HOW WELL DO YOU

KNOW
CEBU?

PREPARED: AR. DANILO V. RAVINA, UAP

 CEBU CITY AND PROVINCE
ITS GEOPHYSICAL PROFILE

TROPICAL DESIGN:
DESIGNING CLIMATE
RESPONSIVE
ARCHITECTURE

DANILO V. RAVINA
Facilitator
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
Cebu City and Province is the focus area considered for this course in
order to expose the designer to a particular site or situation so that he
or she will be able to create sufficient design solutions that will respond
to the specific climatic condition and guarantee a good quality indoor
environment.

LEARNING CHALLENGE: LEARNING KEYWORDS:

The current challenge for • Geography
designers who may want to • Topography
• Climate
adapt the concepts and
• Temperature
practices of tropical architecture
• Relative Humidity (RH)
is to adapt them into the • Precipitation
modern urban city fabric. • Prevailing Wind Flows
• Frequency of Typhoons

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: GEOGRAPHY

Geography - modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost

seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural
complexities - not merely where objects are, but how they have
changed and come to be.

GEOGRAPHY OF CEBU
Cebu is an elongated island with its axis running on a northeast -southwest
direction. Considered the 9th largest island, it lies at the geographical center of the
country. The city is about 42 meters above the mean sea level and about 3.20
kilometers from the nearest foothill to the northwest. The highest peak of the
mountain range in the vicinity about 13 kilometers to the northwest is about 671
meters, thereby making the city practically open only to easterly, northeasterly and
southwesterly wind flow.
The geographical location of Cebu City is:
10˚ 18’ 40” (10.29944) North Latitude
123˚ 53’ 30” (123.907223) East Longitude

The Time Zone of Cebu is H +8

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF
CEBU: GEOGRAPHY

123.907223 East
Longitude
10.29944 North
Latitude

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY
EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION NO. : 1
PHIVOLCS Bldg, C.P. Garcia Avenue, U.P.- Diliman, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
Tel.: 426-1468 Fax: 927-1087

Date/Time : 10 Nov 2014 - 09:19:49 AM

Location : 10.63°N, 124.28°E - 050 km N 49° E of MANDAUE CITY (CEBU)

Depth of Focus (Km) : 002

Origin : TECTONIC

Magnitude : Ms 3.7
Reported Intensities :

8.11 Intensity IV - Cebu City; Mandaue City

2014_1110_0119_M37D002_B1F Intensity II - Lapu-lapu City
Intensity I - Bogo City; Ormoc City

Expecting Damage : NO
Expecting Aftershocks : NO
Issued On : 10 Nov 2014 - 09:28 AM
Prepared by : VHG/GSR/JDB/RFJ/JMG
This will be the only bulletin issued unless
IMPORTANT additional information
becomes available
 10.63˚N

124.28˚E

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: GEOGRAPHICAL

H +8
Time Zone
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU:
TOPOGRAPHY
Topography in a narrow sense involves the recording
of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of
the surface, and the identification of
specific landforms. (Wikipedia )
Topography of Cebu
The principal topographic feature of Cebu is a
mountainous backbone that extends throughout the
entire length of the island. The topographic
condition of Cebu Island is composed of 85% hilly and
mountainous lands and 15% comparatively flat
plains. These hilly and mountainous lands run
through the middle of the Cebu island province with
smooth hills from 40 to 200 meters high and rugged
mountains from 200 to 600 meters above sea level.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: CLIMATE
Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can
change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years
to change.
Weather is what the forecasters on the TV news predict each day. They tell people
about the temperature, cloudiness, humidity, and whether a storm is likely in the
next few days. That’s weather! It is the mix of events that happens each day in our
atmosphere. Weather is not the same everywhere. It may be hot and sunny in one
part of the world, but freezing and snowy in another.
Climate of Cebu
Hot – Humid condition generally characterizes the climate of Cebu and falls under
Type 3 Climate. In the greater part of the province of Cebu, especially in the central
and southern portions, the climate is characterized by a short dry season from
February to April. Although wet during a much longer period of the year, it has no
pronounced rainfall period. Northern Cebu is characterized by rainfall that is more
or less evenly distributed throughout the year.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: CLIMATE

Location of Gathered Climate Data:

The succeeding charts describe the typical weather
at the Mactan-Cebu International Airport
(Lapulapu City, Philippines) weather station over the
course of an average year.

