Basic Calculus: Course Outcome 1

MATHEMATICS and ABM CLUSTER
SCHOOL YEAR 2021 - 2022
Basic Calculus
MATH05
Course Outcome 1
Quarter 03
Prepared by:
Hurtado, Prince Jude M.
MATH05 | Specialized | CO1

E-mail address: [email protected]
Telephone number: (02) 8247 - 5000
MATH05 | Basic Calculus
NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: _______________________ SCHEDULE: _______________________
Lesson
1 Limits
COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN
Objective: Illustrate, compute, and evaluate limits.
Subject Matters:
Lesson 1. Limits
Lesson 1.1. Definition and Theorems
Lesson 1.2. One-Sided Limits/Two-Sided Limits
Lesson 1.3. Limits at Infinity (Infinite Limits)
Lesson 1.4. Limits of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Lesson 1.5. Squeeze Theorem
Learning Competencies: The learner…

I. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values of the function.
II. Distinguish between lim f ( x ) and f ( c ) .
x →c
III. Illustrate the limit laws.
IV. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial,
rational, and radical).
V. Compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using
table of values and graphs of the functions.
sin t 1−cos t et −1
VI. Evaluate limits involving the expressions , and using table of
t t t
values.
Evaluation:
Performance Task: PBA1 (Hand Written Exam) [Questionaire to be posted on Cardinal
Edge on the 3rd week of the semester]
Written Work: WW1 (to be deployed on Connect, week 3)
2
What do I know? (Pre-test)

(Reference: Anton’s Calculus, Early Transcendentals Global Edition)
1. We write lim f ( x )=L provided the values of __________ can be made as close to _________ as
x→ a
desired, by taking the values of _________ sufficiently close to ___________ but not ________.
2. We write lim ¿ provided ___________ increases without bound, as ___________ approaches

−¿
x→ a f ( x ) =+∞ ¿
____________ from the left.
3. State what must be true about

lim ¿
−¿
x→ a f ( x ) ∧ lim
+¿
¿¿
x →a f (x )¿
in order for it to be the case that

lim f ( x )=L
x→ a
Answer: ______________________________________________________________
4. Use the accompanying graph of y=f ( x ) (−∞< x <3) to determine the limits.
a. lim f ( x )=¿___________
x →0
b. x→ 2lim
−¿
f ( x ) =¿¿
¿___________
c. x→ 2lim
+¿
f ( x ) =¿¿
¿ ___________
d. x→ 3lim
−¿
f ( x ) =¿¿
¿___________
Figure 1. Graph of y=f ( x ) (−∞< x <3)
5. The slope of the secant line through P(2 , 4) and Q ( x , x 2 ) on the parabola y=x 2 is msec =x +2. It
follows that the slope of the tangent line to this parabola at the point P is ___________.
What is it?
The concept of a “limit” is the fundamental building block on which all calculus concepts
are based. In this section we will study limits informally, with the goal of developing an intuitive
feel for the basic ideas.
3
Many of the ideas of calculus originated with the following two geometric problems:
THE TANGENT LINE PROBLEM
Given a function f and a point P(x o , y o) on its graph, find an equation of the line that is
tangent to the graph at P . (Figure 2)
Figure 2. The Tangent Line Problem
THE AREA PROBLEM

Given a function f , find the area between the graph of f and an interval [a , b] on the x-axis.
(Figure 3)
Figure 3. The Area Problem
Traditionally, that portion of calculus arising from the tangent line problem is called differential
calculus and that arising from the area problem is called integral calculus. However, we will see
4
later that the tangent line and area problems are so closely related that the distinction between
differential and integral calculus is somewhat artificial.
1.1. Definition and Theorems
Definition 1.1.1. Intuitive Definition of a Limit of a Function

Suppose that f (x) is defined when x is near the number a . (This means that f is defined
on some open interval that contains a , except possibly at a itself.)
Then we write lim f ( x )=L

