: hot, big, add -er: hotter, bigger, fatter
fattest
fat
Only one syllable, with Add -er: lighter, neater, Add -est: lightest, neatest,
more than one vowel or faster fastest

more than one consonant at
the end. Examples: light,
neat, fast
Two syllables, ending in Y.
Change y to i, then add -er: Change y to i, then add -est:
Examples: happy, silly,
happier, sillier, lonelier happiest, silliest, loneliest
lonely
Two-syllable, ending in –er,
-le, or –ow take –er and –est Add –er or more: narrower, Add –est or most:
gentler, cleverer, more narrowest, gentlest,
(can be treated in two ways) narrow… cleverest, most narrow…
Use “more” before the

Two syllable, ending in – Use “most” before the
adjective: more careful,
adjective: most useful, most
ful, -less, -ing, -ed more careless, more boring,
careful, most careless, most
more pleased, more
boring, most surprised
surprised
Three syllables or more. Use “more” before the Use “the most” before the
Examples: interesting, adjective: more interesting, adjective: most interesting,
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
2.2. How to use comparatives and superlatives
Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences
with “than”, or you can use a conjunction like “but”.
 Jiro is taller than Yukio.
 Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.
Compare than me/ than I am: Both are correct and have the same
meaning.
Comparatives
After than (or as), a personal pronoun on its own has the object form,
e.g, me.
 You’re twenty years older than me.
After than (or as), if the pronoun as a verb after it, then we use the
subject form, e.g, I
You’re twenty years older than I am.
Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative
sentences usually use “the”, because there is only one superlative.
Superlatives
 Masami is the tallest in the class.
 Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but Masami is the tallest.

After a superlative, we can use in or of. We use in with places and with
groups of people, e.g, team.
 It’s the most expensive hotel in the world.
 Who is the best player in the team?
 August is the wettest month of the year.
This question is the most difficult of all.
 Mary is taller than Max.

 Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
 Max is wiser than his brother.
 Max is the wisest person I know.
 Max is thinner than John.
 Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
 This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
 Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
 Max is angrier than Mary.
 Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
 The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
 This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
 Health is more important than money.

 Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
 Italian food is better than American food.
 My dog is the best dog in the world.
 My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
 Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
 Some special forms of adjectives

Adjective Comparatives Superlatives Examples
adverb
Far Farther/ further Farthest/ furthest I feel much better today than I
Little/ few Less Least did last week.
Many/ much More Most He has less time now than he
Good/ well Better Best had before.

Bad Worse worst This magazine is better than that
one.
He acts worse now than ever
before.
Note: farther is used for distance; further is used with more abstract meaning
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.
If you want further information, please call to the agent.
Next year he will come to the U.S for his further education.
3. THE COMPARISONS OF ADVERBS

In general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives:
 add -er or -est to short adverbs: early, fast, hard, high, late, long, near…
Examples:
- Jim works harder than his brother.

- Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
- Andrew works the hardest
 With adverbs ending in -ly, use more for the comparative and most for the
superlative:
Examples:
- The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.

- Could you sing more quietly please?
- Of all the player it was Mathew who planned his tactics the most carefully.
 Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
Adverb Comparative Superlative Examples
badly worse worst The little boy ran further than his
far farther/further farthest/furthest
friends.
little less least
well better best You're driving worse today than
yesterday!
NOTE:
 In informal English, we use cheaper, cheapest, louder, loudest, quicker, quickest and
slower, slowest rather than more cheaply, the most loudly, etc.

EX:
- Melanie reacted the quickest. You should drive slower in fog

 Note the forms sooner, soonest and more often, most often
- Try to get home sooner. I must exercise more often.
4. ADVERBS OF DEGREE IN COMPARISIONS

We can use adverbs of degree before a comparative to say how much faster, cheaper, etc.
something is. Adverbs of degree include: a bit, much, a lot, far, slightly, rather…
EX:
His car is far better than yours A bus is much cheaper than a taxi
Business is rather better this year. I need a lot more water
Henry’s watch is far more expensive than mine.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
5. Faster and faster

We use expressions such as faster and faster, more and more expensive to say that something
is increasing all the time. We can also use less and less for something decreasing
The form depends on whether the comparative is with –er or with more
EX:
The caravan was rolling faster and faster down the hill.
The queue was getting longer and longer
Prices go up and up. Everything gets more and more expensive
The crowd are becoming more and more excited
The country is rapidly losing its workers, as more and more people are emigrating.

6. The faster, the better
We use this pattern to say that a change in one thing goes with a change in another. Look at
these examples
EX:
There is no time to lose. The faster you drive, the better
The higher the price, the more reliable the product
The more the customer complained, the ruder and more unpleasant the manager became
The sooner we leave, the sooner we’ll get there.
Are you looking for a cheap holiday? ~ Yes, the cheaper, the better.

UNIT 2- CLASSWORK - COMPARISON PRACTICE
***
I. Write the comparative form of the words in brackets.

1. They’ve made these chocolate bars …………………………………. (small).
1. Sport is …………………………………. (interesting) than politics.
2. Can’t you think of anything…………………………………. (intelligent) to say?
3. Well, the place looks …………………………………. (clean) now.
4. Janet looks …………………………………. (thin) than she did.
5. You need to draw it …………………………………. (carefully).
6. The weather is getting …………………………………. (bad).
7. The progamme will be shown at a …………………………………. (late)date.
8. I can’t stay …………………………………. (long)than half an hour.
9. A mobile phone would be a …………………………………. (useful)present.
10. I’ll try to finish the job …………………………………. (soon).
11. It was …………………………………. (busy)than usual in town today.
12. I’ll be even …………………………………. (annoyed)if you do that again.
13. Since the break-in feel …………………………………. (nervous).
II. Rewrite these following sentences

1. Can you understand words more easily than gesture? (better)
 Are you ………………………………………………………………………...?
2. You find it more difficult to express anger than I do. (harder)

 It is………………………………………………………………………………...
3. Some rules are easy to understand. Other aren’t. (difficult)

 Some rules are……………………………………………………………………
4. The last exercise was very difficult. This one is easy. (much)
 This exercise is …………………………………………………………………
5. Do you think women are more careful drivers than men? (carefully)
 In your opinion, do women ………………………………………………………
6. Japanese is difficult. Is Chinese, too? (as)
 Is Chinese ………………………………………………………………………...
7. I don’t like cooking food very much but I like eating it. (more)

 I enjoy …………………………………………………………………………….
8. The last exercise was difficult. Was this one difficult too? (as)
 Was this exercise …………………………………………………………………
III. Mark each correct sentence with a “C”. If the sentence is unclear or ungrammatical,
correct it.
1. This sandwich is more better than that one.
2. Since there are only two reasons for an excused absence, we should decide which one is
best.
3. Rachel fell off her bike and is lucky she wasn’t hurt more worse.
4. This is the worst winter we’ve had in years.
5. I’m doing even worse in math this year than last.
6. She looks much better.
7. She is the worst writer in the class.
8. Jim is the better runner on the team.
9. These are the goodest cookies I’ve ever tasted.
10. Your tennis is better than mine, but Jeff’s is the best.
11. We read Jill’s play, Richard’s poem, and Dave’s story; however, Dave’s was the best.
12. I went to California, Arizona, and Colorado last summer, and I thought Arizona was
better.
IV. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence
1. David is a better runner than Paul.
 Paul is not as good a runner as David (is).
2. Nobody in the class is taller than Alison.
 Alison is………………………………………………………………………………
3. I haven’t written as much as you
 You’ve written………………………………………………………………..............
4. Jane’s hair isn’t as long as Sophie’s
 Sophie’s hair is………………………………………………………………..............

5. No student in the school is noisier than I am!
 I am …………………………………………………………………………..............
6. This exhibition is much more interesting than the last one.
 The last exhibition was not……………………………………………………………
7. This is as fast as the car can go
 The car can’t ………………………………………………………………….............
8. Kate ate much less then Andrew did
 Kate didn’t …………………………………………………………………………
V. Complete each sentence by choosing the most suitable word or phrase

1. I really think that apologizing is ……………you can do.
a. Not as much as b. a little c. the least d. as far as
2. I can’t stand this weather. It’s getting……………
a. more and more c. worse and worse
b. coldest and coldest d. further and further
3. Although Brenda came last, everyone agreed she had……………her best.
a. done b. made c. had d. got
4. I wish Charles worked as hard as Mary……………
a. did b. can c. will d. does
5. The more you water this plant, the ……………it will grow.
a. best b. tall c. wetter d. faster
6. From now on, we won’t be able to go out as much as we ……………
a. were b. had c. used to d. will
7. I’ve never owned ……………independent cat as this one.
a. a more than b. such as c. a so d. as much as
8. Brian has been working ……………since he has promoted.
a. much harder b. as harder c. just as hardly d. more hardly
9. I’ve been feeling ……………tired lately, doctor.
a. such as b. the most c. more and more d. much
10. This exercise will give you …………… practice.
a. farther b. much more c. as better d. a lot

VI. Rewrite each sentence, so that the meaning stays the same.
1. That’s the best meal I’ve ever eaten

I’ve never eaten a ................................................................................................…………
2. Fish and meat are the same price in some countries

Fish cost just ........................................................................................................…………
3. I’ve never enjoyed myself so much

I’ve never had ......................................................................................................…………
4. If you run a lot, you will get fitter

The more ..............................................................................................................…………
5. The doctor can’t see you earlier than Wednesday I’m afraid.
Wednesday is .......................................................................................................…………
6. I must have a rest. I can’t walk any more.

I must have a rest. I can’t go ................................................................................…………
7. Home computers used to be much more expensive

Home computers aren’t ........................................................................................…………
8. I don’t know as much Italian as Sue does.

Sue knows ............................................................................................................…………
9. I thought that learning to drive would be difficult, but it isn’t

Learning to drive ..................................................................................................…………
10. Barbara can skate as well as John can.