It is based on the historical records from 1995 to

2012. Earlier records are either unavailable or
unreliable.

Lapulapu City has a tropical monsoon climate with

short dry season. The area within 40 km of this
station is covered by oceans and
seas (52%),croplands (37%), and grasslands (10%).
Source Credit (For the succeeding Charts
and Data):
https://weatherspark.com/averages/33316/
Lapu-Lapu-City-Bicol-Philippines

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: TEMPERATURE
Temperature – the hotness or coldness of the body or object. When we measure an
object's temperature, we measure the average kinetic energy of the particles in the
object. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules of the substance move,
on the average.
Temperature of Cebu
Cebu City is fairly warmer than most places in the Philippines. May is the warmest
month with an average temperature of 32.9˚C. January and February were
observed to be the coldest months with an average temperature of 23.8˚C each.
The warm season lasts from April 10 to June 16 with an average daily high
temperature above 32°C. The hottest day of the year is May 28, with an average high
of 33°C and low of 26°C. The cold season lasts from December 15 to February
15 with an average daily high temperature below30°C. The coldest day of the year
is February 5, with an average low of 24°C and high of 30°C.
• Average Minimum Temperature: 24.08˚C
• Average Normal Temperature: 27.39˚C
• Average Maximum Temperature: 30.99˚C

• Human Comfortability Limit: 22˚ to 26˚C

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: TEMPERATURE
Temperature of Cebu
Over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from 24°C to 33°C and is
rarely below 23°C or above 35°C.

The daily average low (blue) and high (red) temperature with percentile bands
(inner band from 25th to 75th percentile, outer band from 10th to 90th
percentile).

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: TEMPERATURE

Fraction of Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands

The average fraction of time spent in various temperature bands: frigid (below -9°C),
freezing (-9°C to 0°C), cold (0°C to 10°C), cool (10°C to 18°C), comfortable
(18°C to 24°C), warm (24°Cto 29°C), hot (29°C to 38°C) and sweltering (above 38°C).

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GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: LENGTH OF DAY (EQUINOXES & SOLSTICES)
The length of the day does not vary substantially over the course of the year,
staying within 51 minutes of 12 hours throughout. The shortest day is December
21 with 11:24 hours of daylight; the longest day is June 20 with 12:51 hours of
daylight.
Daily Hours of Daylight and Twilight

The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line), with various
degrees of daylight, twilight, and night, indicated by the color bands.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: SOLAR DAY - SUNRISE AND SUNSET
The earliest sunrise is at 5:19am on May 29 and the latest sunset is
at 6:15pm on July 14. The latest sunrise is at 6:12am on January 25 and
the earliest sunset is at 5:16pm on November 17.
Daylight savings time (DST) is not observed in 2012.

The solar day over the course of the year 2012 .

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: AVERAGE CLOUD COVER
The median cloud cover ranges from 62% (partly cloudy) to 91% (mostly cloudy). The
sky is cloudiest on July 26 and clearest on April 8. The clearer part of the year begins
around February 28. The cloudier part of the year begins around May 21.

The median daily cloud cover (black line) with percentile bands (inner band
from 40th to 60th percentile, outer band from 25th to 75th percentile).

