Assignment on

Macro Economic Indicator

Economic Variable
And Sectors Of Economy
Reference with Pakistan

Submitted to:
Respected Miss Maria

By:
Syed Miqdad
Reg #

PIMSAT Karachi
Macro economics
Macroeconomic indicators
Macroeconomic indicator is a statistic that indicates the current status of the economy of
a state depending on a particular area of the economy (industry, labor market, trade, etc.).
Macroeconomic indicators are published regularly at a certain time. After publication of
these indicators we can observe volatility of the market. The degree of volatility is
determined depending on the importance of an indicator. That is why it is important to
understand which indicator is important and what it represents.

Macro Economic Variables/Indicators

 Consumption
 Saving
 Investment
 National Income
 Export and Import
 Government Expenditures
 Taxes
 Transfer Payment
 Rate of Interest
 Demand for Labor
 Supply of Labor etc.

Sectors of economy
nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of
the population engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is seen as a
continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum starts with
the primary sector, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw materials from
the earth such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance from the raw
materials of the earth increases.

Primary Sector
The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth.
The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods.
Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence
and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering,
fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material
associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.

In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers are

involved in the primary sector. About 3% of the U.S. labor force is engaged in
primary sector activity today, while more than two-thirds of the labor force were
primary sector workers in the mid-nineteenth century.

Secondary Sector

The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of

manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector.
Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and
smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering
industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and
bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides
services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with
this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution,
entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical
services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.

In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are

devoted to the tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are
tertiary workers.

Quaternary Sector

The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities

associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific
research, education, and information technology.

Quinary Sector

Some consider there to be a branch of the quaternary sector called the quinary
sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or
economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields
as government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the
media.

An Australian source relates that the quinary sector in Australia refers to

domestic activities such as those performed by stay-at-home parents or
homemakers. These activities are typically not measured by monetary amounts
but it is important to recognize these activities in contribution to the economy.

Economy Of Pakistan: An Overview

Introduction
Economic history
A)Economic resilience
B)Recent economic history
Structure of Pakistan's economy
A)Commodity producing sector
1-Agriculture
2-Livestock
3-Fisheries
4-Forestry
5-Industry
6-Mining and quarrying
7-Fuel extraction industry
8-Electricity, gas and water supply
B)Services sector
1-Transport, storage and communication
2-Finance and insurance
3-Investment
4-Foreign trade
5-Exports
6-Imports
Recent Structural Reforms
A)Privatization, Deregulation, Liberalization
B)Tax Reforms
C)Financial sector reforms
Concluding Remarks
Introduction:

An economy is the system of human activities related to the production,

distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services of a country or
other area.
The composition of a given economy is inseparable from technological evolution,
civilization's history and social organization, as well as from Earth's geography
and ecology, e.g. ecoregions which represent different agricultural and resource
extraction opportunities, among other factors.Economy refers also to the
measure of how a country or region is progressing in terms of product.
Pakistan, a rapidly developing nation, has a diverse economy that include
textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.The
economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a
fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing
confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government
policies, bolstered by foreign investment and renewed access to global markets,
have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last decade. Substantial
macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably at privatizing the banking
sector have helped the economy. Pakistan has seen a growing middle class
population since then and poverty levels have decreased by 10% since 2001.
GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in
the 6-8% range in 2004-06. In 2005, the World Bank named Pakistan the top
reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally.

The salient features of Pakistan’s economic history are:

• Pakistan is self sufficient in most food production.

• Per capita incomes have expanded more than six-fold in US Dollar terms.

• Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading and successful producers of

cotton and cotton textiles.

• Pakistan has developed a highly diversified base of manufactured

products for domestic and world markets.

• Physical infrastructure network has expanded with a vast network of gas,

power, roads and highways, ports and telecommunication facilities.

Economic history:

Pakistan was a very poor and predominantly agricultural country when it gained
independence in 1947. Pakistan's average economic growth rate since
independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world
economy during the period. Average annual real GDP growth rates.were 6.8% in
the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell
to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that
decade. Industrial-sector growth, including manufacturing, was also above
average. In the late 1960s Pakistan was seen as a model of economic
development around the world, and there was much praise for its economic
progression. Later, economic mismanagement in general, and fiscally imprudent
economic policies in particular, caused a large increase in the country's public
debt and led to slower growth in the 1990s.However condition improved
gradually after 2000.

