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General
Chemistry 1 11
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Chemical Formulas, Structural Formulas, and Models of
Ionic Compounds
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Chemistry 1 11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 5
Chemical Formulas, Structural Formulas, and
Models of Ionic Compounds
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module 5 on Chemical Formulas,

Structural Formulas, and Models of Ionic Compounds

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module 5 on Chemical Formulas,

Structural Formulas, and Models of Ionic Compounds

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

The module is aboutchemical formulas, structural formulas, and models of

ionic compounds. After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. give the similarities and differences between the chemical formula and structural
formula of ionic compounds;
2. identify the two types of ionic compounds; and

3. represent ionic compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and

models.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. What formula givesthe types and numbers of atoms in an ionic compound and
also shows how the atoms are connected in the compound?
A. chemical formula B. structural formula
C. empirical formula D. molecular formula

2. Which of the following takes place when a monovalent cation is formed from an
atom?
A. One electron is gained. B. Two electrons are gained.
C. One electron is lost. D. Two electrons are shared.

3. Which of the following anions is polyatomic?

A. Iodide B. Sulfide C. Nitrite D. Bromide

4. Which of the following is the correct formula of copper (II) nitrate?

A. CuNO3 B. Cu2(NO3)2 C. Cu2NO3 D. Cu(NO3)2

5. Which of the following is a binary ionic compound?

A. Sodiumoxide B. Sodium hydroxide
C. Sodium nitrate D. Sodium carbonate
 RECAP

In our last lesson, you have learned that the science of chemistry is based
on the concept of atoms and molecules. Can you still recall some of the concepts
related to these? Try completing the concept maps and the statement below. Write
your answers in your notebook.

1. Atoms combine to form __________.

2. __________ are formed and when atoms lose or gain electrons.

3. Atom becomes a/an __________ during the gaining/receiving of electrons.

4. __________ electrons are those electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom
that can be gained or lost during a chemical reaction.
5. Elements in the periodic table are either __________, nonmetals, and __________
and are shown in a specific region in the periodic table.
It is nice to know that you can still remember the lesson about sub-atomic
particles.

LESSON

We have been hearing a lot about SOAP and BLEACH since the CoViD-19
pandemic started. Soap and water have been our first line of defense to remove the
virus from surfaces. Soap interferes with the fats in the virus shell and lift the virus
from surfaces and this is then rinsed off by water.Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also
known as lye, is an essential ingredient in soap-making. Likewise, bleach, with an
active ingredient of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), is also very effective at killing
the CoViD-19 virus. But did you know that these are just two of the many
compounds (ionic compounds) we use every day?
To communicate the ratio of the composition of these vast number of
chemical compounds and for ease of studying them, chemists use a special kind of
shorthand called a CHEMICAL FORMULA. A chemical formula provides two
important pieces of information:

1.the elements that make up the compound (element symbols); and

2.the number of atoms of each element that are present in a compound
(numerical subscripts).
When an element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons(a metal)
reacts with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal),
a transfer of electrons usually occurs, producing ions and the so-called IONIC
COMPOUND. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the
electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the ions of opposite charge present
in the compound.
Now, is there a faster and easier wayof writing chemical formulas for the
ionic compounds? YES, every element has a certain capacity to combine or react
with other atoms.
In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus of each atom (and thus the
identity of the element) remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added,
transferred or shared with other atoms. The transfer or sharing of electrons
among atoms is governed by the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of
some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons, and form electrically charged
particles called ions (formula units).
Figure 1: A sodium atom (Na) has equal numbers of protons and electrons (11) and
is uncharged. (b) A sodium cation (Na +) has lost an electron, so it has one more
proton (11) than electrons (10), giving it an overall positive charge, signified by a
superscripted plus sign.

Source: Western Oregon University Online Chemistry Textbooks

You can use the periodic tablebelow to predict whether an atom will form
an anion or a cation, and you can often predict the charge of the resulting ion.