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: CLOUD COVER
On April 8, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly
cloudy 57% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 40% of the time.
On July 26, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast, mostly cloudy, or partly
cloudy 91% of the time, and clear or mostly clear 3% of the time.
Fraction of time spent on the Five Cloud Cover Types

The fraction of time spent in each of the five sky cover categories. From top (most blue) to bottom (most gray), the
categories are clear, mostly clear, partly cloudy, mostly cloudy, and overcast. Pink indicates missing data. Outside of the
United States clear skies are often reported ambiguously, leading them to be lumped in with the missing data.
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
Relative humidity is the actual amount of moisture in the air compared to what the
air can "hold" at that temperature. When the air can't "hold" all the moisture, then
it condenses as dew. The amount of water vapor in the air at any given time is
usually less than that required to saturate the air. The relative humidity is the
percent of saturation humidity, generally calculated in relation to saturated vapor
density. The most common units for vapor density are gm/m3. For example, if the
actual vapor density is 10 g/m3 at 20°C compared to the saturation vapor density at
that temperature of 17.3 g/m3 , then the relative humidity is 57.8 %. (Wikipedia)
Relative Humidity (RH) for Cebu
The RH for Cebu tends not to vary much all the year round. The highest RH was
observed in October to December with a value of 81%, while the lowest value of
75% was observed in April. With this condition, April is about 7% drier than during
the months of October to December.
It can be deduced that such conditions occurred at the same time when tropical
cyclones were more frequent than the rest of the year.

Human Comfortability Limit: 40% to 60%

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The relative humidity typically ranges from 65% (mildly humid) to 96% (very humid) over
the course of the year, rarely dropping below 58% (mildly humid) and reaching as high
as 100% (very humid).
The air is driest around April 14, at which time the relative humidity drops
below 70% (mildly humid) three days out of four; it is most humid around January 15,
exceeding 94% (very humid) three days out of four.

The average daily high (blue) and low (brown) relative humidity with percentile bands (inner
bands from 25th to 75th percentile, outer bands from 10th to 90th percentile).
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: DEW POINT
Dew point is often a better measure of how comfortable a person will find the weather
than relative humidity because it more directly relates to whether perspiration will
evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher
dew points feel more humid. Over the course of a year, the dew point typically varies
from 22°C (very muggy) to 27°C (very oppressive) and is rarely below 21°C (muggy) or
above 28°C (very oppressive).
Dew Point Refer to www.dpcal.org for the dew point calculator.

The daily average low (blue) and high (red) dew point with percentile bands (inner
band from 25th to 75th percentile, outer band from 10th to 90th percentile).
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is any form of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the
atmosphere and reach the surface of the Earth. For the tropical zone, precipitation
includes drizzle, rain, hail, and on rare occasions, hale. Different seasons and
geographic locations see varying amounts of precipitation in amount and
intensity. Precipitation is caused when a mass of warm, moist air hits a mass of cold
air. Condensation causes the moisture to form droplets that become rain or crystals
that become snow or ice. When these droplets or crystals become too heavy to be
suspended in the atmosphere, they fall to Earth as precipitation.
Precipitation of Cebu
The average rainfall for the Cebu province is about 1,750 mm. July has the greatest
amount of rainfall with 191.7 mm, followed by rainfall in June and October. February
to April are relatively dry months while the remaining months of the year are wet.
The amount of rainfall that fall over Cebu City ranges from 5.6 mm to 85.3 mm for an
hour period.

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 Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PRECIPITATION
The probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the
year. Precipitation is most likely around August 15, occurring in 57% of days. Precipitation
is least likely around April 20, occurring in 25% of days.
Probability of Precipitation at Some Point in the Day

The fraction of days in which various types of precipitation are observed. If more than one type of
precipitation is reported in a given day, the more severe precipitation is counted. For example, if light rain
is observed in the same day as a thunderstorm, that day counts towards the thunderstorm totals. The
order of severity is from the top down in this graph, with the most severe at the bottom.
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PRECIPITATION
Over the entire year, the most common
forms of precipitation are moderate rain,
thunderstorms, and light rain.
Moderate rain is the most severe
precipitation observed during 37% of those
days with precipitation. It is most likely
around December 27, when it is observed
during 27% of all days.
Thunderstorms are the most severe
precipitation observed during 31% of those
days with precipitation. They are most likely Relative frequency of various types of
around September 16, when it is observed precipitation over the course of a typical year.
during 27% of all days. What is a Thunderstorm?
Light rain is the most severe precipitation A thunderstorm is a storm with
observed during 31% of those days with lightning and thunder. It is produced by
precipitation. It is most likely around January a cumulonimbus cloud, usually
7, when it is observed during 22% of all producing gusty winds, heavy rain and
days. sometimes hail.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PRECIPITATION