Economic resilience:

Historically, Pakistan's overall economic output (GDP) has grown every year
since a 1951 recession. Despite this record of sustained growth, Pakistan's
economy had, until a few years ago, been characterized as unstable and highly
vulnerable to external and internal shocks. However, the economy proved to be
unexpectedly resilient in the face of multiple adverse events concentrated into a
four-year period.

* the Asian financial crisis;

* economic sanctions — according to Colin Powell, Pakistan was "sanctioned to
the eyeballs"
* global recession;
* severe rioting in the port city of Karachi;
* a severe drought — the worst in Pakistan's history, lasting four years;
* heightened perceptions of risk as a result of military tensions with India — with
as many as a million troops on the border, and predictions of impending
(potentially nuclear) war;
* the post-9/11 military action in neighboring Afghanistan, with a massive influx of
refugees from that country;
* the 2005 Pakistan earthquake
Despite these adverse events, Pakistan's economy kept growing, and economic
growth accelerated towards the end of this period. This resilience has led to a
change in perceptions of the economy, with leading international institutions such
as the IMF, World Bank, and the ADB praising Pakistan's performance in the
face of adversity.
Recent economic history:
Pakistan's economic outlook has brightened in recent years in conjunction with
rapid economic growth and a dramatic improvement in its foreign exchange
position as a result of its current account surplus and a consequent rapid growth
in hard currency reserves.The state-owned firm in early 2002 signed agreements
with five international telecom companies for terminating additional international
incoming traffic to capture the grey market by using voice over Internet protocol
(VoIP) technology from the US and Europe into Pakistan. The conditionality of
the IMF program, which was suspended in July 1999 and resumed later during
the administration of Pervez Musharraf. Having improved its finances, Pakistan's
government announced in 2004 that it would no longer require IMF assistance,
and the assistance program ended in that year With accelerating economic
growth, economists are now emphasizing a different range of problems.
According to Ahmed Rashid, the World Bank Country Director for Pakistan,

"Now Pakistan faces higher quality problems—the problems of success. Demand

has risen faster than supply. This has shown up in high inflation and a zooming
trade deficit. The “tight fiscal, easy money” formula to get growth going needs to
be “tight fiscal, tight money and credit” to sustain rapid growth. Idle domestic
production capacity allowed the rising demand to be accommodated by rising
capacity utilization in cement, steel, fertilizer, textiles, automobiles and
motorcycles. Now that capacity is more than fully utilized, resulting in backlogs
and imports."

Musharraf's economic agenda continues to include measures to widen the tax

net, privatize public sector assets, and improve its balance of trade. Pakistan has
made governance reforms, privatization, and deregulation the cornerstones of its
economic revival.The Economic Survey of Pakistan for 2006-2007 has concluded
the country's economy recorded 7.3 percent growth, . Former Prime Minister
Shaukat Aziz said that Pakistan's economy should continue to grow every year at
about seven percent and he also assured that many measures will be taken to
give the economy a further boost. He promised privitization of companies and he
also invested in the economy by allowing free education for under 16's and also
came up with a scheme to pay girls two hundred rupees a month as an incentive
to attend school. Also in the next five years many foreign universities from
different European nations have announced they will be opening campuses in
Pakistan

Structure of Pakistan's economy:

From modest beginnings, Pakistani economy has moved successfully to a low-

inflation high-growth trajectory since 2000. The central bank has controlled
inflation at around 3% per annum in recent years - a record since 1980.Over
1,081 patent applications were filed by non-resident Pakistanis in 2004 revealing
a new-found confidence. Agriculture accounted for about 53% of GDP in 1947.
While per-capita agricultural output has grown since then, it has been outpaced
by the growth of the non-agricultural sectors, and the share of agriculture has
dropped to roughly one-fifth of Pakistan's economy.In recent years, the country
has seen rapid growth in industries (such as apparel, textiles, and cement) and
services (such as telecommunications, transportation, advertising, and finance).
Commodity producing sector:

1-Agriculture: Pakistan is one of the world's largest producers and suppliers of

the following according to the 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of The
United Nations and FAOSTAT given here with ranking:

* Chickpea (2nd)
* Apricot (4th)
* Cotton (4th)
* Sugarcane (4th)
* Milk (5th)
* Onion (5th)
* Date Palm (6th)
* Mango (7th)
* Tangerines, mandarin orange, clementine (8th)
* Rice (8th)
* Wheat (9th)
* Oranges (10th)

Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm output. It
is the world's fifth largest milk producer.
Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. About 25% of
Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest
irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than
Russia. Agriculture accounts for about 23% of GDP and employs about 44% of
the labor force.he most important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice,
which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.
Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2005, Pakistan produced 21,591,400
metric tons of wheat, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly
as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons).The economic
importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of
GDP was around 53%. Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government
introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for
many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit.
From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5.7% but has
since declined to about 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and
oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform
package.