x→ a
and say “the limit of f ( x), as x approaches a equals L”, if we can make the values of f ( x)
arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by restricting x to be sufficiently close to a (on
either side of a ) but not equal to a .
Definition 1.1.2. Definition of a Limit of a Function
lim f ( x )=L means that when x is close to but not equal to a , then f ( x) is close to L.
x→ a
EXAMPLES:
(Reference: Teaching Guide for Senior High School, Basic Calculus, Commission on Higher Education, 2016)
(1). Investigate
2
lim ( x +1)
x→−1
by constructing tables of values. Here, c=−1 and f ( x )=x 2 +1.
We start by approaching −1 from the left.
x f(x)
-1.5 3.25
-1.2 2.44
-1.01 2.0201
-1.0001 2.00020001
5
Now approach −1 from the right.
x f(x)
-0.5 1.25
-0.8 1.64
-0.99 1.9801
-0.9999 1.99980001
The tables show that as x approaches −1, f ( x ) approaches 2. In symbols,
lim ( x 2 +1)=2
x→−1
(2). Investigate
2
x −5 x+ 4
lim
x →1 x−1
x 2−5 x+ 4
By constructing table of values. Here, c=1 and f ( x )= .
x−1
Take note that 1 is not in the domain of f , but this is not a problem. In evaluating a limit,
remember that we only need to go very close to 1; we will not go to 1 itself.
We now approach 1 from the left.
x f(x)
1.5 -2.5
1.17 -2.83
1.003 -2.997
1.0001 -2.9999
Approach 1 from the right.
x f(x)
0.5 -3.5
0.88 -3.12
0.996 -3.004
0.9999 -3.0001
6
The tables show that as x approaches 1, f ( x ) approaches −3. In symbols,

2
x −5 x+ 4
lim =−3
x →1 x−1
(3). Consider the function f ( x) whose graph is given below.
Figure 4. f (x) graph to distinguish the difference of lim f ( x )∧f (c )

x →c
Based on the graph, fill in the table with the appropriate values.
c lim f ( x ) f (c )
x →c
-2 2 2
-1/2 1 3.5
0 3 Undefined
1 0 Undefined
3 4 4
4 5 5
Theorems on Limits
To evaluate limits using simpler methods, the following theorems are presented based
on the definition.
7
Theorem 1: Limit of a Constant

If c is a constant, then for any number a
lim C=C
x→ a
Theorem 2: Limit of the Identity Function

lim x =a
x→ a
Theorem 3: Limit of a Linear Function

If m and b are constants
lim (m x+b)=m a+b
x→ a
Theorem 4: Limit of the Sum and Difference
If lim f ( x )=L and lim g ( x )=M , then

x→ a x→ a
lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ]=lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x )= L± M

x→ a x →a x →a
Theorem 5: Limit of the Product

x→ a x→ a
lim [ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ]=lim [ f ( x ) ] ∙ lim [ g ( x ) ] =L ∙ M

x→ a x →a x→ a
Theorem 6: Limit of the nth Power of a Function
If lim f ( x )=L and n is any positive integer, then

x→ a
[ lim f ( x ) ] =L
n n
x→ a
Theorem 7: Limit of a Quotient

x→ a x→ a
8
lim f ( x )
f (x) x→ a L
lim = = , M≠0
x→ a g(x ) lim g ( x ) M
x →a
Theorem 8: Limit of the nth Root of a Function
If n is a positive integer and lim f ( x )=L, then

x→ a
√
lim √ f ( x ) = n lim f ( x )= √ L
n n
x→ a x→a
Note: If n is even, L>0.
EXAMPLES:
(1) lim
x →c
2=2 [limit of a constant is itself]
(2)lim
x →9
x =9 [limit of x approaches c is equa to c]
(3) If lim
x →c
f (x )=4
lim 8∙ f ( x )=8∙ lim f ( x )=8 ∙ 4=32 [constant multiple theorem]

x →c x →c
(4) If lim
x →c
f ( x )=4 and lim g (x)=−5, then
x →c
lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ]=lim f ( x )+lim g( x)=4+ (−5 )=−1 [addition theorem]

x →c x →c x→ c
(5) If lim
x →c
f (x )=4 and lim g (x)=−5, then
x →c
lim [ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ]=lim f (x)∙ lim g(x)=4 ∙ (−5 ) =−20 [multiplication theorem]

x →c x→c x →c
(6) If lim
x →c
f (x )=4 and lim g (x)=−5, then
x →c
lim f (x)
f ( x) x → c 4 −4
lim = = = [division theorem]
x →c g ( x ) lim g( x) −5 5
x→ c
(7) If lim
x →c
f ( x )=4, then
9
( )
3 3
lim ( f ( x ) ) = lim f ( x ) =4 3=64 [power theorem]
x →c x →c
(8) If lim
x →c
f ( x )=4, then
x →c
√
lim √ f ( x ) = lim f ( x )= √ 4=2
x→c
[radical/root theorem]
10
1.2. One-Sided Limits/Two-Sided Limits
Definition 1.2.1. One-Sided Limits