Relative frequency of various types of precipitation Relative frequency of various types of precipitation during
during the warm seasons the cold seasons

Warm Season Precipitation Cold Season Precipitation

During the warm season, which lasts During the cold season, which lasts
from April 10 to June 16, there is from December 15 to February 15, there is
a 34% average chance that a 48% average chance that precipitation will
precipitation will be observed at some be observed at some point during a given
point during a given day. When day. When precipitation does occur it is
precipitation does occur it is most most often in the form of moderate rain
often in the form of thunderstorms (50% of days with precipitation have at
(41% of days with precipitation have at worst moderate rain), light rain (42%), and
worst thunderstorms), moderate rain thunderstorms (8%).
(31%), and light rain (26%).
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PREVAILING WIND FLOWS
Prevailing winds are winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction
over a particular point on the Earth's surface. The dominant winds are the trends in
direction of wind with the highest speed over a particular point on the Earth's
surface. A region's prevailing and dominant winds are often affected by global
patterns of movement in the Earth's atmosphere.[1]
Prevailing Wind Flows of Cebu
Northeast wind prevails over Cebu
during the month of November through
May. By June, the Southwest monsoon
sets in and continues its flow until the
early part of October. The average wind
velocity is 12 kph which is categorized as
a gentle breeze under the Beaufort Scale
of Wind Speeds. The strongest wind
recorded is 208 kph.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU

V= 175 KPH

V= 200 KPH

AMIHAN: HABAGAT:
November to June to
May October

WIND ZONE MAP: V= 150 KPH

PRESSURE AND VELOCITY

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PREVAILING WIND FLOWS
The wind is most often out of the north east (17% of the time), north (15% of the
time), south west(11% of the time), and east (10% of the time). The wind is least
often out of the south east (3% of the time), south (4% of the time), and west (5% of
the time).

Wind Directions Over the Entire Year

The fraction of time spent with the wind blowing from the various directions over
the entire year. Values do not sum to 100% because the wind direction is undefined
when the wind speed is zero.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: PREVAILING WIND FLOWS

Fraction of Time Spent with Various Wind Directions

The fraction of time spent with the wind blowing from the various directions on a
daily basis. Stacked values do not always sum to 100% because the wind direction
is undefined when the wind speed is zero.

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: WIND SPEED
Over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 m/s to 6 m/s (calm to
moderate breeze), rarely exceeding 9 m/s (fresh breeze).
The highest average wind speed of 3 m/s (light breeze) occurs around February 7, at
which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 6 m/s (moderate breeze).
The lowest average wind speed of 2 m/s (light breeze) occurs around October 8, at
which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 5 m/s (gentle breeze).
Wind Speed

The average daily minimum (red), maximum (green), and average (black) wind speed with percentile
bands (inner band from 25th to 75th percentile, outer band from 10th to 90th percentile).
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: WIND FLOW

Wind Rose
Wind roses are information packed plots providing frequencies of wind direction and
wind speed. A wind rose can quickly indicate the dominant wind directions and the
direction of strongest wind speeds. In general, data from the airports is of good quality
and representative of the local surrounding area.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: WIND FLOW

MARCH APRIL MAY

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: WIND FLOW

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: WIND FLOW

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: WIND FLOW

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 GEOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF CEBU: FREQUENCY OF TYPHOON

Frequency of Typhoons of Cebu City

Fewer typhoons or tropical depressions affect
Cebu City compared to Manila. The frequency of
typhoons hitting the city is 7%. This means that if
there are 24 typhoons that enter the Philippine
Area of Responsibility (PAR) in a year, about 2 will
hit Cebu.

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 END

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