2-Livestock:
according to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, the livestock sector contributes
about half of the value added in the agriculture sector, amounting to nearly 11
per cent of Pakistan's GDP, which is more than the crop sector.The leading daily
newspaper Jang reports that the national herd consists of 24.2 million cattle, 26.3
million buffaloes, 24.9 million sheep, 56.7 million goats and 0.8 million camels. In
addition to these there is a vibrant poultry sector in the country with more than
530 million birds produced annually. These animals produce 29.472 million tons
of milk (making Pakistan the 5th largest producer of milk in the world), 1.115
million tons of beef, 0.740 million tons of mutton, 0.416 million tons of poultry
meat, 8.528 billion eggs, 40.2 thousand tons of wool, 21.5 thousand tons of hair
and 51.2 million skins and hides.The Food and Agriculture Organization reported
in June 2006 that in Pakistan, the world's fifth largest milk producing country,
government initiatives are being undertaken to modernize milk collection and to
improve milk and milk product storage capacity
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.758,470
million in 2005 thus registering over 70% growth since 2000

3-Fisheries:
Fishery plays an important role in the national economy. It provides employment
to about 400,000 fishermen directly. In addition, another 500,000 people are
employed in ancillary industries. It is also a major source of export earning. In
July-May 2002-03 fish and fishery products valued at US $ 117 million were
exported from Pakistan. Federal Government is responsible for fishery of
Exclusive Economic Zone of Pakistan.
The major fish harbours of Pakistan are:

* Karachi Fisheries Harbour is being operated by Provincial Government of

Sindh.
* Karachi Fish Harbour handles about 90% of fish and seafood catch in Pakistan
and 95% of fish and seafood exports from Pakistan.
* Korangi Fish Harbour is being managed by Federal Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Livestock.
* Pasni Fish Harbour being operated by Provincial Government of Balochistan.
* Gwadar Fish Harbour being operated by Federal Ministry of Communication.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.18,290
million in 2005 thus registering over 10% growth since 2000

4-Forestry:
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.25,637
million in 2005 thus registering over 3% decline since 2000

5-Industry:
Pakistan ranks forty-first in the world and fifty-fifth worldwide in factory output.
Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 24% of GDP. Cotton textile
production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's largest industries,
accounting for about 66% of the merchandise exports and almost 40% of the
employed labour force. Other major industries include cement, fertilizer, edible
oil, sugar, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery, and food processing.The
government is privatizing large-scale parastatal units, and the public sector
accounts for a shrinking proportion of industrial output, while growth in overall
industrial output (including the private sector) has accelerated. Government
policies aim to diversify the country's industrial base and bolster export
industries.

6-Mining and quarrying:

Important minerals found in Pakistan are gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore,
rock salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems, marble, copper, coal, graphite,
sulphur, fire clay, silica. The salt range in Punjab Province has large deposits of
pure salt. Balochistan province is a mineral rich area having substantial mineral,
oil and gas reserves which have not been exploited to their full capacity. The
province has significant quantities of copper, chromite and iron, and pockets of
antimony and zinc in the south and gold in the far west. Natural gas was
discovered near Sui in 1952, and the province has been gradually developing its
oil and gas projects over the past fifty years.Major reserves of copper and gold in
Balochistan's Rekodiq area have been discovered in early 2006. The Rekodiq
mining area has proven estimated reserves of 2 billion tons of copper and 20
million ounces of gold. According to the current market price, the value of the
deposits has been estimated at about $65 billion, which would generate
thousands of jobs.The discovery has ranked Rekodiq among the world's top
seven copper reserves. The Rekodiq project is estimated to produce 200,000
tons of copper and 400,000 ounces of gold per year, at an estimated value of
$1.25 billion at current market prices. The copper and gold are currently traded at
about $5,000 per ton and $600 per ounce respectively in the international
market. North West Frontier Province accounts for at least 78% of the marble
production in Pakistan. The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this
sector at Rs.211,851 million in 2005 thus registering over 99% growth since
2000.