John isn’t .............................................................................................................…………
VI. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words
1. Your car was cheaper than mine (cost)

Your car ……………………………………………………. did.
2. I’m not as good at Math as you are. (better)

You ……………………………………………………. I am
3. Keith is slightly taller than Nigel. (little)

Keith ……………………………………………………. Nigel.
4. Bill was growing angrier all the time. (and)

Bill ……………………………………………………. angrier.
5. Sally tried as hard as she could. (did)

Sally ……………………………………………………. best.
6. I thought this film would be better. (as)

This film ……………………………………………………. I expected.
7. When you eat a lot, you get fat. (more)

The ……………………………………………………. you get.
8. This is the bumpiest road I’ve ever driven along! (such)

I’ve never ……………………………………………………. road.
9. George said he couldn’t do any better. (could)

George said it …………………………………………………….do.
10. This year’s exam and last year’s exam were equally difficult. (just)
This year’s exam……………………………………………………. last year’s one.
VII. Tick each correct line. If a line as a word which should not be there, write the word
in the space
Transport Solutions
First of all, walking is obviously the cheapest …………………
mean of travelling, and can be the quicker ………the…….
in a city centre. Of course, the further you have 1…………………
to go, the more so tired you will become 2…………………
in some ways, walking is more healthier than 3…………………

travelling by bus or car, but it can be just as the 4…………………
unhealthy because cities are the much more 5…………………
polluted than they used to be. Cars are faster 6…………………
of course and more than convenient, but as cities 7…………………
become more of crowded, parking is getting 8…………………
harder. Sometimes, public transport is better, 9…………………
even though buses don’t go as fast as cars do it. 10…………………
Cars are a lot more and convenient but as they 11…………………
cause most pollution, it is the better to avoid 12…………………
using them if possible. In a city the fastest way 13…………………
of travelling is on a bike, which keeps you fitter 14…………………
and is not so that noisy as a motorbike or a car. 15…………………

ORAL ACTIVITY: Write sentences comparing the three boys, as in the example. Use the
comparative, the superlative or other forms of comparison.
REPORT
Maths: Good
REPORT
Science: Very good

Maths: Good
REPORT
Science: Good
Maths: Very good
Science: Good
Age: 10 years old Age: 9 years old Age: 11 years old
Height: 1.35 metres Height: 1. 35 metres

Height: 1.28 metres
tall tall
tall
Weight: 33 kilos Weight: 38 kilos
Weight: 30 kilos
Marks: Very good Marks: Good
Marks: Very good

Add five more comparisons
1. Alex / young / Daniel 2. Max / sporty / Daniel

3. 2. Alex / short / of all 4. Daniel / heavy / Alex
5. Daniel / intelligent / Max 6. Max / intelligent / Alex
7. Alex / tall /Max 8. Alex / young / of all
9. Max / heavy / of all 10. Daniel / tall / Max
11. Alex / good at English / Daniel 12. Max / sporty / Alex
13. Daniel / tall / Alex 14. Daniel / good at science / of all

UNIT 3- SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT
1. Basic principle
 The basic rule states that subject and verb must agree in number and person
 A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural
verb (number)
Example: They works very hard to get promotion  They work

He gets up early in the morning to play sports  He gets up
2. Ten most common rules

RULE EXAMPLE
AND My father and I usually go the cinema at the
2 or more subjects connected by AND  weekends.
used a plural verb. Books and films are my favorite.
S1 + and + S2 + V (plural)
OR, NOR My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train
Verb agrees with the nearest today.
subject S1 + or + S2 The serving bowl or the plates go on that
Either + S1 + or + S2 shelf
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 Either she or I am going to the festival.
Not only + S1 + but also + S2 Neither Jenny nor the others are available.
EITHER, NEITHER Neither of them is available to speak right
When either and neither are subjects, they
now.
always take singular verbs.
Either of us is capable of doing the job.
ALONG WITH, AS WELL AS, The politician, along with the newsmen, is
TOGETHER WITH expected shortly.
Subject 1, as well as/ as long with, Subject 2 Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the
+ Verb  Verb must agree with cause of her shaking.
Subject 1 as well as; along with/with; Her money, along with her lipstick, is in the
together with accompanied by/with new bag.
addition to; besides/except A woman with her children is in the store
HERE, THERE There are some problems to be solved.
In sentences beginning with here or there, There is a book, a pen, and two pencils on
the subject follows the verb. the table.
Here is my mother.
Here/There + Be+ Noun/Pronoun Adverb At the end of the room are three young
Phrase of Place students.
EACH, EVERY Each of the girls sings well.
Each/Every + Noun (singular) + V (singular) Every one of the cakes is gone.

Each/Every+ of + Noun (plural) + V (singular) Every student has to finish the test on time.
Each/Every + Noun (singular) + and + Noun Each boy and girl has to work hard.
(singular) + Verb (singular)
With words that indicate portions—percent, Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared.
fraction, part, majority, some, all…  look Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared.
at the noun in of phrase (object of the
preposition) to determine whether to use a One-third of the city is unemployed.
singular or plural verb. If the object of the One-third of the people are
preposition is singular, use a singular verb.
If the object of the preposition is plural, use unemployed.
a plural verb. All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are gone. Some of the pie is
missing. Some of the pies are missing.
NO, NONE No example is relevant to this case.
No + Noun (singular/uncountable) + Verb No examples are relevant to this
(singular) case.
No + Noun (plural) + Verb (plural) None of the counterfeit has been found.
None of the + Noun (uncountable) + Verb None of the students have finished the
exam yet.
(singular)
None of the + Noun (plural) + Verb (plural)
Indefinite pronouns + V (singular) Something was under the house. Everyone
Indefinite pronouns include: wants to apply for that job.
Someone, anyone, everyone, no

one
Somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody
Something, anything, everything, nothing‖.
THE NUMBER/ A NUMBER The number of people we need to hire is
The number  singular verb
thirteen.
A number  plural verb.
A number of people have written in about
this subject.
Collective nouns indicating money, time, Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish
and measurements are followed by singular this test.
verbs.
20 years is a long time for her to wait her
husband
Collective nouns: family, team, group, The staff is in a meeting.
committee, class….  use verb either The staff are in disagreement about the
singular or plural findings.
as a unit  singular verb = The staff members are in disagreement
separate individual members in the group  about the findings.
plural verb

UNIT 3 - SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT - CLASSWORK
I. Choose the Correct Form of the Verbs That Agree with The Subjects
1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
13. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
14. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject
15. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
16. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.
17. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
18. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
19. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press warmly.
20. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case

II. Choose the Best Answers
1. There …………several reasons why you should reconsider your decision. (is/ are)
2. Both of the statues on the shelf ………… broken. (are/ is)
3. The fishing boat that has been tied up at the pier for three days ………… finally on
its way this morning. (was/ were)
4. The chairman, along with his two assistants, ………… to attend the annual convention.
(plan/ plans)
5. The issues of inflation and tax reform …………to be on everyone's mind. (continues/
continue)
6. Juan or Julian ………… the conference room each week. (prepare/ prepares)
7. Not one of the performers ………… at the party after the concert. (were/ was)
8. The results of the election ………… not available for two days. (were/ was)
9. When there ………… thunderstorms approaching, we are always reminded of the threat of
tornadoes. (is/ are)
10. Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ………… going to have to
make a decision. (is/ are)
11. Everyone selected to serve on this jury ………… to be willing to give up a lot of time.
(have/ has)
12. Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, ………… a formidable opponent on the
basketball court. (presents/ present)
13. There ……… to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood. (have/ has)
14. Three-quarters of the students ………… against the tuition hike. (is/ are)
15. Three-quarters of the student body ………… against the tuition hike. (is/ are)

III. Correct Errors in The Following Paragraph
The following paragraph contains six errors in subject-verb agreement. Find and correct each
of the six verb errors. Remember to stay in the present tense
Santa
According to legend, Santa Claus is a fat old man who visits every house on our planet in about
eight hours on one of the coldest nights of the year. Santa, as everybody knows, stop for a glass
of milk and a cookie at each house along the route. He prefer to work unnoticed, so he wears
luminous red suit and travels with a pack of bell-jangling reindeer. For reasons that most people
does not understand, this jolly old man enters each house not by the front door but through the
chimney (whether you has a chimney or not). He customarily gives generously to children in
wealthy families, and he usually remind poorer children that it's the thought that counts. Santa
Claus is one of the earliest beliefs that parents try to instill in their children. After this absurdity,
it's a wonder that any child ever believe in anything again.

UNIT 3 - SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT HOMEWORK
I. Choose the best answer
1. Carlos is the only one of those students who ………. lived up to the potential described in
the yearbook. (Has/ have)
2. The International Club, as well as the Choral Society and the Rowing Club, ………. to
submit a new constitution. (Need/ needs)
3. Not only the students but also their instructor ………. been called to the principal's office.
(have/ has)
4. Most of the milk ………. gone bad. Six gallons of milk ………. still in the refrigerator.
(Has-are/ have-is)
5. The students and instructors each ………. for a new facility by next year. (hopes/ hope)
6. Rice and beans, my favorite dish, ………. me of my native Puerto Rico. (remind/ reminds)
7. A large number of voters still ………. along straight-party lines. (votes/ vote)
8. Four years ………. a long time to spend away from your friends and family. (is/ are)
9. Politics ………. sometimes a dirty business. (are/ is)
10. To an outsider, the economics of this country ………. to be in recession. (seem/ seems)
II. Choose the best answer
1. The mayor together with his two brothers ………. going to be indicted for accepting bribes.
(is/ are)
2. Neither of my two suitcases ………. adequate for this trip. (is/ are)
3. There ………. a list of committee members on the table. (are/ is)
4. The jury ………. their seats in the courtroom. (take/ takes)
5. Neither the teacher nor the students ………. to understand this assignment. (seems/seem)
6. A few of the students ………. doing so well they can skip the next course. (is/ are)
7.………. either Luis or his parents written to Angela? (have/ has)

8. There ………. no reasons for this horrible development that I can see. (is/ are)
9. Several of the students ………. decided to withdraw from the course. (have/has)
10. Dr. Ferndon is one of those professors who ………. distracted most of the time.
(seem/ seems)
11. Neither Luis nor his parents ………. the least bit interested in keeping in touch with her.
(is/ are)
12. Everybody on this team ………. really hard to please the new coach. (try/ tries)
13. Because there ………. so many students in that class, I can sometimes sleep in the back
row. (are/ is)
14. Neither traffic light--neither the one on Asylum Avenue nor the one on Farmington Avenue
………. working after the storm. (was/ were)
15. Mr. Bradley, along with his two sisters, ………. lived in this town for thirty years. (have/
has)
16. There ………. no reasons for this horrible development that I can see. (is/ are)
17. Some of the water ………. already gone bad. (have/ has)
18. One of these students ……… obviously cheated on the exam. (have/ has)
19. Carlos and his brother Raoul ……… traveling across the country next summer. (is/ are)
20. Several of the students ……… decided to withdraw from the course. (have/ has)

UNIT 4- GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Some verbs are followed by a to-infinitive and some by an –ing form. A few verbs
take either a to-infinitive or an –ing form.
1. Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, with little or no

change in meaning
Like, love, prefer, hate.  I like to do/ like doing yoga.

 She loves to watch/ loves watching films at the cinema.
 We always prefer to stay/ prefer staying in small and
cozy hotels.
 I hate to stand/ hate standing up while I‘m eating.
Would like, would love,  I ‘d like to do a parachute jump one day.
would prefer, would hate  My brother would hate to live in a big city.
Start, begin, continue  I think you should start to practice now if you don’t
want to fail the exam.
 Some people at the back continued chatting loudly.
Intend, propose  What do you intend doing about it?
 I intend to go on holiday at this weekend.
Neglect, bother  He didn’t bother to do/ bother doing the washing-up.
 He neglects paying the money he had borrowed.
Note:
 Compare these two meanings of the verb like to see the little change in
meaning when using to-infinitive and –ing
LIKE TO DO LIKE DOING
Like takes a to-infinitive when it means Like usually takes an ing-form when we
that we prefer to do something even though use it to talk about hobbies and interests.
we may not enjoy it. Ex: Claire likes skiing.
Like + to-infinitive is also used to refer to I don’t like swimming much.
I like listening to music before going to bed.
something that we enjoy in a short time, it
only has temporary meaning.
Ex:
I like to check my work carefully before I
hand it in.
I like to have a short walk after meal.
• After would like, would love…, we use a to-infinitive but not usually an –ing form

• We do not usually have two –ing forms together
Ex: It was starting to get dark. NOT It was starting getting dark.
2. Some verbs can be followed by either gerund or to infinitive, with change in

meaning.
Verb + To infinitive + -Ing form

Remember We use remember/ forget to do for We use remember/ forget doing for
Forget necessary actions, something that is memories of the past. The action is
supposed to do. The remembering is before the remembering.
before the action. Ex:
Ex: - I remember telling you about
- Remember to take your keys. that. I told you yesterday.
- Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.
- I’ll never forget flying over the
- The clothes are still dirty because I
Pacific Ocean. It was
forgot to switch on the machine.
wonderful.
Regret Regret to do something means to be Regret doing something means to
sorry for something you are doing, be sorry because of something that
especially usually used when we are happened in the past. Usually, it
about to inform not good news to refers to an action that someone
someone. To V here are only limited at has already done but then they feel
informing information (say, inform, remorseful.
tell, announce…) Ex:
Ex: We regret to inform you that we are I regret spending all that money.
not taking on any new staff at present. I’ve got none left.
I regret to inform that you have I regret hurting him by saying such
failed in the exam. words.
Try Try to do something means to attempt Try doing something means to do
something, to do your best Ex: something which might solve a
My brother tried to lift the table, but it problem.
was too heavy. Ex:
They tried to pass the exam but If you have a headache, try taking
some of them failed. two of these pills.