Source: http://sciencenotes.org/printable-periodic-table/
Common Cations
Atoms of many main-group metals lose enough electrons to leave them
with the same number of electrons as an atom of the preceding noble gas. To
illustrate, an atom of an Alkali metal (group 1, IA) loses one electron and forms a
cation with a 1+ charge; an Alkaline Earth metal (group 2, IIA) loses two
electrons and forms a cation with a 2+ charge, and so on.For example, a neutral
calcium atom, with 20 protons and 20 electrons, readily loses two electrons. This
results in a cation with 20 protons, 18 electrons, and a 2+ charge. It has the same
number of electrons as atoms of the preceding noble gas, argon, and is symbolized
Ca2+.

Common Anions
Elements on the other side of the periodic table, the nonmetals, tend to
gain electrons in order to reach the stable electron configurations of the noble
gases that come after them in the periodic table.Group VIIA elements gain one
electron when ionized, obtaining a 1–charge. Atoms of Halogens (group 17, VIIA)
gain one electron and form anions with a 1− charge; atoms of Chalcogens (group
16, VIA) gain two electrons and form ions with a 2− charge, and so on.
Figure 2: Chlorine (Cl), when ionized, gains an electron to reach the electron
configuration of the noble gas that follows it in the periodic table, argon. This gives
it a single negative charge, and it is now a chloride ion (Cl –)

Source: Western Oregon University Online Chemistry Textbooks

The elements on the right side of the periodic table, nonmetals, gain the
electrons necessary to reach the stable electron configuration of the nearest noble
gas. Elements on the left side of the periodic table, metals, lose the electrons
necessary to reach the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Transition
elements/ metals and some other metals often exhibit variable charges that are
not predictable by their location in the table. For example, copper can form ions
with a 1+ or 2+ charge, and iron can form ions with a 2+ or 3+ charge.

Table 1. Common Charges of Selected Elements

Source of Tables 1 and 2: McGraw-Hill Ryerson – High School Chemistry 11 v.4

 ❖ SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: Composition and Formation of Ions
Magnesium and nitrogen react to form an ionic compound. Predict which forms
an anion, which forms a cation, and the charges of each ion. Write the symbol for
each ion and name them.

PLAN: Magnesium’s position in the periodic table (group 2) tells us that it is a

metal. Metals form positive ions (cations). On the other hand, nitrogen’s position in
the periodic table (group 15) reveals that it is a nonmetal. Nonmetals form negative
ions (anions).

SOLUTION: A magnesium atom must lose two e- to have the same number of e- as
an atom of the previous noble gas, neon. Thus, a magnesium atom will form a
cation with two fewer electrons than protons and a charge of 2+. The symbol for the
ion is Mg2+, and it is called a magnesium ion. Likewise, a nitrogen atom must gain
three e- to have the same number of e- as an atom of the following noble gas, neon.
Thus, a nitrogen atom will form an anion with three more electrons than protons
and a charge of 3−. The symbol for the ion is N 3−, and it is called a nitride ion.

The ions that we have discussed so far are called monatomic ions, that is,
they are ions formed from only one atom. We also find many polyatomic ions.
These ions, which act as discrete units, are electrically charged molecules (a
group of bonded atoms with an overall charge). Some of theimportant polyatomic
ions are listed in the table below.At this point in your study of chemistry, you
should memorize the names, formulas, and charges of the most common
polyatomic ions.

Table 2. Names and Charges of Some Common Polyatomic Ions

Let’s start using these ions, also known as valences, in writing chemical
formulas for the IONIC COMPOUNDS. In orderto write a chemical formula using
ions or valences, you need to know whichelements (or polyatomic ions) are in the
compound, and their valences.In every ionic compound, the total number of
positive charges of the cations equals the total number of negative charges of the
anions. Thus, ionic compounds are electrically neutral overall (the net charge
should be zero) even though they contain positive and negative ions. We will use
this to help us write the formula of an ionic compound.

In the compound potassium fluoride, KF, each potassium ion has acharge of
+1. Each fluoride ion has a charge of –1. Because there is one of each ion in the
formula, the sum of the valences is zero.These oppositely charged ions are usually
produced when a metal transfers its electron to a non-metal.