7-Fuel extraction industry:

Pakistan's first oil field was discovered in the late 1952 in Baluchistan near a
giant gas field at Sui in Balochistan. The Toot oilfield was discovered in the early
1960's the Islamabad in the Punjab. Production has steadily increased since
then. Pakistan's first gas field was the giant gas field at Sui in Balochistan which
was discovered in the late 1952.Pakistan is also a major producer of Bituminous
coal, Sub-bituminous coal and Lignite. Coal mining started in the British colonial
era and has continued to be used by Pakistani industries after independence in
1947. Pakistan produced about 45 tonnes of Uranium in 2006.

8-Electricity, gas and water supply:

Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas
reserves, some proven oil reserves, coal (Pakistan has the fourth-largest coal
reserves in the world), and a large hydropower potential. However, the
exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and
domestic political constraints. Domestic petroleum production totals only about
half the country's oil needs, and the need to import oil has contributed to
Pakistan's trade deficits and past shortages of foreign exchange.The current
government has announced that privatization in the oil and gas sector is a
priority, as is the substitution of indigenous gas for imported oil, especially in the
production of power. Pakistan is a world leader in the use of compressed natural
gas (CNG) for personal automobiles.
The short-term national energy demand has expanded significantly since 2001
due to massive rise in sales of durable goods like refrigerators, washing
machines, split air conditioners, et al. In 2004, Access Group International
announced plans to invest $1 billion over the next 5 years in solar cell
manufacture and wind farms. MOUs have been signed with Alternate Energy
Development Board.In early 2005, the government approved a 25-year Energy
Security Plan to boost electric capacity eightfold. The Canadian conglomerate
Cathy Oil and Gas signed a memorandum of understanding in late 2006 to invest
$5 billion in oil and gas exploration, development, production and
commercialisation in Pakistan. The World Bank estimates that it takes about 32
days only to get an electrical connection in Pakistan.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.215,662
million in 2005 thus registering over 62% growth since 2000.

B)Services sector:

Pakistan's service sector accounts for about 53.3% of GDP. Transport, storage,
communications, finance, and insurance account for 24% of this sector, and
wholesale and retail trade about 30%. Pakistan is trying to promote the
information industry and other modern service industries through incentives such
as long-term tax holidays.The government is acutely conscious of the immense
job growth opportunities in service sector and has launched aggressive
privatisation of telecommunications, utilities and banking despite union unrest.

1-Transport, storage and communication:

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd has emerged as a successful Forbes

2000 conglomerate with over $1 billion in sales in 2005. Cellphone market has
exploded almost fourteen fold since 2000 to reach a subscriber base of over 60
million in 2007. In addition, there are over 6 million landlines in the country. As a
result, Pakistan won the prestigious Government Leadership award of GSM
Association in 2006.
he World Bank estimates that it takes about 50 days only to get a phone
connection in Pakistan.
In Pakistan, following are the top mobile phone operators:
1. Mobilink
2. Ufone
3. Telenor
4. Warid
5. Instaphone
6. Zong (recently been acquired by China Mobile for US$ 450 million)