In a graph of a given function, when a function has a break point, then the limit does not exist
at the break point. For such functions, it is proper to introduce one-sided limits.
a. Right hand limit (one-sided limit from the right) is written as:
lim
+¿
¿
x→ a f ( x ) ¿
b. Left hand limit (one-sided limit from the left) is written as:
lim ¿
−¿
x→ a f ( x ) ¿
c. Two-Sided limit (undirected limit) is written as:

lim f ( x )
x→ a
Definition 1.2.2. Two-Sided Limit of a Function

A two-sided limit exists if and only if
lim ¿
+¿
x→ a f ( x ) = lim
−¿
¿¿
x→a f (x )= L¿
1.3. Limits at Infinity (Infinite Limits)
The limit of a function as its vatiable increases without bound illustrates the limit at
infinity.
The notation,
lim f ( x )
x→ ∞
is read as “the limit of f (x) as x approaches infinity” and denotes the behavior of f ( x ) as
x increases without bound.
If f (x) approaches a finite number L, then we write

lim f ( x )=L
x→ ∞
11
If f ( x ) increases or decreases without bound, then we write

lim f ( x )=∞∨lim f ( x )=−∞
x→ ∞ x→ ∞
Theorems on Infinite Limits

Let f be a function defined on both sides of a , except possibly at a itself. Then
lim f ( x )=+∞ means that he values of f ( x) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we please)
x→ a
by taking x sufficiently close to a , but not equal to a .

Let f be a function defined on both sides of a , except possibly at a itself. Then
lim f ( x )=−∞ means that he values of f ( x) can be made arbitrarily large negative by taking x
x→ a
sufficiently close to a , but not equal to a .
Theorem 1
If r is any positive integer, then
lim ¿
a. x→ 0
+¿ 1
=+∞ ¿
xr
lim ¿
b. 1
−¿
x {
x→ 0 r = −∞ if r is odd ¿
+∞ if r is even
Theorem 2
If a is any real number and if lim f ( x )=0 and lim g ( x )=c, where c is a constant ≠ 0, then
x→ a x→ a
a. If c >0 and if f ( x ) →0 through ¿ values of f ( x ),

g( x)
lim =+ ∞
x→ a f (x)
b. If c >0 and if f ( x ) →0 through ¿ values of f ( x ),

g(x)
lim =−∞
x→ a f (x)
12
c. If c <0 and if f ( x ) →0 through ¿ values of f ( x ),

g(x)
lim =−∞
x→ a f (x)
d. If c <0 and if f ( x ) →0 through ¿ values of f ( x ),

g( x)
lim =+ ∞
x→ a f (x)
NOTE:
The above illustration is also valid if x→a is replaced by x→ {a} ^ {+} or x→ {a} ^ {-} .
Theorem 3
a. If lim f ( x )=+∞ , and lim g ( x )=C , then

x→ a x→ a
lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ] =+ ∞ note : ( +∞ ) +c=+ ∞

x→ a (−∞ ) +c=−∞
b. If lim f ( x )=−∞ , and lim g ( x )=C , then

x→ a x→ a
lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ]=−∞
x→ a
where C is any constant
Theorem 4
From Theorem 3a, If C is any constant except 0 , then
a. lim
x→ a
f ( x )∙ g(x)=+∞ , if C> 0 and
b. lim f ( x )∙ g(x)=−∞ , if C<0. note : ( +∞ ) (+ c )=+∞

x→ a (−∞ ) (+ c )=−∞
13
Theorem 5
From Theorem 3b, if C is any constant except 0 , then
a. lim
x→ a
f (x )∙ g(x)=−∞ , if C>0 and
b. lim f ( x )∙ g(x)=+∞ , if C< 0. note : (−∞ ) (+ c )=−∞

x→ a (−∞ ) (−c )=+∞
Theorem 6
If r is any positive integer, then
1
a. lim r
=0
x→+∞ x
1
b. lim r
=0
x→−∞ x
1.4. Limits of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Limit of an Exponential Function

If b> 1, then
x x
lim b =∞∧ lim b =0
x→+∞ x→−∞
If 0<b<1, then
x x
lim b =0∧ lim b =∞
x→+∞ x →−∞
Properties of the Natural Exponential Function
14
Since e x >0 for all x ,

x x
lim e =0∧ lim e =∞
x→−∞ x →+∞
Limit of a Logarithmic Function

If b> 1, then
lim log b x=∞∧ +¿
lim ¿
x→ ∞ x → 0 log b x=−∞ ¿
If the base is e , then

lim ln x=∞∧ lim ¿
+¿
x→ ∞ x → 0 ln x=−∞ ¿
And for any positive power p,

ln x
lim p
=0
x→ ∞ x
EXAMPLES:
x
(1) Evaluate the lim
x→ 0
e.
Solution: We will construct the table of values for f ( x )=e x. We start by approaching the
number 0 from the left or through the values less than but close to 0.
x f(x)
-1 0.36787944117
-0.5 0.60653065971
-0.1 0.90483741803
-0.01 0.99004983374
-0.001 0.99900049983
-0.0001 0.999900049983
15
-0.00001 0.99999000005
Intuitively, form the table above, x→ lim