Ionic compounds are of two types: Binary and Ternary.

• BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS–composed of ions of two different elements-one of

which is a metal and the other a nonmetal.

❖ STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF BINARY COMPOUNDS.

What is the formula of a compound that consists of magnesium and chlorine?

You know that the valence of magnesium Mg is +2. The valence of chlorine Cl is −1.

1. Write the unbalanced formula. Remember that the metal is first and the non-
metal is second.
Mg Cl
2. Place the charges of each element on top of the appropriate symbol.
+2 −1
Mg Cl
3. Bring the numbers (without the signs) down o the subscript positions by
crossing over.

4. Check the subscripts. Any subscript of “1” can be removed.MgCl 2

❖ SAMPLE PROBLEM 2: Determining Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds

Give the chemical formula of the ionic compound formed from the following
pairs of elements:
1. magnesium and nitrogen 2. iodine and cadmium
3. strontium and fluorine 4. sulfur and cesium

PLAN: Compounds are neutral. We find the smallest number of each ion which
will produce a neutral formula. Use subscripts to the right of the element symbol.

SOLUTION:
1. Mg2+ and N3- The formula should be Mg3N2.

2. Cd2+ and I- The formula should be CdI2

3. Sr2+ and F- The formula should be SrF2

4. Cs+ and S2- The formula should be Cs2S

• TERNARY/TERTIARY IONIC COMPOUNDS– compounds composed of three or

more elements with one type of cation and one type of anion involved. The
cation, the anion, or both, is a polyatomic ion.
 ❖ STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF TERNARY IONIC
COMPOUNDS
Suppose that you want to write aformula for a compound that contains
potassium and the phosphate ion. (You have to pay close attention to the brackets
when you are writing formulas that contain polyatomic ions).

1. Write the unbalanced formula. Place brackets around any polyatomic ions that
are present.
K(PO4)
2. Write the charges of each ion above it. (Refer to Tables5.1 and 5.2.)
+1 −3
K (PO4)
3. Cross over, and write the subscripts. K3(PO4)1
4. Tidy up the formula. Remember that you omit the subscript ifthere is only one
particle in the ionic compound or molecule. Here the brackets are no longer
needed, so they can be removed. K3PO4

Another example, how would you write the formula for a compound that
contains ammonium and phosphate ions?

1. Write the unbalanced formula. Place brackets around anypolyatomic ions that
are present.
(NH4)(PO4)
2. Write the charges above each ion.
+1 −3
(NH4)(PO4)
3. Cross over, and write in the subscripts. (NH4)3(PO4)1
4. Tidy up the formula. Remove the brackets only when thepolyatomic ion has a
subscript of “1”. (NH4)3PO4

❖ SAMPLE PROBLEM 3: Determining Formulas of Ternary Ionic Compounds

Give the chemical formulas of the compounds they will form.

PLAN: Write the correct formulas of the ions and their corresponding charges.
Then, apply the rules.
1. NH4+ , SO42− 2. Na+ , HPO42− 3. Mg2+ , PO43− 4. Ca2+, CO32-

SOLUTION: Following the rules, the formula should be

1. (NH4)2 SO4

2. Na2HPO4

3. Mg3(PO4)2

4. CaCO3

A STRUCTURAL FORMULA, on the other hand, gives the same information

as its chemical formula (the types and numbers of atoms in the compound) but
also shows how the atoms are connected in the formula unit.
The formation ofsodium chloride The formation of another ionic
(salt),NaCl. compound, calcium bromide, CaBr2.
Source: Slider Base Source: McGraw-Hill Ryerson – High School
Chemistry 11 v.4

The arrows represent bonds that hold the atoms together. (A chemical bond)
is an attraction between atoms or ions that holds them together in a compound.)
We will discuss chemical bonds more in another Self Learning Module. For now,
simply know that the arrows are an indication of how the atoms are connected in
the compound.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 5.1: Give the symbol of the:

1. ion with 34 protons and 36 electrons.