The cellular base in Pakistan is growing at around 14% per year and already the
cellular customer has outpaced the fixed line customers. Wireless revolution has
swept Pakistan, and competition among the mobile operators is pulling the prices
down. Its as cheap as Rs.2 to call to USA per minutes (that is 3-4 cents per
minutes). Sony Ericsson, Nokia and Motorola along with Samsung and LG
remain to be the popular brands among customers. Though Nokia has a strong
market presencethis has been somewhat taken over by Sony Ericsson, through
aggressive marketing and advertisement.Pakistan is on the verge of Telecom
revolution and it is by far the most attracted sector in Pakistan in terms of Foreign
Direct investment coming in Pakistan. It s estimated alone that this year 2006-07,
FDI attracted by Telecom will be US$ 2 Billion out of the total FDI of US$ 6
Billion, the highest in Pakistan history.Pakistan International Airlines, the flagship
airline of Pakistan's civil aviation industry, has turnover exceeding $1 billion in
2005. The government announced a new shipping policy in 2006 permitting
banks and financial institutions to mortgage ships. A massive rehabilitation plan
worth $1 billion over 5 years for Pakistan Railways has been announced by the
government in 2005.
Private sector airlines in Pakistan include Airblue, Aeroasia and Shaheen Air
International. Many private airlines are in pipeline including Air Mahreq, Dewan
Air and Pearl Air.Airblue is using the state of the art A-320 and A-321 aircraft for
flying across Pakistan and will soon commence UK operation. Airblue has
recently ordered 6 New A-321 aircraft, while 2 aircraft will be taken on lease
which will be added to the existing fleet of 4-5 aircraft, making it the second
biggest fleet behind PIA which has 42 aircraft.
The Government of Pakistan has, over the last few years, granted numerous
incentives to technology companies wishing to do business in Pakistan. A
combination of decade-plus tax holidays, zero duties on computer imports,
government incentives for venture capital and a variety of programs for
subsidizing technical education, are intended to give impetus to the nascent
Information Technology industry. This in recent years has resulted in impressive
growth in that sector. Pakistan saw an increase in IT export cash inflows of 50%
from 2003-4 to 2004-5, with total export cash inflows standing at $48.5 million. In
2005-6 export cash inflows increased to greater than $73 million. This year the
government has set a goal of $108 million. Exports account for 11% of the total
revenues of the IT sector in Pakistan. Compared to India, Pakistan's IT sector is
relatively small, but recent growth has been extremely high leading economists to
be optimistic about the IT industries future prospects in Pakistan. Gartner, one of
the world’s leading information technology research and advisory companies has
placed Pakistan amongst the top countries of the world in terms of suitability for
offshore outsourcing.

Paging and mobile (cellular) telephone were adopted early and freely. Cellular
phones and the Internet were adopted through a rather laissez-faire policy with a
proliferation of private service providers that led to fast adoption. Both have taken
off and in the last few years of the 1990s and first few years of the 2000s. With a
rapid increase in the number of internet users and ISPs, and a large English-
speaking population, Pakistani society has seen major changes.

* Pakistan has more than 20 million internet users as of 2005. The country is said
to have a potential to absorb up to 50 million mobile phone Internet users in the
next 5 years thus a potential of nearly 1 million connections per month.
* Almost all of the main government departments, organizations and institutions
have their own websites.
* The use of search engines and instant messaging services is also booming.
Pakistanis are some of the most ardent chatters on the Internet, communicating
with users all over the world. Recent years have seen a huge increase in the use
of online marriage services, for example, leading to a major re-alignment of the
tradition of arranged marriages.
* As of 2007 there were 6 cell phone companies operating in the country with
nearly 60 million mobile phone users in the country.
* Wireless local loop and the landline telephony sector has also been liberalized
and private sector has entered thus increasing the teledensity rate from less than
3% to more than 10% in span of two years.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.982,353
million in 2005 thus registering over 91% growth since 2000.

2-Finance and insurance:

A reduction in the fiscal deficit has resulted in less government borrowing in the
domestic money market, lower interest rates, and an expansion in private sector
lending to businesses and consumers. Foreign exchange reserves continued to
reach new levels in 2003, supported by robust export growth and steady worker
remittances.Credit card market continued its strong growth with sales crossing
the 1 million mark in mid-2005

3-Investment:
oreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year
to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million
during the first nine months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP)
reported on April 24. During July-March 2005-06, FDI year-on-year increased to
$2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million,
whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to
the latest statistics released by the State Bank Pakistan has achieved FDI of
almost $7 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of
$4 billion.Pakistan is now the most investment-friendly nation in South Asia.
Business regulations have been profoundly overhauled along liberal lines,
especially since 1999. Most barriers to the flow of capital and international direct
investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on
the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of equity participation is
allowed in most sectors (local partners must be brought in within 5 years and
contribute up to 40% of the equity in the services and agriculture sectors).
Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule.
Business regulations are now among the most liberal in the region. This was
confirmed by a World Bank report published in late 2006 ranking Pakistan (at
74th) well ahead of neighbors like China (at 93rd) and India (at 134th) based on
ease of doing business