Stop Stop to do something means to Stop doing something means to
stop something you are doing (not end an action, to finish doing it.
stated) so that you can do another Ex:
action. There’s too much noise. Can you
Ex: all stop talking please?
We stopped to look at the view. = we She stopped walking to take a rest.
stopped in order to look at the view.
An old man walking along the road
stopped to talk to us.
Mean Mean to do something is the same as Mean doing something expresses
to intend to do it the idea of one thing resulting in
Ex: another.
I think he meant to break that glass. It Ex:
didn’t look like an accident. I’m applying for a visa. It means
I meant to watch the program but I filling in this form.
forgot. Keeping fit means taking exercises
everyday!
Go on Go on to do something means to do Go on doing something means to
something else, to do the next thing. continue doing it.
Ex: Ex:
The teacher introduced herself and went The teacher told everyone to be
on to explain about the course. quiet, but they just went on talking.
3. Some verbs can be followed by either gerund or infinitive without TO, with
change in meaning
Feel, hear, listen to, See, Watch + -Ing verb Feel, hear, listen to, see, watch +
 See or hear only part of the action Infinitive without to
Ex:  See or hear the whole action from
She saw him walking on the street with beginning to the end
another girl. Ex:
She saw him kiss another girl on the
I could feel my hands shaking with fear!
street.
We watched Joe eating his lunch. I watched Joe eat his lunch.

4. Verbs followed by to-infinitive
Agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, can’t afford, can’t wait, choose, claim, decide,
demand, desire, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend,
promise, prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, turn out, undertake, want, wish.
Example:
- I can’t afford to go to the cinema twice in one week.
- She finally agreed to help me to do that homework.
- The teacher promised to wait to meet me.
- I offered to give her a lift but she refused to go with me.
- He chose to stay at home instead of going out.
- Finally, he managed to pass the exam.
- The manager expected to increase the profit twice.
Note about Happen, turn out, and prove
We use prove to or turn out to when experiences shows that something is like.
Example:
- In the end our forecast proved to be correct.
- Finding a suitable solution to that problem turned out to be more difficult than we had
expected.
- I happened to see her in town. (= I saw her by chance in town)
5. Verbs followed by _Ing form
Admit, avoid, can’t face, can’t help, can’t resist, can’t stand, consider, delay, deny, detest
dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep (on), mention, mind,
postpone, practice, put off, resent, risk, save, suggest, tolerate.
Example:
- Everyone enjoys going to parties
- Do you fancy going to the cinema

- I can’t help missing him.
- I can’t stand waking up early.
- The minister admitted taking a bribe.
- He denied stealing the money, but I saw him doing that.
6. Verbs followed by infinitive without to (Have, help, make, let)
Example:
- I had my sister wash my clothes.
- My parents let me go out late at night.
- I don’t want to help her do that.
- The teacher made her students do a lot of homework.

UNIT 4- GERUND AND INFINITIVE- CLASSWORK
I. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
My mother is an amazing woman. She is 87 years old and she still enjoy 1) ...going out... (go
out) for a walk every day. She doesn’t mind 2) .................. (do) all her house work and she’s
glad 3) ................... (help) her elderly neighbors when they can’t 4) .................. (go) to the
shops. She’s too old 5) ................... (dig) the garden any more- she stopped 6) ...................
(do) that last year- but she’s still healthy enough 7) ................... (mow) the grass! In the summer
she still goes 8) (swim) when it’s warm and she lets her grandchildren 9) ...................
(bury) her in the sand. She often says, it’s no good 10) ................... (be) alive if you don’t
enjoy yourself‖. I’d love 11) ................... (be) like my mother when I’m her age.
II. Underline the errors in these sentences. Some sentences do not have errors. Rewrite
each sentence that has an error and tick (v) the sentences which are correct.
a) Jim can’t afford going to the cinema twice a week.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
b) David wishes leaving the room.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) Are you waiting to use the phone?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
d) I’d really like going swimming on Sunday.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Emma pretended leaving, but waited outside.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
f) James agrees to meet me at the beach.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
g) My bike seems having something wrong with it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

h) The direction refused answering Helen‘s phone call.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
III. Complete the second sentence so that is has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
a) My teacher wouldn’t let me leave early.
My teacher refuse … …………………………..………..
b) Jill sang without stopping for an hour.
Jill continued……………………………………………………………………
c) Apparently you have passed the exam.
It seems ………………………………………………………………………..
d) Richard things he’s going to do well.
Richard expects ………………………………………………………………
e) What are you plans for the summer?
What do you intend …………………………… ?
f) Clearing up my room is something I dislike!
I hate ……………………………………………………………………………
g) Lis said she’d go to the cinema with me.
Liz agreed ………………………………………………………………………
h) Tina and Brian are getting married.
Tina and Brian have decided …………………………………………………
i) See you later, I hope.
I hope ……………………………………………………………………………
j) What do you fancy doing this evening?
What do you want ……………………………………………………………….. ?

IV. Complete each sentence by filling in with V-ing, to INF or INF without to
1. I’ m looking forward to (see) you.
2. I arranged (meet) them there but they didn’t keep their promise.
3. He urged us (work) faster.
4. It is no use (wait). He will never come.
5. He warned her (not touch) the wire. It is very dangerous.
6. Don’t forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed.
7. People used (make) fire by (rub) two sticks together.
8. Without (realize) it, he hindered us instead of (help) us.
9. He keeps (complain) that his boss gives him too much work to finish. However, it is
the fact that he is very lazy.
10. His doctor advised him (give up) (smoke).
11. Do stop (talk); I’ m very tired of what you say and I am trying (finish) my homework.
12. I can’t help (sneeze). I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) in a draught.
13. Would you mind (shut) the window? I hate (sit) in a draught.
14. Your windows need (clean). Would you like me (do) them for you?
15. I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal but I didn’t succeed.
16. Before (give) evidence, you must swear (speak) the truth.
17. He wore a mask (avoid) (be) recognized.
18. Please go on (write). I don’t mind (wait).
19. He made his father feel angry by (go) away several days without (say) any words.
20. Mrs Jones: I don’t allow (smoke) in my drawing room.
21. Mrs Smith: I don’t allow my family (smoke) at all.
22. I could not help (overhear) what you said to her.
23. I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused.

24. The boys like (play) games but hates (do) lessons.
25. He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit.
26. I am beginning (understand) what you mean.
27. He decided (disguise) himself by (wear) as a woman.
28. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift.
29. After (walk) for three hours, we stopped to let the others (catch up) with us.
30. He tried (explain) but she refused (listen). She didn’t want to forgive him anymore.
31. I can’t understand her (behave) like that.
32. He has a theory that it is possible (tell) the time in daylight by (look) into a cat’s eyes.
33. She rushed out of the room without (give) me a chance (explain).
34. I know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time (go) to the hairdresser ‘s.
35. Please forgive me for (interrupt) you but would you mind (repeat) the last sentence.
36. Did you remember (give) him the key of the safe? - No, I didn’t. I‘ll go and do it now.
37. I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him $ 20
38. He didn’t dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might
(recognize) him.
39. At first, I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while, I got tired of (hear) the same story
again and again.
40. There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can’t do anything (help) the
people who have (stay) there.
41. Try (forget) him. It is not worth (worry) about him. He will come back sooner or later.

UNIT 4- GERUND AND INFINITIVES- HOMEWORK
I. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
a) Tom suddenly realized he’d forgotten to lock/ looking his door.
b) On the way back we stopped to have/ having some tea.
c) Could you stop to talk/ talking, please.
d) Learning a language means to be/ being interested in another culture.
e) Ann tried to open/ opening the window, but it was too high to reach.
f) Please remember to take/ taking the dog for a walk.
g) Cathy says she’ll never forget to sky-dive/ sky-diving for the first time.
h) I don’t really remember to start/ starting school when I was five.
II. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the
first, using no more than three words.
a) Would you like to go to the beach? ~Do …you fancy… going to the beach?
b) The boy admitted stealing the bike.
The boy admitted …………………………. stolen the bike.
c) Why don’t we wait for the bus?
………………………………………….. waiting for the bus.
d) David often interrupts me
David ……………………………………………………me.
e) Is it all right if you come back later?
…………………………………………coming back later?
f) Think what being a millionaire would be like!
……………………………………………….. a millionaire!
g) It’s not my fault if I eat a lot.
I…………………………………………………. eating a lot.
III. Complete each sentence with a form of one of the verbs in the box.
Deny enjoy expect imagine manage mean
Try practise pretend refuse
a) If you …try… to work a bit harder, I’m sure you’ll pass the exam.
b) Kevin …………….to have toothache, and left school early.

c) The builders are not sure of the exact date, but …………….to start work soon.
d) Emma ……………… to call you last week, but she forgot.
e) The woman arrested by the police ………………. robbing the bank.
f) You should …………………. speaking to an audience, to gain confidence.
g) It’s interesting to …………………myself living on a desert island.
h) I phoned the director six times, but she ………………. to speak to me.
IV. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

Dear Julie,
I’m writing 1) ..to thank.. (thank) you for my birthday present. I was so happy 2)
..................... (receive) it- I had so many lovely presents, I don’t know what 3) ....................
(do) with them all! On my birthday I went for a meal with some friend and afterwards we went
4) ...................... (dance) at that new club on poplar Street. If you haven’t been, it’s certainly
worth 5) .................. (go) there.
Now that I’m old enough 6) ..................... (drive), I’m busy 7) ....................... (take) driving
lessons. Dad has said he’ll let me 8) ..................... (use) his car as long as I promise 9)
...................... (be) careful.
Well, I must 10) ........................ (go) now. I hope 11) ......................... (hear) from you soon.
Love,
V. Fill in the infinitive or –ing form in the appropriate tense
My uncle Ted like 1) ……………………(tell) stories. He claims 2) ……………………(meet)
lots of famous people and 3) ……………………(see) many strange things in his life. Many
people believe him because he seems 4) ……………………(tell) the truth. Even if they didn’t
believe him, nobody would risk 5) ……………………(say) so, because he is very big and
frightening man. One day he pretended 6) ……………………(talk) to the President on the
phone while my brother and I were in the room. “Hello, Mr. President,” he said. “You seem 7)
……………………(have) some problems running the country and I would like 8)
……………………(offer) you some advice”. My brother and I started 9)
……………………(laugh) and my uncle Ted slammed down the receiver. “You must 10)
……………………(hear) something amusing,” he shouted. “What is it?” We were very
frightened. We hated 11) ……………………(think) what he would do to us if he thought we
were laughing at him, so we pretended 12) ……………………(tell) jokes to each other.
VI. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the –ing form

