CHAPTER 2: SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Visual Studio:

Microsoft Visual Studio is an IDE created by Microsoft and used for various types
of software system development such as computer programs, websites, web apps, web
services, and mobile apps. It contains completion tools, compilers, and other features to
facilitate the software system development process.
The Visual Studio IDE (integrated development environment) is a software
program for developers to write down and edit their code. Its user interface(UI) is used for
software development to edit, debug and build code.
Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense (the code completion
component) similarly as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works each as a
source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger.
Other built-in tools include a code profiler, designer for building graphical user
interface applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema designer.
Visual studio supports 36 different languages, the built-in languages are as follows:-

  C

 C++

  C++/CLI

  VisualBasic.NET

  JavaScript

  TypeScript

  XML

  XSLT

 HTML

  CSS.
2.2 My SQL
The programming languages like cpp, .net, c#, etc are used to develop the customized
software. Every software or application has its data to be stored permanently.
Programming languages cannot store data permanently. For this purpose we have to
use the database management system, such as MySQL server.
MySQL is most popular Open Source SQL database management system, which is
distributed, developed and supported by Oracle Corporation. It is named after the
daughter, ‘My’ of Monty Widenius.

 MySQL databases are relational.

 A relational database stores data(information) in separate tables instead of putting all
the data in one big storeroom. For speeding, the database structures are organized into
physical files. The logical model, with objects like databases, tables, views, rows, and
columns, offers a flexible programming environment.
 You set up rules governing the relationships between different data fields, like one-to-
one, one-to-many, unique, required or optional, and “pointers” between totally
different tables. The database enforces these rules, thus with a well-designed database,
your application is never inconsistent, duplicate, orphan, out-of-date, or missing data.

 MySQL software is Open Source.

 As MySQL is a open source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify
the software.
 If anyone want can download the My SQL software from the internet and can use
it with paying nothing, if you wish you may study the source code and change it to
match your needs.
 The My SQL software uses the GPL(GNU General Public Licence), consisting of
do’s and don’ts information with the software in the different situations.
  MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.
 The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a
multithreaded SQL server that supports completely different back ends, several
different client programs and libraries, administrative tools, and a wide range of
application programming interfaces (APIs).

2.3 MYSQL V/S SQL

 While SQL could be a language used for operating different relational databases,
MySQL boasts of being the primary open-source relational database in the early 90s.
SQL could be a query language, whereas MySQL is a relational database that uses
SQL to question a database.
 we can use SQL to update, access, and manipulate the data stored in a database.
However, MySQL is a database that stores the present data(information) in a database
in an organized manner.
 SQL is used for writing queries for databases, MySQL facilitates data storing,
modifying, and management in a right tabular format.
 SQL does not have support for any connectors. However, MySQL comes within an
integrated tool ( MySQL workbench ) for building and designing databases.
 SQL follows a typical standard format wherein the essential syntax and commands
used for (DBMS) and (RDBMS) remain pretty much the same, whereas MySQL
receives frequent updates.
 SQL supports a single storage engine, however MySQL supports multiple storage
engines and additionally plug-in storage engines. Thus, MySQL is more flexible.
 In SQL, the server remains independent of the database, which means that during a
data backup session other operations can be performed on a database. On the other
hand, also in MySQL, you can perform a data backup by extract SQL statements.
However, unlike SQL, in MySQL, the server blocks the database during a data
backup session, minimizing data corruption chances when switching from one
MySQL version to a different one.
  In terms of data security, the SQL server is much more far safer and secure than the
MySQL server. In SQL, external processes (like third-party apps) cannot access or
manipulate the data directly. Whereas in MySQL, during the run time one can simply
manipulate or modify the database files using binaries.
 SQL is not an open-source language. Naturally, if any issue is experienced, you
cannot expect community support. Instead, you’ll have to rely on Microsoft SQL
Server support. Contrary to the current, MySQL being an open-source platform, offers
rich and robust community support.

2.4 Javascript
Javascript, also abbrivated as js, is also a programming language JavaScript is high-
level, often just-in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm. JavaScript is high-level, often just-
in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm
JavaScript is a general purpose programming language. Its main use is for scripts and
applications that run on web pages inside of a browser.
The scope of JavaScript is such that useful behaviour may be achieved in a couple of lines of
code, for instance, showing a tooltip, or it can be a platform for large web-applications such
as Gmails.
Like most modern programming languages, JavaScript is object-oriented. Objects are data-
structures ,containers for state and behaviour.
They facilitate many established software engineering practices including:
• Abstraction -- hiding complexity and implementation details;
• Encapsulation -- privacy and logical grouping of functionality;
• modularity -- separation of distinct functionality.

In JavaScript, objects are unordered sets of named properties, which can be of

various data types including other objects. Everything is an object, except the primitive types:
undefined, null, boolean, string and number. Differing from objects, these primitives don’t
have properties they have only one value —however, the latter three appear to have
properties and can be interacted with like objects; this is because they have object wrappers
and JavaScript will coerce them.
Sometimes, the functionality of multiple objects will overlap. In order to facilitate
code reused in such cases, generally inheritance mechanism is offered in object-oriented
languages.
Inheritance allows an object to inherit behaviour from another object, preventing duplication
of their shared functionality.
There are two prevailing types of inheritance:
• CLASSICAl
The classical approach has the concept of a class, which can be thought of as a blueprint or
mould for objects; it defines the properties and behavior for a certain type of object, and it
can be used to create objects of that type.
Inheritance is achieved by declaring that a class is extended by another class.