4-Foreign trade:
Pakistan is member of the World Trade Organization, and has bilateral and
multilateral trade agreements with many nations and international
organizations.Fluctuating world demand for its exports, domestic political
uncertainty, and the impact of occasional droughts on its agricultural production
have all contributed to variability in Pakistan's trade deficit.In the six months to
December 2003, Pakistan recorded a current account surplus of $1.761 billion,
roughly 5% of GDP. Pakistan's exports continue to be dominated by cotton
textiles and apparel, despite government diversification efforts. Exports grew by
19.1% in FY 2002-03. Major imports include petroleum and petroleum products,
edible oil, chemicals, fertilizer, capital goods, industrial raw materials, and
consumer products.While the country has a current account surplus and both
imports and exports have grown rapidly in recent years, it still has a large
merchandise-trade deficit. The budget deficit in fiscal year 2004-2005 was 3.4%
of GDP. The budget deficit in fiscal year 2005-06 is expected to be over 4% of
GDP. Economists believe that the soaring trade deficit would have an adverse
impact on Pakistani rupee by depreciating its value against dollar (1 US $ = 60
Rupees (March 2006) ) and other currencies.
5-Exports:
Pakistan's exports at $17.011 billion in the financial year 2006-2007, up by 3.4
percent from last year's exports of $16.451 billion.Pakistan exports rice, furniture,
cotton fiber, cement, tiles, marble, textiles, clothing, leather goods, sports goods
(renowned for footballs/soccer balls), surgical instruments, electrical appliances,
software, carpets, and rugs, ice cream, livestock meat, chicken, powdered milk,
wheat, seafood (especially shrimp/prawns), vegetables, processed food items,
Pakistani assembled Suzukis (to Afghanistan and other countries), defense
equipment (submarines, tanks, radars), salt, marble, onyx, engineering goods,
and many other items. Pakistan now is being very well recognized for producing
and exporting cements in Asia and Mid-East. Starting August 2007, Pakistan will
be exporting Cement to India
6-Imports:
Pkistan's imports stood at $30.54 billion in the financial year 2006-2007, up by
8.22 percent from last year's imports of $28.58 billion.Pakistan's single largest
import category is petroleum and petroleum products. Other imports include:
industrial machinery, construction machinery, trucks, automobiles, computers,
computer parts, medicines, pharmaceutical products, food items, civilian aircraft,
defense equipment, iron, steel, toys, electronics, and other consumer items.
Sales tax is levied at 15 percent both on imports and domestically produced
products. The income withholding tax is levied at 6 percent on imports and at 3.5
percent on the sales of domestic taxpayers.

Recent Structural Reforms:

A)Privatization, Deregulation, Liberalization:

The Musharraf Government actively pursued an aggressive andtransparent
privatization plan whose thrust was sale of assets in the oil and gasindustry as
well as inthe banking, telecommunications and energy sectors, tostrategic
investors, with foreign investors encouraged to participate in the
privatization process. This plan was followed by the elected Government
underPrime Minister Jamali and by the present Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz.
To demonstrate the seriousness of the government in encouraging
foreigninvestment flows in Pakistan; there has been a major and perceptible.
liberalization of the foreign exchange regime. Foreign investors can now bring
inand take back their capital, remit profits, dividends and fees etc., without any
restrictions. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) can also enter and exit the
marketwithout any restrictions or prior approvals. In the Karachi Stock Exchange
with a
market capitalization of US$33 billion, over 650 listed companies showed
average returns of 15 per cent that were higher than those in most
emergingcountries. This makes Pakistan an attractive place to invest for foreign
portfolio
investors. As part of this liberalization, non-residents and residents are allowed
tomaintain and operate foreign currency deposit accounts, and a market-based
exchange rate in the inter-bank market is at work.The financial sector too, has
been restructured and opened up tocompetition. Foreign and domestic private
banks currently operating in Pakistanhave been able to increase their market
share to more than 80 percent of assets
and deposits. The interest rate structure has been deregulated and
monetarypolicy uses indirect tools such as open market operations, discount
rates etc.
Domestic interest rates on lending have dropped to as low as 5 percent from
20percent substantially reducing financial costs of businesses.
Central to the economic reforms process has been a clear progressiontowards
deregulation of the economy. Prices of petroleum products, gas,
energy, agricultural commodities and other key inputs are determined by
market.Imports and domestic marketing of petroleum products have been
deregulated
and opened up to the private sector. The markets do not always
functioneffectively. Independent regulatory agencies have been set up to protect
the
interests of consumers and end-users of utilities and public services.

