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Computer Assignment
BS2 SS2 :Assignment no1

4/25/2021
Department of English
Shahroz

Roll no :ENGL51F20S074

Submited to : Miss Sana Saleem

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COMPUTER NETWORK

What is Network? ………………………………………………………………….03

Network Toplogies………………………………………………..………………..04

1.1. What is Network……………………………….…………………...….……03

1.1.1 What was Ist Computer Network………………..……………………...….03

1.1,2 Difference between public and private networks ………...……..…….….03

1.1.3 Examples of network devices.........................................................................03

1.2 Types of Network Topolgy…………………………………….…….…...….03

1.2.1 Explaination of Network Toplogies………………………..………...….04-09

1.2.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……10
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1.1 What is NETWORK?

A network is defined as the connection of at least two computer systems, either by a cable or
a wireless connection. The simplest network is a combination of two computers connected by
a cable. This type of network is called a peer-to-peer network. There is no hierarchy in this
network; both participants have equal privileges. Each computer has access to the data of the
other device and can share resources such as disk space, applications or peripheral devices
(printers, etc.).
Today’s networks tend to be a bit more complex and don’t just consist of two computers.
Systems with more than ten participants usually use client-server networks. In these
networks, a central computer (server) provides resources to the other participants in the
network (clients).

TYPES:-
➢ LAN (Local Area Network)
➢ PAN (Personal Area Network)
➢ MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
➢ WAN (Wide Area Network)

1.1.1 What was the first computer network?

One of the first computer networks to use packet switching, ARPANET was developed in the
mid-1960s and is the direct predecessor of the modern Internet. The first ARPANET message
was sent on October 29, 1969.

1.1.2 What is the difference between public and private networks?

Public networks are a convenient way to connect to the Internet.

• Some public Wi-Fi networks require a password before a connection is made. If the
network displays a lock icon in your list of available Wi-Fi networks, it requires a
password.
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• Some networks do not require a password to connect, but require you to log in using
your web browser before you can access the Internet.
• Other public networks do not require a password at all. Any compatible device may
connect to these Wi-Fi networks without authentication.

Private networks have security measures in place to prevent unwanted or unauthorized

connections. Private networks are often used for home, business, or school Wi-Fi networks,
or mobile hotspots for security and to preserve bandwidth. Private networks are secure.
Unknown person cannot use this.

1.1.3 Examples of network devices

• Desktop computers, laptops, mainframes, and servers.

• Consoles and thin clients.
• Firewalls
• Bridges
• Repeaters
• Network Interface cards
• Switches, hubs, modems, and routers.
• Smart Phones and tablets.
• Webcams

1.2 Explanation of Network Topologies:-

The term network topology describes the relationship of connected devices in terms of a
geometric graph. Devices are represented as vertices, and their connections are represented as
edges on the graph. It describes how many connections each device has, in what order, and it
what sort of hierarchy

1.2.1 Types of Topology

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Table of figure 1

There are five types of topology in computer networks:-

• Mesh topology
• Star topology
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Hybrid topology

Mesh Topology:-
In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the network through a
dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means that the link only carries data
for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have n devices in the network then each
device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number of links in a mesh
topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.

Advantages of Mesh topology

1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which
means the link is only available for those two devices.
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2. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other
links and the communication between other devices on the network.

3. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point link thus unauthorized
access is not possible.

4. Fault detection is easy.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

1. Amount of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache.

2. Since each device needs to be connected with other devices, number of I/O ports
required must be huge.

3. Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected with large number of

devices with a dedicated point to point link.

4.

Table of figure 2
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Star Topology
In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device called hub.
Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct communication between devices, a
device must have to communicate through hub. If one device wants to send data to other
device, it has to first send the data to hub and then the hub transmit that data to the designated
device.

Advantages of Star Topology

1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be
connected with hub with one link.

2. Easier to install

3. Less amount of cables required because each device needs to be connected with the
hub only.

4. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.

5. . Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified.

Disadvantages of Star topology

1. If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without
hub.

2. . Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the central
system of star topology
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Table of figure 3

Bus Topology
In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this main cable
through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the main cable.
Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is a limit of drop lines and the
distance a main cable can have.

Advantages of bus topology

1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable.

2. Less cables required than Mesh and star topology

Disadvantages of bus topology

1. Difficultly in fault detection.
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2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable.

Table of figure 4

Ring Topology

In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it. There are
two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either side of it. This
structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to
another device then it sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology has a
repeater, if the received data is intended for other device then repeater forwards this data until
the intended device receives it.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Easy to install.

2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two links are required to
be changed.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due to failure.
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2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.

Table of figure 5

Hybrid topology

A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For example a

combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.

Advantages of Hybrid topology

1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is
our concern then we can use star topology instead of bus technology.

2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing
networks with different topologies.

Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

1. Fault detection is difficult.

2. Installation is difficult.

3. Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive

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Table of figure

Conclusion

• A network topology refers to the way in which nodes in a network are connected to
one another .
• It is the arrangement with which computer system or network devices are connected
to each other.
• Knowledge of a networking topologies is of core importance of computer networking
design.
• Network Toplpgy brings inherent advantages and disadvantages to any system under
study.
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