• PROTOTYPICAL.
The prototypical approach is conceptually simpler in thw way that objects are
not created from classes, and they may inherit directly from other objects, but its
use is less widespread and therefore the techniques are less well known.
Most popular programming languages, including C++, Java, Ruby and Python
use classical inheritance techniques.
JavaScript is the only mainstream language that employs the prototypical method. In
JavaScript, hidden link is thier for all objects to a prototype, which is another object whose
behaviour and state they inherit and extend.
JavaScript Applications
1. Single Page Applications(SPAs)

Single Page Applications'SPAs' is sometimes referred to as Single Page Interface

''SPI''.
These days SPAs are the most commonly available form of JavaScript application. These
resemble a desktop application and also are a lot more responsive. Unlike other web
applications, the complete webpage is loaded with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript initially. As
the initial loading of the webpage takes time but, it also works faster with other user
requests. These applications rely heavily on JavaScript and thus reduce browsing speed in
low power devices is the only disadvantage of this application. Gmail, Facebook, Twitter, etc
are some examples of SPAs.
2. Multi-page Applications
These applications add a “traditional” approach. This means that a new page is
requested from the server for every change in the web application. As they're larger than
SPAs so more time is taken unnecessaryly. We have a lot of data to be transferred between
the server and the browser which leds the application’s speed to be reduced. Even if it is
much easier these days to try and do that with the help of Asynchronous JavaScript(AJAX), it
isn’t very popular. only certain sections of the application are allowed to refresh without
reloading the complete application in AJAX. however, using these applications becomes
complex for the programmer and these are troublesome to develop as compared to the SPAs.

3. Isomorphic (Universal) Applications

With the release of NodeJS, the JavaScript applications became ‘Isomorphic’. i.e. It can
be executed on both the client-side and server-side. when there is a need for faster interaction with
web pages these applications are very useful. To render the application components the same code
must be compatible to execute on both the client-side and server-side. Unlike SPAs, these
applications support older devices and work even with poor network connections. This application
has a lesser code but it also makes them difficult to debug.
JavaScript Architecture
The simple architectures work fine when you want to create simple web applications.
still, I am trying to implement advanced features in the same simple framework architecture.
In a simple framework, I am are trying to add complexity.
The Simple versions start having problems that every UI software faces only after the
implementation of Model–view–controller(MVC) or Model–view–ViewModel (MVVM).
Controller or View is busy with so many concerns, along with interacting directly with the
server and manipulating the view directly or indirectly, that this quickly ends up in their
failure. These types of problems are detected later in the development, thus we required an
architecture that is more focused on domain knowledge. The necessity for a more mature
architecture arose so as to add more features to JavaScript. This is wherever the Advanced
Architecture of JavaScript comes into play. Since the business and UI considerations are
separate in this architecture, it adjusts to the needs of the complex applications very easily.
Increasing the application’s usability also removes UI as the center of the application. For
performing different tasks this architecture consists of the following layers:
• In the JavaScript UI Layer, Code-behind(code in the backend) is linked to the UI Screen
through Bindings. It can talk to the JavaScript Domain Layer with the help of an optional
JavaScript Service Layer or either directly.
• JavaScript Domain Layer (JavaScript Business Objects and JavaScript Repositories) is the
house of business logic.
• By using Ajax calls.JavaScript Data Access(Server) can directly talk to the JavaScript
Domain Layer
• Repositories recover JSON objects from the server and map them back to the business
objects.
JavaScript Security
JavaScript is one of the most fundamental technologies used for building web
applications, mobile applications, and server-side applications. But its popularity has also
made it a big target for hackers. 

2.5 CSS

 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.

 Cascading style sheets (CSS) is a Web-based style sheet language that is used for
the presentation of Web documents.
 CSS language makes it possible to style web-pages on themes such as the use of
color, fonts and layout.
 CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other
media. CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at
once CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets External stylesheets are stored in CSS
files.
 CSS is designed to make style sheets for the web. It is independent of HTML and
can be used with any XML-based markup language. Now let’s try to break the
acronym:

         Cascading: Falling of Styles

         Style: Adding designs/Styling our HTML tags
         Sheets: Writing our style in different documents.

2.5 HTML

HTML is a markup language used by the browsers to manipulate text,

images, and different content to display within the format they require. In
1991 Tim Berners Lee created HTML. The firstever version of HTML was
HTML 1.0 and the first standard version was HTML 2.0 which was published
in 1999.
 HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used to design
web pages using a markup language. HTML as the combination of Hypertext
and Markup language. Hypertext defines the links between the web pages.
The markup language is used to define the text documents within tag which
defines the structure of web pages. This language is used to create notes for
the computer so that a machine can understand it and manipulate text
accordingly. Most markup languages (like HTML) are human-readable. The
language uses tags to define what manipulation has to be done on the text.

Hypertext mark-up language uses predefined tags and elements to tell

the browser how to display content correctly. Don't forget to add the closing
tags. If forgotten, the browser applies the effect of the opening tag until the
end of the page.accordingly. Most markup languages (e.g. HTML) are
human-readable. The language uses tags to define what manipulation has to
be done on the text. 

HTML uses predefined tags and elements which tell the browser how
to properly display the content. Remember to include closing tags. If omitted,
the browser applies the effect of the opening tag until the end of the page.