B)Tax Reforms:
Taxation reform has figured prominently on the government's agenda, as th is
another area where the business community has innumerable grievances
and dissatisfaction with the arbitrary nature of tax administration. Tax reforms
areaimed at broadening the tax base, bringing in tax evaders under the tax net,
minimizing personal interaction between tax payer and tax collector,
eliminatingthe multiplicity of taxes and ultimately reducing the tax rate over time.
A massivesurvey and documentation drive was undertaken to widen the tax
base, extendincidence to all sectors of the economy and develop the data for
purposes of
assessment. Universal self assessment system has been introduced for
taxcollection whereby the returns submitted by the tax payers are taken as final
settlement of their tax liabilities. Only a random sample of returns is picked upfor
audit. This system has been welcomed by the tax payers. The Central Board
of Revenue (CBR) is being restructured to improve tax administration including
tax payer facilitation.

C)Financial sector reforms:

Financial sector has made the farthest progress by transforming itself intoa
market oriented, private sector dominated sector performing efficient
intermediation. The regulatory and supervision functions of the State Bank
ofPakistan have been significantly strengthened, and strict enforcement of
prudential regulations have led to widespread recapitalization and a
consequentimprovement in the efficiency and profitability of banking system.
More than 80
percent of banking assets are now owned and managed by the private
sector.The ratio of net Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) to total advances in
Pakistan has been brought down to less than 5 percent through a variety
ofstrategic measures. An asset management company, the Corporate and
Industrial Restructuring Corporation (CIRC), has taken over a large volume
ofnon-performing loans of NCBs and DFIs at a discount and disposed them off to
third party buyers.Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) have been
restructured throughmergers and acquisitions, closure, liquidation and
reorganization. Auction ofPakistan Investment Bond (PIB) for tenures of five to
ten years governmentpaper and a burgeoning corporate bond market has begun
to emerge bringing
together long term institutional investors and borrowers interested in long
termsources of financing.

Concluding Remarks:
Pakistan today meets most of the essential requirements that the
foreignbusinesses and investors are looking for. Macroeconomic stability, deep-
rooted
structural reforms, high standards of economic governance, outward
lookingorientation, liberalized trade and investment regime, easy access to policy
makers, low production costs, sophisticated financial sector and its location as
aregional hub make it a highly attractive country for business and investment.
Investors’ concerns about security, law and order are being addressedand the
situation is improving gradually. But the negative perception that prevails
about Pakistan abroad due to the hype created by the median can only
beremoved if the potential businessmen and investors visit Pakistan and make
onthe-
spot assessment for themselves.It is now hoped and prayed that Pakistan will
see her brighter and prospective economic future in the coming days.

Economy - overview:
Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from
decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment.
Between 2001-07, however, poverty levels decreased by 10%, as Islamabad
steadily raised development spending. Between 2004-07, GDP growth in the 5-
8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors - despite
severe electricity shortfalls - but growth slowed in 2008-09 and unemployment
rose. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, climbing from 7.7% in
2007 to more than 13% in 2010. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated
since 2007 as a result of political and economic instability. The government
agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November
2008 in response to a balance of payments crisis, but during 2009-10 its current
account strengthened and foreign exchange reserves stabilized - largely because
of lower oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Record floods in
July-August 2010 lowered agricultural output and contributed to a jump in
inflation, and reconstruction costs will strain the limited resources of the
government. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, but
Pakistan's failure to expand a viable export base for other manufactures has left
the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Other long term challenges
include expanding investment in education, healthcare, and electricity production,
and reducing dependence on foreign donors.
Statistical Data of Economy of Pakistan:

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$451.2 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

$439.4 billion (2009 est.)

$421.2 billion (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
[see also: GDP (purchasing power parity) country ranks ]

GDP (official exchange rate):

$174.8 billion (2009 est.)
[see also: GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks ]

GDP - real growth rate:

2.7% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135

4.3% (2009 est.)