−¿ x
0 e =1 ¿
¿.
Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values greater than but close to 0.
x f(x)
1 2.71828182846
0.5 1.6487212707
0.1 1.10517091808
0.01 1.01005016708
0.001 1.00100050017
0.0001 1.000100005
0.00001 1.00001000005
From the table, as the values of x get closer and closer to 0, the values of f ( x) get closer and
closer to 1. So, lim ¿.
+¿ x
x→ 0 e =1¿
Combining the two one-sided limits allows us to conclude that

x
lim e =1
x →0
We can use the graph of f ( x )=e x to determine its limit as x approaches 0. The figure below is
the graph of f ( x )=e x.
16
Figure 5. Graph of y=e x
Looking at the figure, as the values of x approaches 0, either from the right or the left, the
values of f ( x) will get closer and closer to 1.
(2) Evaluate lim

x →1
ln x.
Solution: We will construct the table of values for f ( x )=ln x . We first approach the number 1
from the left or through values less than but close to 1.
x f(x)
0.1 -2.30258509299
0.5 -0.69314718056
0.9 -0.10536051565
0.99 -0.01005033585
0.999 -0.00100050033
0.9999 -0.000100005
0.99999 -0.00001000005
Intuitively, x→ 1lim
−¿
ln x=0 ¿
¿.
x f(x)
2 0.69314718056
1.5 0.4054651081
1.1 0.0953101798
1.01 0.00995033085
1.001 0.00099950033
17
1.0001 0.000099995
1.00001 0.00000999995
lim ln x=0 . As the values of x get closer and closer to 1, the values of f ( x) get
Intuitively, x→ +
1
closer and closer to 0.
In symbols,
lim ln x=0
x →1
1.5. Squeeze Theorem
If h ( x ) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) for all x in an open interval containing c , except possibly at c itself, and if

lim h( x)=L=lim g ( x) then lim f (x ) exists and is equal to L.
x →c x →c x →c
Three Special Functions

x
sin x 1−cos x e −1
lim =1∧lim =0∧lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
EXAMPLES:
(1) Evaluate lim

x →0
sin x .
Solution: We will construct the table of values for f ( x )=sin x . We first approach 0 from the left
or through the values less than but close to 0.
x f(x)
-1 -0.8414709848
-0.5 -0.4794255386
-0.1 -0.09983341664
-0.01 -0.00999983333
-0.001 -0.00099999983
-0.0001 -0.00009999999
-0.00001 -0.000009999999
18
x f(x)
1 0.8414709848
0.5 0.4794255386
0.1 0.09983341664
0.01 0.00999983333
0.001 0.00099999983
0.0001 0.00009999999
0.00001 0.00000999999
As the vlues of x get closer and closer to 1, the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to 0.
In symbols,
lim sin x =0
x →0
19
What’s more?
A. Assume the following:

3
lim f ( x )= , lim g( x )=12 ,∧lim h( x )=−3
x →c 4 x→ c x→c
Compute the following limits:
a. lim (−4 ∙ f ( x ) )
x →c
b. lim √12 ∙ f ( x )
x →c
c. lim ( g ( x )−h ( x ) )
x →c
d. lim (f ( x ) ∙ g ( x))
x →c
g ( x )+ h( x)
e. lim
x →c f (x )
g(x)
f. lim
x →c ( h ( x ) )2
B. Evaluate the following limits.
1. lim ( 1+ √ w ) ( 2−w +3 w )
3 2 3
w →1
t 2 −1
2. lim
t →−2 t 2 +3 t−1
( )
2 3
2z+z
3. lim 2
z→2 z +4
20
What I have learned

In atleast five sentences, write down the challenges you have experienced in learning about the
basic concepts of limits, and what did you do to overcome these challenges?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What I can do
1. Find the limits.