2. ion with 17 protons and 18 electrons.
3. polyatomic ion made up of carbon and oxygen with a charge of 2- .
4. polyatomic ion with a+1 charge.
5. two ions of tin.

ACTIVITY 5.2: Write the correct chemical formulas of these ionic compounds.

1. Strontium and phosphate

2. Al3+ and sulfur2-
3. Cu2+ and O2-
4. Potassium and permanganate
5. Tin (II) and fluorine

ACTIVITY 5.3:
Something is wrong with the formula. Provide the correct chemical formula.

1. Iron (II) cation and sulfate anion Fe2(SO4)3

2. Cs+ and CO32- Cs2(CO3)
3. Barium cation and acetate anion BaC2H3O22
4. Na+ and S2- (Na)2S
5. Aluminum cation and nitrite anion Al1(NO2)3
 WRAP-UP
To summarize what you have learned, supply the answers that will complete
the sentences. Write them in your notebook.

1. __________ are the so-called electron-receivers.

2. The __________ is a useful tool inpredicting whether an atom will form a cation or
an anion.
3. A __________ is made up of 2 or more elements which acts as a single unit.
4. Ionic compounds are formed by two __________ ions.
5. __________ ionic compounds are made up of two or more elements.

VALUING
In this lesson, a give and take relationship was shown between ions.How can you
show the same to the members of your family especially during this Community
Quarantine? Give 3 ways in your notebook.

POSTTEST

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is a ternary ionic compound?

A. Al203 B. CaBr2
C. CaO D. NH4Cl

2. What representation shows a set of symbols showing the elements present in a

compound and their relative proportions?
A. chemical formula B. structural formula
C. molecular formula D. empirical formula

3. Which of the following is the correct ion pairs for the compound ZnS?
A. Zn2+ and S3- B. Zn2+ and S2- C. Zn+ and S2- D. Zn+ and S-

4. Which of the following elements will form an anion?

A. Potassium B. Rubidium C. Nitrogen D. Gold

5. Which is the correct formula of potassium chromate?

A. K2(CrO4) B. KCrO4 C. K2CrO4 D. (K)2CrO4
 KEY TO CORRECTION

Activity 5.2
Pre-Test (Assessment) 1. Sr3(PO4)2
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 2. Al2S3
3. CaO
4. KMnO4
5. SnF2
Recap (What I Know)
1. molecules Activity 5.3
2. Ions
1. FeSO4
3. cation, anion
4.Valence 2. Cs2CO3
5. metals, metalloids/semi-metals 3. Ba(C2H3O2)2
4. Na2S
5. Al(NO2)3

Activities (What's More) Wrap-Up

Activity 5.1 1. metals
1. Se2- 2. periodic table of elements
2. Cl- 3. polyatomic ion
3. CO32- 4. oppositely-charged
5. Ternary/tertiary
4. NH4+
5. Sn2+ and Sn4+
Post-Test (What I Have Learned)
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C

REFERENCES
• Abozenadah, H., Bishop, A., Bittner, S., Lopez, O., Wiley, C., and Flatt, P.M.
“CH105: Consumer Chemistry.” Chemistry, November 13, 2018.
https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch105-
consumer-chemistry/.
• OpenStax College, Chemistry. Open Stax College. Houston, Texas, March 11,
2015. https://cnx.org/content/col11760/latest/.
• Patalinghug, Wynona C., Camacho, Vic Marie I., Sevilla III, Fortunato B.,
Singson, Maria Cristina D., et. al. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General
Chemistry 1. Commission on Higher Education. Quezon City, 2016
• Roque, Adolfo P. Senior High School Teacher Training Gr.11: General Chemistry
1. Makati. PNU-CTD-FSTeM, May 2017.
• Truong, Jack. “McGraw-Hill Ryerson - High School Chemistry 11 v4.Pdf.”
Google Drive. Google. Accessed June 1, 2020.
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6S8xw_R2yByWVVxNV80Yk4xZ1U/view.