3.6% (2008 est.)
[see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ]

GDP - per capita:

$2,400 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
$2,400 (2009 est.)
$2,400 (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
[see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ]

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 21.8%
[see also: GDP - composition by sector - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 23.6%
[see also: GDP - composition by sector - industry country ranks ]
services: 54.6% (2009 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition by sector - services country ranks ]

Labor force:
55.77 million
country comparison to the world: 10
note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor
(2009 est.)
[see also: Labor force country ranks ]

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 43%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 20.3%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - industry country ranks ]
services: 36.6% (2005 est.)
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - services country ranks ]

Unemployment rate:
15% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150

14% (2009 est.)

note: substantial underemployment exists
[see also: Unemployment rate country ranks ]

Population below poverty line:

24% (FY05/06 est.)
[see also: Population below poverty line country ranks ]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.9%
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
country ranks ]
highest 10%: 26.5% (2005)
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
country ranks ]

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

30.6 (FY07/08)
country comparison to the world: 109

41 (FY98/99)
[see also: Distribution of family income - Gini index country ranks ]

Investment (gross fixed):

15% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
[see also: Investment (gross fixed) country ranks ]

Budget:
revenues: $25.33 billion
[see also: Budget - revenues country ranks ]
expenditures: $36.24 billion (2009 est.)
[see also: Budget - expenditures country ranks ]

Public debt:
49.9% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52

49.3% of GDP (2009 est.)

[see also: Public debt country ranks ]

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

13.4% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 217

13.6% (2009 est.)

[see also: Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks ]

Central bank discount rate:

12.5% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 20

15% (31 December 2008)

[see also: Central bank discount rate country ranks ]
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
NA%
[see also: Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks ]

Stock of narrow money:

$59.75 billion (31 December 2010 est)

$47.23 billion (31 December 2009 est)

[see also: Stock of narrow money country ranks ]

Stock of broad money:

$85.22 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$65.13 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

[see also: Stock of broad money country ranks ]

Stock of domestic credit:

$71.45 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56

$63.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

[see also: Stock of domestic credit country ranks ]

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$33.24 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 59

$23.49 billion (31 December 2008)

$70.26 billion (31 December 2007)
[see also: Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks ]

Agriculture - products:
cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs

Industries:
textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials,
paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Industrial production growth rate:

4.9% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
[see also: Industrial production growth rate country ranks ]

Electricity - production:
90.8 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
[see also: Electricity - production country ranks ]

Electricity - consumption:
72.2 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
[see also: Electricity - consumption country ranks ]

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
[see also: Electricity - exports country ranks ]

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
[see also: Electricity - imports country ranks ]

Oil - production:
59,140 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
[see also: Oil - production country ranks ]

Oil - consumption:
373,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
[see also: Oil - consumption country ranks ]

Oil - exports:
30,090 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
[see also: Oil - exports country ranks ]

Oil - imports:
319,500 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
[see also: Oil - imports country ranks ]

Oil - proved reserves:

436.2 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
[see also: Oil - proved reserves country ranks ]

Natural gas - production:

37.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
[see also: Natural gas - production country ranks ]
Natural gas - consumption:
37.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
[see also: Natural gas - consumption country ranks ]

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
[see also: Natural gas - exports country ranks ]

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
[see also: Natural gas - imports country ranks ]

Natural gas - proved reserves:

840.2 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
[see also: Natural gas - proved reserves country ranks ]

Current account balance:

-$2.641 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164

-$3.583 billion (2009 est.)

[see also: Current account balance country ranks ]

Exports:
$20.29 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68

$18.33 billion (2009 est.)

[see also: Exports country ranks ]

Exports - commodities:
textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports
goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs

Exports - partners:
US 15.87%, UAE 12.35%, Afghanistan 8.48%, UK 4.7%, China 4.44% (2009)

Imports:
$32.71 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
$28.53 billion (2009 est.)
[see also: Imports country ranks ]

Imports - commodities:
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment,
edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea

Imports - partners:
China 15.35%, Saudi Arabia 10.54%, UAE 9.8%, US 4.81%, Kuwait 4.73%,
Malaysia 4.43%, India 4.02% (2009)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$16.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46

$13.77 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

[see also: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold country ranks ]

Debt - external:
$57.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52

$53.62 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

[see also: Debt - external country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$30.09 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61

$28.09 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$1.047 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73

$1.017 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks ]

Exchange rates:
Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 85.27 (2010), 81.7129 (2009), 70.64
(2008), 60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006)

Bibliography:
http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/pakistan/pakistan_economy.html
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/general/news-articles/articles/15914-economy-
pakistan-overview.html
http://www.bookrags.com/research/pakistaneconomic-system-ema-04/