lim (−2 x)=¿_____________
a. x→+∞
x
b. lim =¿ ¿____________
x→−∞ ¿ x∨¿
lim (3−x )=¿_____________
c. x→−∞
d. lim 5−
x→+∞
( 1x )=¿_____________
21
2. Find the limits that exist.
2 x 2+ x
a. lim =¿____________
x→−∞ 4 x 2−3
1
b. lim =¿ ¿_____________
x→+∞ 2+sin x
Assessment (Post-test)
1. We write lim f ( x )=L provided the values of __________ can be made as close to _________ as
x→ a
desired, by taking the values of _________ sufficiently close to ___________ but not ________.
2. We write lim
−¿
¿ provided ___________ increases without bound, as ___________ approaches
x→ a f ( x ) =+∞ ¿
____________ from the left.
3. State what must be true about

lim ¿
−¿
x→ a f ( x ) ∧ lim
+¿
¿¿
x →a f (x )¿
in order for it to be the case that

lim f ( x )=L
x→ a
Answer: ______________________________________________________________
4. Use the accompanying graph of y=f ( x ) (−∞< x <3) to determine the limits.
a. lim f ( x )=¿___________
x →0
b. x→ 2lim
−¿
f ( x ) =¿¿
¿___________
c. x→ 2lim
+¿
f ( x ) =¿¿
¿ ___________
d. x→ 3lim
−¿
f ( x ) =¿¿
¿___________
Figure 1. Graph of y=f ( x ) (−∞< x <3)
5. The slope of the secant line through P(2 , 4) and Q ( x , x 2 ) on the parabola y=x 2 is msec =x +2. It
follows that the slope of the tangent line to this parabola at the point P is ___________.
22
Answer Key
23
References
Anton’s Calculus ET, 11th edition [2016]. John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Balmaceda, J. M. P., Ph.D. et .al (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Basic
Calculus. Published by the Commission on Higher Education.
24

Basic Calculus: Course Outcome 1

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MATHEMATICS and ABM CLUSTER

SCHOOL YEAR 2021 - 2022

MATH05 | Specialized | CO1

NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________

COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

Objective: Illustrate, compute, and evaluate limits.

Learning Competencies: The learner…

Written Work: WW1 (to be deployed on Connect, week 3)

What do I know? (Pre-test)

2. We write lim ¿ provided ___________ increases without bound, as ___________ approaches

3. State what must be true about

in order for it to be the case that

Figure 1. Graph of y=f ( x ) (−∞< x <3)

THE TANGENT LINE PROBLEM

Figure 2. The Tangent Line Problem

THE AREA PROBLEM

Figure 3. The Area Problem

1.1. Definition and Theorems

Definition 1.1.1. Intuitive Definition of a Limit of a Function

Then we write lim f ( x )=L

Definition 1.1.2. Definition of a Limit of a Function

by constructing tables of values. Here, c=−1 and f ( x )=x 2 +1.

We start by approaching −1 from the left.

Now approach −1 from the right.

The tables show that as x approaches −1, f ( x ) approaches 2. In symbols,

We now approach 1 from the left.

Approach 1 from the right.

The tables show that as x approaches 1, f ( x ) approaches −3. In symbols,

(3). Consider the function f ( x) whose graph is given below.

Figure 4. f (x) graph to distinguish the difference of lim f ( x )∧f (c )

Theorem 1: Limit of a Constant

Theorem 2: Limit of the Identity Function

Theorem 3: Limit of a Linear Function

Theorem 4: Limit of the Sum and Difference

If lim f ( x )=L and lim g ( x )=M , then

lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ]=lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x )= L± M

Theorem 5: Limit of the Product

If lim f ( x )=L and lim g ( x )=M , then

lim [ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ]=lim [ f ( x ) ] ∙ lim [ g ( x ) ] =L ∙ M

Theorem 6: Limit of the nth Power of a Function

If lim f ( x )=L and n is any positive integer, then

Theorem 7: Limit of a Quotient

If lim f ( x )=L and lim g ( x )=M , then

Theorem 8: Limit of the nth Root of a Function

If n is a positive integer and lim f ( x )=L, then

Note: If n is even, L>0.

lim 8∙ f ( x )=8∙ lim f ( x )=8 ∙ 4=32 [constant multiple theorem]

lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ]=lim f ( x )+lim g( x)=4+ (−5 )=−1 [addition theorem]

lim [ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ]=lim f (x)∙ lim g(x)=4 ∙ (−5 ) =−20 [multiplication theorem]

1.2. One-Sided Limits/Two-Sided Limits

Definition 1.2.1. One-Sided Limits

c. Two-Sided limit (undirected limit) is written as:

Definition 1.2.2. Two-Sided Limit of a Function

1.3. Limits at Infinity (Infinite Limits)

If f (x) approaches a finite number L, then we write

If f ( x ) increases or decreases without bound, then we write

Theorems on Infinite Limits

by taking x sufficiently close to a , but not equal to a .

sufficiently close to a , but not equal to a .

NAME: ____________ TEACHER:

2. We write lim ¿ provided _ increases without bound, as _ approaches