1. Remember …………………. (go) to the bank. You’ve got to pay the bill.
2. I don’t remember …………………. (see) this film before.
3. When he had written his first book, he went on …………………. (write) seven more.
4. She went on …………………. (talk) even after her friend had fallen asleep.
5. I regret …………………. (leave) school at the age of 16.
6. I regret …………………. (tell) you that you have failed the test.
7. He means …………………. (build) a boat and travel around the world.
8. Doing well on this course means …………………. (study) very hard.
9. I’ve been trying …………………. (start) this car for hours.
10. Why don’t you try …………………. (put) some petrol in the tanks.
11. I don’t want to drive a car, I’m afraid of …………………. (have) an accident.
12. He’s afraid …………………. (walk) alone at night.
13. She forgot …………………. (invite) her best friend to the party.
14. I’ll never forget …………………. (see) snow for the first time.
15. On the way home he stopped …………………. (buy) some chocolate.
16. The baby did not stop …………………. (cry) all night.
17. These windows are dirty. They need …………………. (speak) to Sally, please.
18. I want …………………. (shout) at you last night.
19. She’s really sorry for …………………. (tell) your car has been stolen.
20. I’m sorry …………………. (tell) you your car has been stolen.
VII. Complete each sentence with a suitable form of one of the verbs in brackets
1. Mary was so angry that she ………………. (demand, hope, risk, stop) to see the manager.
2. The weather is so awful that I don’t ………… (fancy, like, try, want) going out this evening.
3. The children could hardly ……… (bear, forget, regret, seem) to leave their pets behind.
4. You don’t ………………. (agree, stand, mind, notice) looking after the baby, do you?
5. Do you ………………. (ask, happen, imagine, like) to know when this castle was built?
6. John ………………. (afford, avoid, refuse, stop) to let his children go to the concert.
7. If I give you the information, I ………………. (expect, mean, prepare, risk) losing my job,
8. What do you …………… (begin, expect, remember, suggest) to be doing in ten years time?
9. Do you ………… (admit, confess, deny, intend) to tell the police about the missing money?
10. Why does Basil ………………. (appear, attempt, keep, mean) looking at his watch?

UNIT 5- CONDITIONALS
 Conditionals have two clauses
IF clause + Result clause
If she loved me, I would do everything for her.
If clause Result clause
 Conditionals have four main types
Type 0 Real conditional If you arrive early, you get a better seat
Type 1 Real conditional If you arrive early, you’ll get a better seat
Type 2 Hypothetical conditional If you arrived early, you would get a better seat
Type 3 Impossible conditional If you had arrived earlier, you’d have got a better
seat
1. Zero conditional
 Structure:
If/ when + present simple, …present simple
 Usage:
The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life
situations.
Describe things that are always or generally true
Examples:
 If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
 When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
 If the weather is nice, she walks to work.
 Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.
 I read if there is nothing on TV.
 When it rains hard, everyone stays indoors
IMPORTANT If / When
Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that
something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happens regularly.

Examples:
 When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I regularly have days off from work.
 If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I rarely have days off from work.
NOTE: Can use imperative in result clause
EX: If you change your mind, give me a ring
2. First conditional
Structure
Present simple/ present continuous Future simple (will/won’t)
Usage
First Conditional describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future.
It is different from other Real Conditional forms because you do not know what will
happen in the future. You are only imagining or guessing about the future. It describes
future events that are possible or likely to happen
We can use First conditionals in offers and suggestions
Examples
 If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or
some flowers.
I am still not sure if I will go to his house or not.
 When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the beach.
I have to wait until I have a day off.
 If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work.
It depends on the weather.
 Jerry will help me with my homework when he has time.
I have to wait until he has time.
 A: What are you going to do if it rains?
B: I am going to stay at home.
 If we walk slowly, we will be late
 If we run, we won’t be late
 If we don’t run, we will be late

 If I’ve seen the film before, I’ll let you know
 If you don’t apologize, I’ll never speak to you again
 If you go on like this, you’ll make yourself ill
3. Second conditional- present unreal conditionals

Structure
Past simple S + would/ wouldn’t/ could/couldn’t + V (inf)
Usage
The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in
imaginary situations. Describe future events that are imaginary. Unlikely or impossible
because the condition is unreal.
Examples:
 If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.
 She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have
much money.
 I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.
 Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.
 If they worked harder, they would earn more money.
 A: What would you do if you won the lottery? B: I would buy a house.
 A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.? B: I would live in Seattle.
 If I flew to school, I would not be late
 If I were you, I would marry her. (sound like an advice)
We can say: “If I was you, I would marry her”  but less formal
Note: Compare first and second conditionals

First: if we take the car, we’ll have to pay for parking.
Second: if we took the car, we’d have to pay for parking.
Here both sentences refer to a possible future action, but in the second conditional, the action
is less probable. If we took the car may mean that we have decided not to take it.

4. Third conditional- past unreal conditional
Structure
Past perfect S + would/ would not + have + P2
Usage
The Past Unreal Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations in the past. You can
describe what you would have done differently or how something could have happened
differently if circumstances had been different. In other words, we use the Third Conditional
to talk about things in the past happening differently from the way they really happened. This
sometimes means criticizing people or pointing out their mistake
We can also use this structure to express regret or wish about the past.
Examples:
 If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't own one, so I took
the bus.
 She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she
didn't have much money, so she never traveled.
 I would have read more as a child if I hadn't watched so much TV. Unfortunately,
I did watch a lot of TV, so I never read for entertainment.
 Mary would have gotten the job and moved to Japan if she had studied Japanese in
school instead of French.
 If Jack had worked harder, he would have earned more money. Unfortunately, he
was lazy and he didn't earn much.
 A: What would you have done if you had won the lottery last week?
B: I would have bought a house.
 A: What city would you have chosen if you had decided to move to the United
States?
B: I would have chosen Seattle.
 If you had arrived earlier, we wouldn’t have missed the train
 It you hadn’t warned me about the sun, I would have got sunburnt
 If it hadn’t been for her, I would have died in desperate.
Note 1: Compare Second and Third Conditional

Second: If you planned things properly, you wouldn’t get into a mess. (You don’t plan)

Third: If you had planned things properly, you wouldn’t have got into a mess. (You didn’t
plan)
Note 2: We can mix the Second and Third conditionals
If you had planned things at the start, we wouldn’t be in this mess now.
If you hadn’t left all these dirty dishes, the place would look a bit tidier.
If Mathew was more sensible, he wouldn’t have worn a suit to the interview.
If I didn’t have all this work to do, I would have gone out for the day.
5. Modal verbs in conditional sentences

Sometimes, instead of using: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t, we can use other modal verbs such
as:
Can, could, may, might, must, should
If you ever come to Istanbul, I can show you around the city
If you ever come to Istanbul, you must phone me
If you carry too many bags, you might drop the eggs (less certain than using “will”)
If anyone believed in my story, I could become famous. (less certain than using “would”)
6. Unless = if not
We’ll go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain
= we’ll go out for a walk unless it rains
7. Conditional without IF
We can use “imagine/ suppose” with conditional meaning.
Imagine you saw a snake, what would you do?
Supposing you owned a helicopter, what would you use it for?
8. Other tenses in conditional sentences

- Should
 After if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely
EX: If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me? (This implies that I do not expect you
to see Ann.)
- If it were not for/ if I hadn’t been for
 This describes how one event depends on another
EX:

If it weren’t for Jim, this company would be in a mess.
If it hadn’t been for this goalkeeper, United would have lost.
- Will and would: politeness and emphasis
 These can be used a polite form. “Will” can also be used for emphasis, meaning “insist
on doing”
EX:
If you will/ would wait here, I’ll see if Mrs. Green is free.
If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired. (insist on staying)

UNIT 5- CONDITIONALS- CLASSWORK PRACTICE
I. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
a) If we’d be/we’re late for class, our teacher will be/was angry.
b) If we would live/lived on another planet, we’ll see/we’d see the Earth in the sky.
c) If we take/will take a taxi, we arrived/we’ll arrive sooner.
d) If we won’t hurry/don’t hurry, we’ll be/we’d be late.
e) If we were/are birds, we would be able to/are able to fly.
f) If you don’t wear/wouldn’t wear your pullover, you’ll feel/you felt cold.
g) If I studied/will study harder, I get/would get better marks.
h) If I have/had a motorbike, I rode/ I’d ride it to school.
i) If you will lend/ lend me your bike, I’ll let/ I let you borrow my skateboard.
j) If I had/have lots of money, I gave//I’d give some to all my friends.
II. Complete each sentence using if, unless or would.

a) If he asked me to help him, I ...would..... .
b) We’ll have lunch outside in the garden, .......................... it’s too cold.
c) John ........................ win more races if he trained harder.
d) Come on! ..........................we hurry, we’ll miss the plane!
e) ......................... you like to see my stamp collection?
f) The manager won’t be long. ............................ you take a seat, please.
g) I’m sure that Connie ........................ go to the cinema with you, if you asked her.
h) ......................... you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.
i) What ...................... you do if you saw a snake?
j) I don’t feel happy ........................ I swim every day.
III. Complete each sentence as either a first conditional or a second conditional

sentence using the verb in brackets ( ).
a) If I (have) ...had……... arms five metres long, I (be able) ...’d be able......... to reach the top
of that shelf!
b) Don’t worry, you’ve just got a cold. If you (take) ........................ an aspirin, you (feel)
................... better.
c) Vegetarians believe that if nobody (eat) ........................ meat, everyone (live)
.......................... longer.

d) If I (become) ................................. a famous rock star, I (buy) .............................. my parents
an enormous house.
e) It says ‘No parking’. If you (leave) ......................... the car here, the police (give)
......................... you a parking fine.
f) It’s not fair. If you (follow) ........................... this path, you (come) ................................ to
the station.
g) If people (use) ......................... bikes instead of cars, there (not be) .................................. so
much pollution.
h) Actually, Brutus is a very friendly dog. If you (touch) ............................ him, he (not bite)
............................. you.
i) If you (leave) .............................. your books on the desk, I (give) ..................................
them back to you at the end of the lesson.
j) If you (own) ............................ a pet tiger, your friends (not visit) .................................. you!
IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If she ...hadn’t broken... (not/break) the window, she wouldn’t have to pay for a new one.
2. If it ...................................... (not/be) cold, they wouldn’t have lit the fire.
3.If the studied mine, she ......................................... (be) a better student.
4. They ............................................. (not/see) the Queen if they hadn’t visited London on that
day.
5. If you should win that competition, you ................................................ (be) rich.
6. If I lived in France, I ............................................... (speak) French well.
7. If they ........................................ (lock) the doors, the burglars wouldn’t have got in.
8. We ........................................... (have) a party if Alan passes his driving test.
9. I ............................................... (give) John your message if I should see him today.
10. They ............................................. (not/have) any money if their cousin hadn’t lent them
some.
11. Those plants .............................................. (not grow) if you don’t water them.
12. I would buy that bag if it .................................................. (be) cheaper.
13. If she ............................................... (open) the letter, she would have been surprised.
V. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the centre of town.
As usual, he only stole $10. If he 1) ………………. (leave) any clues, he 2) ………………..

