Concepts of Speech and Communication

1.
CONCEPTS OF SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION
Objectives:
 Develop awareness on the concepts of speech and communication
 Communicate effectively though verbal and non-verbal communication
Speech arts is a discipline which includes speech writing and public speaking,
storytelling, and prose, poetry, and drama performance. Speech arts includes the
study of vocal variety, body language and physicality, eye focus, characterization,
and emotional awareness, in addition to speech structure and the organization of
ideas.
Speech is the means by which we communicate messages orally; however, we can

still communicate in by writing and by using sign languages
Speech refers to the perception, planning and production of speech sounds and has
two elements: phonetics and phonology. Phonetics is the study of sounds and is
concerned with the production, audition, and perception of speech sounds (called
phones. It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech
sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic
phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds to make syllables, words, and
sentences (linguistic phonetics). Phonetics comprises the knowledge and skills
required for the perception and production of speech sounds.
Phonology, on the other hand, is a branch of linguistics concerned with the

systematic organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages.
It comprises the knowledge and skills required to understand and use linguistically
appropriate speech sound rules. Phonology describes the way sounds function
within a given language and operates at the level of sound systems and abstract
sound units. Knowing the sounds of a language is only a small part of phonology.
This importance is testified by the fact that you can change one word into another
by simply changing one sound. Look at the differences between the words like and
dike. The words are identical except for the first sound. [l] and [d] can therefore
distinguish words, and are called contrasting sounds.
“Communication” came from the Latin word “communico” meaning “I share”. It is

defined as a complex process often involving reading, writing, listening and
speaking. Information is conveyed from the source to the receiver.
Communication is the exchange of facts, opinions, and, information, ideas between

two parties. Communication is two-way for it needs the feedback of the receiver to
complete the process, in this sense, the sender could assess if the receiver
understands the message or not. To cut it short, communication is the process of
information from the sender to receiver with the message being understood by the
receiver.
Elements of Communication Process

Message - the body of information that creates the communication process
Sender - the source of information that has the full authority to explain or encode
the information or message created.
Channel - the way by which the message may be conveyed, communicated or
carried.
Receiver - the party who accepts the message from the sender. It also makes
feedback out of the information taken from the source.
Feedback – the response sent back by the receiver to the sender
Fig 1
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
CHANNEL
There are two main types of communication-the verbal and non-verbal. Verbal
communication uses language to convey information through speaking or writing,
while nonverbal communication uses body language such as gestures and facial
expressions in conveying information.
There’s a myth that says that when you speak, only 35 percent of your
communication is verbal and 65 percent of it is nonverbal. That’s not entirely true.
But it’s true that nonverbal communication can make or break your message. Here
are some types of nonverbal communication:
Facial expressions: Facial expressions—happy, sad, angry—help you convey your

message. Your facial expression when talking and when listening are not that easy
to forget.
Gestures: A gesture can make your message stronger when speaking. Making a fist
to show frustration or anger, such gestures help further engage your audience when
you speak. While when you cross arms while somebody is speaking means you’re
not interested with the topic or the speaker himself.
Proximity: How close you are to your audience when you speak sends a nonverbal
message. If your size is imposing and you leave a very small distance between you
and your listener, it’s likely your nonverbal communication will be a bit threatening.
People might think of you talking some confidential topics or gossiping. On the other
hand, giving someone too much space is an awkward nonverbal communication
that might confuse your listener.
Touch: Shaking an audience member’s hand, putting your hand on his shoulder:
these are nonverbal cues that can affect the success of your message. Touch
communicates affection, but it also communicates power. In fact, when women
touch a listener, it’s often assumed that they’re being affectionate or conveying
empathy, but when a man touches a listener, it can be taken as a sign of
communicating power or even dominance.
Eye contact: Making and maintaining eye contact with an audience when you’re
verbally communicating or listening communicates to the other party that you’re
interested and engaged in the conversation. Good eye contact often conveys the
trait of honesty to the other party.
Appearance: Your clothing, hair, and jewelry are also a part of nonverbal
communication. Similarly, the quality and condition of your clothing, how it fits, if
it’s appropriate for the season—all these things speak nonverbally about you as a
communicator.
Checkpoint!
a. Explain the communication process using the illustration above.
b. Give other instances/scenarios where the six kinds of nonverbal
communication are applied.

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1.

CONCEPTS OF SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION

Speech is the means by which we communicate messages orally; however, we can

Phonology, on the other hand, is a branch of linguistics concerned with the

“Communication” came from the Latin word “communico” meaning “I share”. It is

Communication is the exchange of facts, opinions, and, information, ideas between

Elements of Communication Process

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Facial expressions: Facial expressions—happy, sad, angry—help you convey your

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