(be) in prison now, but he’s much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he 3)
……………….. (not/do) that, the police 4)………………..(have) him on film now. The
strange thing is, Fingers doesn’t seem to be interested in the money; if he 5) ………………..
(be), he 6)………………..(can/ steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined
to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he 7) ………………..
(think) they weren’t going to arrest Fingers eventually, he 8)………………..(leave) the police
force long ago.
VI. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate tense.

a. Now we’re lost. If you had written down (write down) Mary’s directions, this…………….
(not happen)
b. Why don’t we emigrate? If we ……………. (live) in Australia, at least the weather
…………….(be) better.
c. I’m afraid that Smith is a hardened criminal. If we ……………. (not punish) him this time,
he…………….(only commit) more crimes.
d. Thanks to Dr Jones, I’m still alive! If it ……………. (not be) for her, I …………….(be)
dead for certain.
e. I’m sorry I can’t lend you any money. You know that if I ……………. (have) it, I
…………….(lend) it to you.
f. Don’t be afraid. If you ……………. (touch) the dog, it …………….(not bite)
g. In those days, if you …………….(have) a job, you …………….(be) lucky.
h. It’s always the same. If I ……………. (decide) to leave the office early, my boss
…………….(call) me after I’ve left.
i. What a terrible thing to happen. Just think, if we ……………. (not miss) the plane, we
…………….(kill) in the crash.
j. Did you enjoy your meal? If you ……………. (finish) eating, I …………….(clear away)
the plates.

UNIT5- CONDITIONALS- HOMEWORK
I. Complete the sentence for each situation using the verbs given.
a) You’re standing very close to the edge of a swimming-pool. You’re wearing all your clothes,
not a swimming costume. A friend says:
If you (fall in) …fall in…, your clothes (get) …will get… wet!
b) You’re sitting in the classroom on a hot day. You’re day-dreaming about going to the beach.
You think:
If today (be) ………………. a holiday, I (go) …………….to the beach.
c) You can’t answer a question in your English book. You ask a friend to help but she doesn’t
know the answer. She says:
If I (know) ………………… the answer, I (tell) ……………….. you.
d) You’re walking towards the bus stop with your friend. Suddenly the bus arrives. The bus
stop is far away, but you think there is a chance of catching the bus. You say:
If we (run) ……………… , we (catch)………………… it!
e) You’re planning to go to the beach tomorrow with some friends. You are not sure about the
weather, because it sometimes rains at this time of the year. You arrange to meet tomorrow
afternoon and say:
If it (rain) ………………… , we (go) ………………… to the cinema instead.
f) You’re very busy, because you have lots of school work, and you also play in two teams. A
friend asked you to join a computer club. You say:
g) If I (have) ......................... more free time, I (join) ........................... the club. But it’s
impossible at the moment because I’m too busy!
II. Fill in: unless or if.

1. ...If....... you make so much noise, I won’t be able to sleep.
2. I’ll tell you ................... there are any messages for you.
3. I won’t finish the work ................... you help me.
4. ................... you’re hungry, I’ll make you a sandwich.
5. We’ll miss the bus ................... we hurry.
6. They won’t get married ................... he gets a job.
7. You won’t understand ................... you listen carefully.
III. Complete each sentence (a-j) with an ending (1-10).

a) If you playing the music too loud, ......... 1. the alarm would go off
b) If the North Pole melted, ........... 2. I’ll buy a new bike
c) If we don’t have enough ice-cream, ........... 3. I’ll be in Paris at 6:00
d) If I found someone’s wallet, ........... 4. you wouldn’t see me anymore!
e) If a burglar broke into this house, ........... 5. you would feel better.
f) If my train isn’t late, ........... 6. the water would flood many cities.
g) If you were famous, ........... 7. I’ll buy it for you.
h) If my father lends me the money, ........... 8. you’ll wake up the neighbors.
i) If you took more exercise, ........... 9. we’ll get some more.
j) If you tell me what you want, ........... 10. I’d take it to the police station.
IV. Rewrite each comment, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.
a) Supposing you had wings, what would you do?
What ...would you do if you had wings..............................................?
b) Why don’t you leave now? That’s what I’d do.
If .............................................................................................................................
c) Imagine you lived on Mars. How would you feel?
How .......................................................................................................................?
d) I think you should buy a bike. That’s what I’d do.
If .............................................................................................................................
e) Imagine you were rich. What would you do?
What .......................................................................................................................
f) Supposing Jim came with us, what would you say?
What .......................................................................................................................
g) Why don’t you take the bus? That’s what I’d do.
If .............................................................................................................................
h) Imagine you owned a robot. What would you do?
What .......................................................................................................................
V. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) If you phoned/had phoned me yesterday, I had given/would have given you the news.
b) If you took/would have taken more exercise, you might feel/had felt better.
c) If Tim drove/had driven more carefully, he wouldn’t have crashed/ didn’t crashed.
d) If you had come/came to see the film, you had enjoyed/would have enjoyed it

e) If I’d known/would know it was your birthday. I would send/would have sent you a card.
f) If people had helped/helped one another more often, the world might be/was a better place.
g) If our team had scored/scored more goals, we had won/could have won.
h) If you would have worn/wore a coat, you wouldn’t get/didn’t get wet.
VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

If John 1) ………………(not/oversleep), he 2) ………………(not/be) late for work. If he 3)
………………(not/be) late for work, his boss 4) ………………(not/fire) him. If John 5)
………………(not/lose) his job, he 6) ………………(not/need) money and he 7)
………………(not/rob) the bank. If he 8) ………………(not/rob) the bank, the police 9)
………………(not/arrest) him.

UNIT 6- PASSIVE
1. Usage
 Use passive if we want to focus on ACTION, not on Agent (person who perform the action).
Passive is usually used in processes, instructions, events, reports, headlines, new items, and
advertisements.
Ex: 30 people were killed in the earthquake
 Use passive when the agent (= the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or
obvious from the context.
Example: The church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
 Use passive to make more polite or formal statements
Example: The car hasn’t been cleaned. (More polite)
2. Distinguish transitive and intransitive verbs
What are transitive verbs  Verbs have Objects
What are intransitive verbs  Verbs have no object
 Passive is possible with transitive verbs, not with intransitive verbs
EX:
I meet.  wrong  I meet someone (transitive verb)
I go to school. / I sleep. / I cry./ I laugh./ (intransitive verb)
3. Passive form
In action form: agent + (verb) + thing/ person receiving the action
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.
[Thing/ person receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [agent]
Examples:
The dishes (subject receiving action) are washed (passive verb) by John. (doing action)
4. Forms of passive in different tenses in English

Active Passive
Simple Present He buys many books Many books are bought by him
Present Continuous Right now, Sarah is writing Right now, the letter is being
the letter. written by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.

Past Continuous The salesman was helping The customer was being helped
the customer when the thief by the salesman when the thief
came into the store. came into the store
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited That castle has been visited by
that castle. many tourists.
Present Perfect Recently, John has been Recently, the work has been
Continuous doing the work. being done by John.
Past Perfect George had repaired many Many cars had been repaired by
cars before he received his George before he received his
mechanic's license. mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Chef Jones had been The restaurant's fantastic dinners
Continuous preparing the restaurant's had been being prepared by
fantastic dinners for two years Chef Jones for two years before
before he moved to Paris. he moved to Paris.
Simple Future Someone will finish the work The work will be finished by
will by 5:00 PM. 5:00 PM.
Simple Future Sally is going to make a A beautiful dinner is going to be
be going to beautiful dinner tonight. made by Sally tonight
Future Continuous At 8:00 PM tonight, John will At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes
will be washing the dishes. will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous At 8:00 PM tonight, John is At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes

be going to going to be washing the are going to be being washed by
dishes. John.
Future Perfect They will have completed The project will have been
will the project before the completed before the deadline.
deadline.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by
Jerry.

Modal verbs He may deliver the letters The letters may be delivered by
him
Infinitives He has to deliver the letters The letters have to be delivered
by him.
5. Passive: By and with

By  refer to the person who does the action
Example:
Hundreds of houses were built by the government last year
She was robbed by a young man on the road
With  refer to the thing that is used to perform an action.
Example:
The windows were broken with a ball.
(A ball didn’t break the window, but some children broke the window with the ball they were
playing)
6. Passive- Cases of unnecessary agents
 Agent not known: Brenda’s bike was stolen
 Agent obvious: The criminal was arrested (by the police)
 Agent unimportant: A lot of English books are sold every year
 Agent general: Forests are destroyed seriously by people
7. The passive with get
We sometimes use get in the passive instead of be. Get is informal. We often use it for something
happening by accident or unexpectedly.
Lots of postmen get bitten by dogs.
Last week Laura got moved to another department.
We also use get in these expressions: get dressed/ get changed, get washed, get engaged/ married/
divorced, get started (= start), get lost (lose one’s way)

UNIT 6- PASSIVE- CLASSWORK
I. Complete each sentence with a passive verb.
a) The police questioned George.
George…………………………by the police.
b) Millions of people watch this programme.
This programme…………………..by millions of people.
c) They will finish our new house at the end of the month.
Our new house……………………….at the end of the month.
d) They’ve elected a new president.
A new president…………………………………….
e) They’re rebuilding the damaged stadium
The damaged stadium…………………………………
f) They’ve closed the mountain road.
The mountain road………………………………………
g) Students write most of this magazine.
Most of this magazine…………………………by students.
h) A burglar stole my laptop.
My laptop………………………….by a burglar.
i) Somebody will meet you at the bus station.
You………………………………at the bus station.
j) United won the cup last year.
Last year the cup……………………….. by United.
II. Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence.

a) Many pet dogs are losing every year.
Many pet dogs are lost every year.
b) The injured man was been taken to hospital.
……………………………………………………………………………..
c) A new bridge is be built across the river.
……………………………………………………………………………
d) All the food at the party was ate.
……………………………………………………....................................
e) Nothing will being decided before next Saturday.
…………………………………………………………………………….

f) The match is playing on Friday evening.
…………………………………………………………………………….
g) The robber unlocked the door by a false key.
…………………………………………………………………………….
h) This book was writing by Sam’s father.
………………………………………………………………………..........
III. For every question, complete the second so that it means the same as the first, using
no more than three words.
a) Archaeologists have discovered a new tomb in Egypt.
A new tomb has been discovered by archaeologists in Egypt.
b) The President will open the new sports stadium on Saturday.
The new sports stadium……………………….by the President on Saturday.
c) Picasso painted this portrait.
This portrait………………………………………. Picasso.
d) They will announce the results of the competition tomorrow.
The results of the competition………………………tomorrow.
e) They’re redecorating our school during the summer holidays.
Our school………………………. during the summer holidays.
f) The police in New York have arrested three terrorists.
Three terrorists…………………………….in New York.
g) Our company sells more than 1,000 cars every week.
More than 1,000 cars……………………. our company every week.
h) They’re building a new museum in the city centre.
A new museum……………………in the city centre.
IV. Fill in “by” or “with

3. The window was broken …………. a hammer.
4. He was knocked down …………. a car.
5. The lion was short …………. a rifle.
6. That novel was written …………. D.H. Lawrence.
7. The garden was dug…………. space.
8. The city was attacked …………. the enemy.
9. The pudding was made …………. fruit and chocolate.
10. He was hit…………. a handbag.

11. The picture was painted …………Jackson Pollack.
12. The house was built …………. wood and bricks.
V. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive

Somebody gave me a goat for my birthday last year. They had bought it from a farm down the
road. We keep it tied to a tree in our garden. My father normally looks after it, but last week
his company sent him abroad on business. A few days later, our neighbor called me to the
window. I hadn’t tied the goat up properly. The goat was eating her washing.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
..............................
VI. Using the Passive, ask questions to which the bold type words are answers.
1. Columbus discovered America. ...Who was America discovered by............?
2. We keep money in a safe. .........................................................................?
3. A bee stung her. .........................................................................?
4. They speak Italian in Italy. .........................................................................?
5. They have taken his aunt to hospital. .........................................................................?
6. The boys damaged the television. .........................................................................?
7. Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. .........................................................................?
8. He invited 30 people to his party. .........................................................................?
9. They grow bananas in Africa. .........................................................................?
VII. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Some people saw a UFO in the sky above London last night. They reported it to the police. The
army sent a helicopter to look at this more closely. The UFO shot the helicopter down and
killed both men in it, People have given photographs of the UFO to the police. Experts are
looking at them now.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
.............................
VIII. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.
Someone broke into a local jewelry shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the shop
when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him
all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organized a search
for the robber. They hope they will find him a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the
shop for shock.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
..............................

UNIT 6- PASSIVE- HOMEWORK
I. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple Passive.
There is a chimpanzee which is 1) ..called... (call) “Bubbles”. It 2) ........................ (own) by
Michael Johnson. It 3) ........................... (keep) in his home. It 4) ........................... (feed) every
day by Michael Johnson himself. It 5) ........................... (always/ dress) in funny clothes. It 6)
........................... (say) that “bubbles” is Michael Johnson’s only friend.
II. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple Passive.

Two men 1) ..were seen.. (see) breaking into a house in my street last night. The police 2)
............................. (call) and they arrived very quickly. One man 3) ............................... (catch)
immediately. The other escaped, but he 4) ......................... (find) very soon. Both men 5)
............................ (take) to the police station where they 6) .................................. (question)
separately by a police officer. The two men 7) ................................. (charge) with burglary.
III. Turn from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.
1. Someone has broken the crystal vase.
2. His parents have brought him up to be polite.
3. Fleming discovered penicillin.
4. The will advertise the product on television.
5. Someone is remaking that film.
6. Someone is helping her with the housework.
7. A pickpocket robbed me.
8. You must extinguish your cigarettes.
9. The mail-order company sent Mrs. Green a parcel.
10. You must dry-clean this shirt.
11. Someone will pay you within the next few days.
12. You can improve your health with more exercise.
13. A dog is chasing the child.
IV. A reporter is talking to Lucy Fame. Complete the interview.

Rep: It’s wonderful to interview such a famous person as you.
Lucy: Yes, you are very lucky!
Rep: I know that you 1) ...have been interviewed....... (interview) many times before.

Lucy: Yes, I have
Rep: Also, I know that three books 2) ............................................ (write) about you
Lucy: Yes, they have- and another one 3) .................................... (write) at the moment.
Rep: A film 4) ............................................. (make) about your life two years ago, wasn’t it?
Lucy: Yes, it was a brilliant film! The leading role 5) .................................... (play) by a
beautiful young actress.
Rep: 6) .................................... any more films. ........................................ (make) in the future?
Lucy: Oh yes, of course!
Rep: Where do you buy your clothes from, Lucy?
Lucy: I don’t buy them! They 7) .................................................... (design) especially for me.
Rep: And what about your beautiful house?
Lucy: That 8) ......................................................... (build) five years ago by an Italian architect.
Rep: You must make a lot of money.
Lucy: I make lots of money and everybody loves me. Flowers 9) ................................................
(send) to my house every day.
Rep: not by me, that’s certain!
V. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will deliver
the painting tomorrow. When they give him the money, he will tell them the truth. He painted
it one night while he was sleepwalking!
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
VI. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.
Our school is organizing a contest. The teachers will choose the best project about the
environment. The students must include pictures and drawing in their projects. The students
will also have to do all the writing themselves. The school will give the winner a set of
encyclopedias.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

UNIT 7- RELATIVE CLAUSES
General things: People use relative clauses to provide extra information. This information can
either define something (defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added
information (non-defining clause).
Relative clauses can be introduced by:
 a relative pronoun: who (whom), which, that, whose
 no relative pronoun: Ø
 where, why and when instead of a relative pronoun
1. Defining and Non-defining relative clauses
13. Defining
A defining clause specifies which person or thing we mean. It cannot be separated from the
person or thing it describes.
Example: By 4.30, there was only one man who came to meet her.
14. Non-defining
A non-defining clause contains extra information. In writing it is separated by commas, and
in speech, if used at all, is usually indicated by intonation.
Example: By 4.30, which was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
2. Relative Pronouns
Relative Use Example
pronoun
Who subject or object pronoun "David lives near my house. He walks to school
for people every day"
= "David, who walks to school every day, lives near
my house."
WHO refers to DAVID
Which subject or object pronoun "The red sweater is dirty. I was wearing it
for animals and things yesterday”
= "The red sweater, which I was wearing yesterday,
is dirty.”
WHICH refers to THE RED SWEATER
which referring to a whole He couldn’t read which surprised me.
sentence

Whose possession for people "Anne is moving to London. Her husband is
animals and things working in England.”
= "Anne, whose husband is working in England, is
moving to London."
WHOSE refers to HER HUSBAND
Whom object pronoun for people, I was invited by the professor whom I met at the
especially in non-defining conference.
relative clauses (in defining
relative clauses we
colloquially prefer who)
That subject or object pronoun I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
for people, animals and
things in defining relative
clauses (who or which are
also possible)
 Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used
for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:
If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject
pronouns must always be used.
The apple which is lying on the table
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative
pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses,
which are then called Contact Clauses.
The apple (which) George lay on the table
 Which and that
- These are alternatives in a defining clause, although which is felt to be more formal.
- That is not normally used to introduce a non-defining clause
Example: The train, that was already an hour late, broke down again. Wrong
- That cannot follow a preposition
Example: It was a service for that which I will be eternally grateful.
 Who and Whom

- Whom is the object form of who and is used formally in object clauses, but in daily
speaking, who can be used interchangeably with whom.
- Whom has to be used if it is followed by a preposition.
Example: To whom it may concern/ To whom am I speaking?
3. Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes
the sentence easier to understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike. → This is the shop where I bought my bike.
Relative adverb Meaning Use Example
when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him
where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him
4. Functions of relative pronouns

 Two main functions: Subject or Object
 Subject: The doctor treated me. He told me not to worry
S O S
 The doctor who treated me told me not to worry
 Object: The doctor that/ who/ whom I spoke to told me not to worry
 I (subject) spoke to the doctor (object)
Note:
- who & whom can be used interchangeably if they are object in relative clause.
- whom can’t be used as subject.
5. Leaving out the relative pronoun

 In defining relative clause, if relative pronoun refers to the OBJECT
EX: The doctor (whom) I spoke to told me not to worry
 After relative pronoun is a superlative
EX: That was the best meal (that) I’ve ever eaten.
Note:
- Never omit relative pronoun in non-defining relative clause
- Never omit relative pronoun when it refers to the SUBJECT.

6. What as a relative pronoun
 What  refer to “the things that”
EX:
We didn’t understand the things that she said
 We didn’t understand what she said
The things that I want now is a cup of tea
 What I want now is a cup of tea
What you should do is write a letter to the manager
I can’ believe what you told me yesterday.
7. How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle.
This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman living next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?

UNIT 7- RELATIVE CLAUSES- CLASSWORK
I. Underline the correct word in each sentence.

a) An old man, who/which was carrying a suitcase, knocked at the door.
b) The winner, which/whose bike was an unusual design, won a medal.
c) The girl who/which spoke to me turned out to be in my class.
d) The museum, which/whose was in a beautiful building, was closed.
e) A policewoman that/which we asked told us how to get there.
f) The boy whose/whom house I was staying at was an old friend.
g) The last person, which/whose pen I borrowed didn’t get it back.
II. Complete each sentence with who, whose or that.

a) The friend whose house I stayed in is coming to stay with us.
b) The guidebook………………. we bought explained everything.
c) The couple ………………house I bought both worked in my office.
d) I’d like you tell me……………. you were talking to.
e) The girl……………. ruler I had borrowed wanted it back.
f) I can’t remember……………………. I lent my bike to.
g) Do you know …………………. Catherine works for?
III. Underline relative pronouns which can be left out in these sentences.
a) The book that John was reading was a bit frightening.
b) The travel agency which sold me the ticket was near office.
c) In the end, our holiday was the best that we had ever had.
d) The dentist who I go to isn’t very expensive.
e) The film which we saw last week was much better than this one.
f) The people who were leaving couldn’t find their coats.
g) The garden, which wasn’t very large, was full of flowers.
IV. Rewrite each formal sentence as an information one

a) These are the boys with whom I went on holiday.
These are the boys I went on holiday with.
b) This is the letter for which I’ve been waiting.

…………………………………………………………………. for
c) That is the shop from which Sue bought her bike.
…………………………………………………………………. from.
d) That is the hotel at which I stayed.
…………………………………………………………………...at
e) Tim is someone to whom I hardly ever write.
…………………………………………………………………...to.
f) Do you know by whom this book was written?
………………………………………………………………….by?
g) Ravenna was the most interesting town in which we stayed.
………………………………………………………………….in
h) United were the best team against which we played.
…………………………………………………………...........against.
V. Add a relative pronoun to each sentence.

a) Friday was the last time I saw Jim.
Friday was the last time that I saw Jim
b) The island we visited was extremely beautiful.
…………………………………………………………………….
c) The girl I met was a friend of Philip’s
……………………………………………………………………..
d) The meal we ate wasn’t very tasty.
……………………………………………………………………….
e) Gina was the first person I asked.
………………………………………………………………………
f) The book I read didn’t explain the problem.
…………………………………………………………………….
g) The teacher we usually have was away ill.
……………………………………………………………………..
h) The friends I met last night send you their love.
…………………………………………………………………….
VI. Join the sentences using who, when, where, which or whose.
1. She’s the girl. She works in the library.

...She’s the girl who works in the library.................................................................
2. Corfu is an island. It has many beautiful beaches.
..................................................................................................................................
3. Here’s the alarm clock. I bought it yesterday.
..................................................................................................................................
4. I’ve spoken to John. His house was burgled last Monday.
..................................................................................................................................
5. That’s the lady. Her jewelry was stolen.
..................................................................................................................................
6. That’s the radio. I won it in the competition.
..................................................................................................................................
7. John is the man. His house was destroyed by the fire.
..................................................................................................................................
8. There is the hospital. I was born there.
..................................................................................................................................
9. That was the summer. I met my wife then.
..................................................................................................................................
10. That is Fiona Webb. She is a famous dancer.
..................................................................................................................................
11. Holland is the country. The best cheese is produced there.
..................................................................................................................................
12. 1954 was the year. The Second World War ended then.
..................................................................................................................................
13. That’s the hotel. I stayed there last summer.
..................................................................................................................................
14. August is the month. Most people go on holiday then.
..................................................................................................................................
VII. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word of words in capitals, and so that
the meaning stays the same.
1. The dog that chases our cat belongs to those people. (WHOSE)
 Those are the people whose dog chases our cat.
2. I can’t remember the last heavy rain. (when it)
3. When she took up her new post, Professor Grant gave a party. (on)

4. Do you get on with your next-door neighbor? (who)
5. The person who told you were clever was kidding you. (whoever)
6. I don’t anything else. (Got)
7. I was not familiar with that kind of computer. (which)
8. The police have no idea as to the whereabouts of the jewels. (where)
9. The most important thing is not to panic. (what)
10. I miss Jack more than anyone. (That)
VIII. Fill in the relative pronoun. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining,
ND for non-defining and if the relative can be omitted or not.
1. Mr Brown, ..who .. teaches us French, comes from London. ND Not
2. The girl .................. I met on the bus looks just like my sister. O
3. Peter Smith ......................... had an accident is in hospital.
4. The apples ......................... grow on these trees are delicious.
5. This apple pie ......................... I made yesterday taste great.
6. The film ......................... I saw last night was very sad.
7. My friend Alex ......................... is a doctor works very long hours.
8. John ........................... father is a lawyer has moved to Paris.
9. The sports centre .............................. we play tennis is expensive.
10. The vase ....................... mother gave me got broken.
11. The summer ........................ I went to Spain I got really sunburns.
12. The car ........................... tyres are flat is mine.
13. The café ......................... I first met my husband has closed down now.
14. Simon ............................. mother is a vegetarian doesn’t eat meat.
15. The barker’s ......................... is by my house sells wonderful pies.

UNIT 7- RELATIVE CLAUSES- HOMEWORK
I. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence, and include the word in bold. Begin
as shown, and make any necessary changes.
a) We want to visit a museum. It opens at 12.00
The museum that we want to visit opens at 12.00
b) A boy’s bike was taken. He visited the police station. (Whose)
The ………………………………………………………………..
c) A friend met me at the airport. He carried my suitcase. (Who)
The………………………………………………………………..
d) Tom cooked a meal. It was delicious. (That)
The…………………………………………………………………
e) A friend is staying with me. She comes from Paris. (Who)
The…………………………………………………………………
f) I found a man’s wallet. He gave me a reward. (Whose)
The………………………………………………………………….
g) I go to a shop in the centre. It is cheaper. (That)
The…………………………………………………………………
h) I went to a girl’s party. She phoned me. (Whose)
The…………………………………………………………………
i) I know someone. This person likes you. (Who)
I……………………………………………………………………
II. Put one word in each space, or tick (v) the space if the sentence is correct.
a) We sent a present to the children………… living next door.
b) Mike doesn’t really know…………………he wants.
c) I started talking to some boys ………………sitting by the side of the road.
d) I asked Mary ……………. she was thinking, but she wouldn’t tell me.
e) There were lots of people at the party……………we went to.
f) I don’t really know …………………you’re talking about.
g) …………………we need now is a map and compass.
h) We saw two rabbits………………. playing in the garden.

III. Fill in: who, whose, which or where.
My school, 1) ...which... is called King Edward’s, has about 2,000 students. My favourite
teacher, 2) .................. is called Mr Brown, teaches sport. The sport centre, 3) ................... I
play basketball and tennis, is the largest in the area. I walk to school every day with my friend
Mike, 4) .................. father teaches me History.
VII. Fill in: who’s or whose.

1. My mother, ...whose... name is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.
2. She’s the woman ....................... moved next door.
3. Sally is the girl ....................... father won the lottery.
4. Helen is the person ........................ car was stolen.
5. Ann’s the one ........................... lost a lot of weight.
6. Tim is the man ............................ going to help me.
7. That’s the woman .......................... son wad killed in an accident.
IV. Fill in who, where, why, when, where, which or whose.

Dear Mom and Dad,
Hi! Well here’s my news. The day 1) ...when... I arrived I felt very lonely. I am very happy
now though, because the college 2) ................. I am studying had a computer course. On
Wednesday the boy 3) ................... room I share had a party. It was great fun! Thursday was
good. The man 4) ................... teaches us Biologt forgot to come so we had some free time!
Friday wasn’t so great. I missed a lecture. The reason 5) ....................... I miss it was that I was
ill in bed. The photograph 6) ......................... I’m sending you was taken on the day 7)
........................ I arrived, while I was waiting for the bus. I’ll have to catch up on my work, so
I must go now! Write soon.
Love, Tom
V. Rewrite each sentence, starting as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Omit
any unnecessary relative pronouns.
a. I like Brenda, she’s my kind of person. (That)
b. The whole summer was sunny and warm, for a change. (which)
c. Jean was the first person I asked for advice. (whose)
d. Not a single house in the street had escaped undamaged. (which)
e. Then I realized that I had left my walled at home. (when)

f. I don’t really approve of his proposal. (what)
g. It is an event I would rather forget. (which)
h. The police never caught the culprit. (who)
i. I have read all of her books but one. (which)
j. The finder of treasure is entitled to part of its value. (whoever)
VI. Combining these sentences

 The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are private.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
 I have three brothers. All of them are married.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
 He came home very late. It surprised me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
 The cooker is out of order. It makes our life really difficult.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
 The town is small. I grew up there.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

UNIT 8- REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech is the exact words someone said. We use quotation marks in Direct Speech
EX: “I am hungry and thirsty,” she said
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said but not exact words. We do not
use quotation marks in Reported Speech.
She said that she was hungry and thirsty
1. Say and Tell in Reported Speech
We can use both of Say and Tell in Reported Speech in which:
- Tell must be followed by a personal object (told somebody)
- Say can be used with or without a personal object. (Say something, say something to
somebody)
Direct Speech Reported speech
She said, “I want to go home to take a rest” She said that she wanted to go home to take
a rest.
She said to me, “I will go to London She said to me that she would go to London
tomorrow”. the next day.
She told me, “I can’t drive” She told me that she couldn’t drive.
Expression with Say: say good morning/ evening, etc, say something, say one’s prayers, say a
few words, say no, etc.
Expression with Tell: tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a story, tell a secret, tell sb the way, tell one
from another, etc.
2. Main types of Reported Speech
We can report: statement, questions, commands, requests, and suggestions
2.1. Reported Statements
 To report statements, we use a reporting verb (say, tell, explain…) followed by a that
clause. In spoken English, “that” can be omitted.
Ex: He said, “I feel sick.”  He said (that) he felt sick
 Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context
Ex: He said “I’ll lend you some of my money”  He said (that) he would lend me some
of his money.

 Time words can change as follows depending on the time reference:
Direct Speech Reported Speech

Tonight, today, this week/ month/ year That night, that day, that week/
Now month/ year
Now that Then, at that time, at once,
Yesterday, last night/week/month/ year immediately
Since
Tomorrow, next week/ month/ year The day before, the previous night/
week/ month/ year
The following day/ the day after, the
Two days/ weeks/ months/ years …. ago following week/ month/ year, the next
week/ month/ year
Two days/ weeks/ months/ years ….
before
 When the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect, the verb tense in
the Reported speech doesn’t need to change.
 When the reporting verb is in the past, the verb tenses change as follows:
Present Simple Past Simple
She said, “He likes walking” She said that he liked walking.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“He is watching TV,” she said She said he was watching TV.
Past continuous Past Continuous

“ I was reading while my parents were She said she was reading while her
watching TV at 8 pm yesterday,” she said parents were watching TV at 8 pm the
day before.
Present Perfect Past perfect
“He has just left” she said She said he had just left.
Past simple Past perfect/ Past Simple
“He left an hour ago”, she said She said he had left an hour before.

She said he left an hour before.
Past perfect Past perfect
“I had already written to her”, he said He said he had already written to her.
Future Conditional
“He will be back in an hour”, she said She said he would be back in an hour.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
“I have been typing since morning,” she said She said that she had been typing since
morning.
There are no changes in the verb tense in Reported speech when the direct sentence
expresses a general truth, conditional type 2 or type 3, or a wish
“The earth is a planet,” he said  He said the earth is a planet
“If you studied more, you’d pass your test,” he said  He said that if I studied more, I
would pass my test
“I wish I were rich,” he said  He said he wished he was rich
The verb tenses can change or remain the same in Reported speech when a sentence
expresses something which up to date or still true. However, the verb tenses usually
change when something is not true or out of date
“I like ice-cream,” he said  He said he likes/ liked ice-cream (still true)
“I am rich” he said  He said he was rich. (he used to be rich)
 Certain words change as follows depending on the context

Direct speech Reported speech
This/ these That/ those
Here There
Come Go
Ex: He said, “I’ll be here again on Monday (in his office)

 He said he would be there again on Monday (outside his office)
2.2. Reported questions

In Reported questions, we use affirmative word order and the question mark is omitted. To
report a question, we use:
a. Ask + wh-word (who, what, etc) when the direct question begins with such a wh-word

b. Ask + if/ whether when the direct question is a yes/ no question
Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions etc change as in statements
Ex:
He said, “Where did she stay?”  He asked where she had stayed.
He said, “Did you have a nice time?”  He asked if/ whether I had had a nice time.
Indirect questions are different from Reported questions. We use Indirect questions when we
ask for information, whereas we use Reported questions to report someone else’s questions.
Indirect questions are introduced with Could you tell me…? Do you know…? I wonder…, I
want to know…etc and their verb is in the affirmative. There are no changes in the verb tenses
as in Reported questions. If the Indirect question starts with, I wonder… or I want to know…,
then the question mark is omitted.
Direct questions Reported speech Indirect questions

He asked me, “How old is He asked me how old she Do you know how old she
she?” was is?
2.3. Reported commands/ requests/ suggestions

To report commands, requests, suggestions etc, we use a reporting verb (advise, ask, suggest,
beg, offer, order, tell etc) followed by a to-infinitive, a not to-infinitive or an –ing form
according to the construction of the introductory verb
Ex:
He said to me, “Come with me.”  He told me to go with him.
He said to me, “Don’t lie to me.”  He told me not to lie to him.
He said, “Let’s go out.”  He suggested going out.
2.4. Modals in Reported Speech.

There are changes in the verb tenses of some modal verbs in Reported Speech:
Will/shall  would
Can  could (present)/ would be able to (future)
May  might
Shall  should (asking for advice) or would (asking for information)
Must  must/ had to (obligation)
(Must remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction).
Would, could, used to, mustn’t, should, might, ought to and had better remain the same.

2.5. Reporting a dialogue or conversation.
In conversation, we use a mixture of statement, commands and questions. When we turn them
into Reported Speech, we use and, as, adding that, and he/she added that, explaining that,
because, but, since, and then he/she went on to say, while, then, etc, or the introductory verb
in present participle form. Words or expressions such as Oh, Oh dear, Well etc are omitted in
Reported Speech.

“Oh, this is a very nice dress,” she said. She remarked that that was a very nice
“How much does it cost?” “I can’t buy dress and she asked how much it cost. She
it,” she said. “I can’t afford it.” said she could not buy it, explaining that
“Shall I help you?” he said. “We can she could not buy it.
work on it together.” He offered to help me, suggesting that we
would work on it together.

UNIT 8 - REPORTED SPEECH-CLASSWORK
I. Choose the best verb underlined in the direct speech sentence

a. Helen asked me if I liked visiting old buildings  “Do you like/ Did you like visiting old
building?” asked Helen.
b. Bill asked Mary if she had done anything the previous weekend.  “Have you done/ Did
you do anything last weekend?”
c. The policeman asked me if the car belonged to me.  “Does this car belong/ Did this car
belong to you?” asked the policeman.
d. Fiona asked me if I had seen her umbrella anywhere.  “Did you see/ Have you seen my
umbrella anywhere?” asked Fiona.
e. Joe asked Tina when she would get back.  “When will you get/ have you got back?” asked
Joe.
f. Eddie asked Steve who he had been to the cinema with.  “Who did you go/ had you been
to the cinema with?” asked Eddie.
g. My parents asked me what time I had got home the night before.  “What time did you
get/ have you got home last night?” my parents asked.
h. David asked a passer-by if it was the right road for Hastings.  “Is this/ Was this the right
road for Hasting?” asked David.
II. Rewrite each sentence as direct speech

a. Graham told Ian he would see him the following day.
b. Pauline told the children their swimming things were not there.
c. David told me my letter had arrived the day before.
d. Shirley told Larry she would see him that evening.
e. Bill told Stephen he hadn’t been at home that morning.
f. Margaret told John to phone her on the following day.
g. Tim told Ron he was leaving that afternoon.
h. Christine told Michael she had lost her lighter the night before.
III. Rewrite each sentence as indirect speech, beginning as shown.

a. “You can’t park here”  The police officer told Jack
b. “I’ll see you in the morning, Helen”  Peter told Helen

c. “I’m taking the 5.30 train tomorrow evening”  Janet said
d. “The trousers have to be ready this afternoon.”  Paul told the dry-cleaners
e. “I left my umbrella here two days ago”  Susan told them
f. “The parcel ought to be here by the end of next week.”  Brian said
g. “I like this hotel very much.”  Diana told me
h. “I think it’s going to rain tonight.”  William said
IV. Rewrite each question in indirect speech, beginning as shown.

a. “What time does the film start, Peter?”  I asked
b. “Do you watch television every evening, Chris?”  The interviewer asked
c. “Why did you apply for this job?” asked the sales manager. The sales manager asked me
d. “Are you taking much money with you to France?”  My bank manager wanted to know
e. “When will I know the results of the examination?”  Maria asked the examiner
f. “Are you enjoying your flight?”  The stewardess asked me
g. “How does the photocopier work?”  I asked the salesman
h. “Have you ever been to Japan, Paul?”  Sue asked Paul
V. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stay the same
a. What time does the next boat leave?
Do you think you could tell me what time the next boat leaves?
b. Where can I change some money?
Can you tell me ………………………………………………………………………………
c. Where is the toilet?
Could you possibly tell me ……………………………………………………………………?
d. How much does this pullover cost?
I'd like to know ………………………………………………………………………………?
e. How do I get to Victoria Station?
Can you explain ………………………………………………………………………………?
f. Does this train go to Gatwick Airport?
Could you tell me ……………………………………………………………………………?
g. Where do you come from?
Would you mind telling me……………………………………………………………………?
h. What do you think of London?
Do you think you could tell me ………………………………………………..………………?

VI. Put a form of either say, tell or ask in each space
a. I told you that you had to be on time. Why are you late?
b. When you...........her if she'd work late, what did she.........?
c. I think that Alan.............us a lie about his qualifications.
d. When I …..........him what he was doing there, he............me it was none of my business.
e. I...........I would help you, so here I am.
f. Did you hear what Sheila.............about her new job?
g. What did Carol..............you about her holiday?
h. There, you see! I.............you the bus would be on time.
VII. Put a form of one of the verbs listed into the space in each sentence
Accuse, agree, decide, insist, refuse, admit, apologize, deny, offer, remind, advise, confess,
doubt, promise, suggest
a. “No, it's not true, I didn't steal the money!”

→ Jean denied stealing the money/ that she had stolen the money.
b. “Why don't we go to the cinema this evening?”
→ Peter ….........going to the cinema/ that they went to the cinema.
c. “Yes, of course. I'll give you a lift, Helen”
→ Liz.................to give Helen a lift/ that she would give Helen a lift.
d. “I've broken your pen. I am awfully sorry, Jack.”
David..............for breaking Jack's pen.
e. “Don't forget to post my letter, will you, Sue?”
→ Diana..............Sue to post her letter.
f. “Let me carry your suitcase, John”
→ Harry..............to carry John's suitcase.
g. “All right, it's true, I was nervous.”
→ This leading actor.............to being nervous/ that he had been nervous.
h. “I don't think Liverpool will win”
Vanessa..............whether Liverpool would win.
I. “If I were you, Bill, I'd buy a mountain bike.”
→ Stephen …............Bill to buy a mountain bike.
j. “Don't worry, Martin, I'll bring your book back.”

→ Leslie............to bring Martin's book back/ Martin he would bring his book back.
k. “You murdered Lord Digby, didn't you, Colin!”
→ The inspector.............Colin of murdering Lord Dirby.
l. “No, no, you really must have another drink!”
→ Dick............on my having another drink/ that I should have another drink.
m. “It was me who stole the money,” said Jim
→ Jim................to stealing the money.
n. “Right. I'll take the brown pair.”
→ Andrew …..........to take the brown pair.
o. “No, sorry, I don't want to lend you my camera.”
→ Alex ….............to lend me his camera.
VIII. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
a. “Sue, can you remember to buy some bread?”
→ Paul reminded -------------------------------------------------
b. “I don't really think it I'll snow tomorrow.”
→ I doubt ----------------------------------------------------------
c. “I'm sorry I didn't phone you earlier”
→ Jill apologized -------------------------------------------------
d. “I really think you should see a doctor, Chris.”
→ William advised -----------------------------------------------
e. “No, I'm sorry, I won't work on Saturday. Definitely not!”
→ Catherine refused ---------------------------------------------
f. “Let's go out to the pub for lunch, shall we?”
→ Wendy suggested ---------------------------------------------
g. “It's not true! I have never been arrested.”
→ Larry denied ---------------------------------------------------
h. “If you like, I'll help you do the decorating, Bob.”
→ Ann offered ----------------------------------------------------
I. “I'll definitely take you to the park on Sunday, children.”
→ Tom promised the ---------------------------------------------
j. “Yes, all right, I'll share the bill with you, Dave.”
→ Brenda agreed -------------------------------------------------

UNIT 8- REPORTED SPEECH HOME WORK
I. Turn the following dialogue into Reported Speech
A : Mum, please, will you let me stay at Sally's house tonight?
M : No, I won't
A : Why?
M : The last time you stayed there, you stayed up late and you were too tired to go
to school the next day.
A : That's true. But we won't do that again.
M : And you were both smoking cigarettes
A : That's not true! I've never smoked in my life.
M : Well, all right then, you can go, but only if you promise to behave
II. Rewrite the following sentences in Reported Speech

1. “What time does the next bus leave?” he said. “I need to get to the station.”
2. “Don't go swimming in the lake,” she said. “The water is filthy.”
3. “Let's go shopping tomorrow,” she said. “The sales have started”
4. “Stand up,” the teacher said to the pupils. “The headmaster is coming.”
5. “Please don't take my ring,” she said to him. “It was a present.”
6. “It's very late, Martin,” his mother said. “Where have you been?”
7. “Shall I cook the dinner?” he said to her. “You look very tired.”
8. “Please stop making that noise!” she said to him. “I can't concentrate.”
9. “Yes, I dropped your vase,” she said. “I was cleaning the shelf.”
10. “Can I use the car, please?” she said. “I need to run some errands.”
11. “I'm sorry I am late,” he said. “The car wouldn't start.”
12. “Why are you teasing your sister?” she asked him. “You know it makes her unhappy.”
13. “Why won't you come to the party?” he said to her. “Everyone would love to see you.”
14. “It was Rob who broke the window,' he said to her. “He was kicking the football.”
III. Report the following using an appropriate introductory verb from the list below
Complain, advise, refuse, warn, beg, suggest, agree, exclaim, deny, offer, insist,
apologize, threaten, accuse, prefer.

a. “You should take more exercise,” the doctor said.
a. “This film is so boring,” he said to his mother.
b. “Please, please let me go out to play, Mum,” she said.
c. “Shall I carry your shopping for you?” he said to her.
d. “Don’t get dirty in the garden,” she said to Jane.
e. “I’m not going to tidy Helen’s bedroom,” Tim said.
f. “I didn’t eat the cake,” he said to her.
g. “What a silly thing to say!” she said.
h. “You really must get your hair cut,” she said to him.
i. “You broke my record player,” she said to him.
j. “I’m sorry I didn’t write to you,” she said to him.
k. “Let’s go to Jamaica for our holiday,” he said to her.
l. “Yes, that is a nice color,” the sales assistant said to her.
m. “I’d rather watch a film than the news,” she said to her.
n. “How rude he is!” she said to me.
o. “I think you should go on a diet,” she said to him.
p. “I didn’t take your dress,” she said to her sister.
q. “What a nice gift!” he said.
r. “I’ll hit you if you don’t stop talking,” the boy said to his brother.
s. “I’m sorry I spoke to you like that,” he said to his mother.
IV. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech

a. “How shall I tell Tom the bad news?” she said.
b. “You must try my home-made pie,” he said.
c. “Can I go home now?” he asked.
d. “May I call you by your first name?” he asked her.
e. “You can come in, but you mustn’t make any noise,” she said to him.
f. “What time shall we arrive in London?” he asked.
g. “She must try harder if she wants to succeed,” he said.
h. “My father will be angry with me if he finds out,” she said.
i. “You ought not to drive so fast,” he said to her.
j. “They don’t have to come if they don’t feel like it,” he said.
k. “You had better speak to the manager,” she said to him.
l. “I may not be able to meet you at the airport,” he said to her.

Grammar 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grammar 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grammar 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1. Adjectives and adverbs ................................................... 1

Unit 2. Comparative and Superlative ........................................13

Unit 3. Subject and Verb Agreement ........................................26

Unit 4. Gerunds and Infinitive ..................................................33

Unit 5. Conditionals ..................................................................45

Unit 6. Passive Voice ................................................................57

Unit 7. Relative Clauses ............................................................66

Unit 8. Reported Speech ...........................................................77

For Internal Use Only page 0

 After “be” or linking verbs

 Some adjectives which are only used in one position

I’m really pleased to see you. Vicky looked ill, I thought.

For Internal Use Only page 1

1. Opinion: silly, beautiful, horrible, … 6. Origin: French, Chinese, American …

Note: We should use too many adjectives before a noun

For Internal Use Only page 2

Here are some adjective pairs:

Tom told us an amusing story. We were amused at Tom’s story.

For Internal Use Only page 3

2. Formation of adverbs from adjectives

Adverbs and Adjectives with the same form

For Internal Use Only page 4

For Internal Use Only page 5

I. Fill in the blank with the form of adjectives or adverbs

II. Reorder the adjectives

For Internal Use Only page 6

IV. Choose the correct option

V. Fill in with suitable form of adjectives given

For Internal Use Only page 7

VIII. Fill in: very or much

For Internal Use Only page 8

B: He sounds lovely. What does he look like?

XI. Fill in the blank with suitable form of adjectives

1. I don't like country music very much. It's really

2.I was …… (surprise) to see my grandparents dancing.

4. I don't know how this is possible. This is very

For Internal Use Only page 9

6. Mr. Johnson was ……. (worry) that he wasn't strong

7. The cat was so …………. (frustrate) because he

8. This cat didn't know what to do with the mouse. The

9. My coach was ………. (disappoint) in me because I

10. Calvin doesn't like his dinner. He finds it

For Internal Use Only page 10

12. Tom felt ………………. (ashame) when we saw

13. Pete is ……. (terrify) right now. Going to the

14. Hum, how ………. (interest). He really does some

15. I'm so …………. (excite). I've finally found my

For Internal Use Only page 11

18. I'm trying to have a ………… (relax) bath.

For Internal Use Only page 12

S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun}

My house is as big as yours

He learns as well as his brother

He is not as intelligent as me ~ he is not so intelligent as I am

Note also the same as

The result of the match was the same as last year.

Peter is as tall as I. (more suitable) Peter is as tall as me. (Not suitable)

2. COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVE of ADJECTIVE