SHS STEM – BIOLOGY 1

Quarter 1 – Module 14
COMPONENTS OF AN ENZYME

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General Biology 1 – Grade 11/12
Quarter 1 – Module 14: COMPONENTS OF AN ENZYME
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITER: Jovy L. Mirabueno

REVIEWERS/EDITORS: Rowena D. Manaog

Ma. Lota C. Monte
Freddierick C. Apuli
Jade Alberto

LAYOUT ARTISTS: Jay Mark Base

Jonathan Roda
Jessica De Ocampo
“Describe the components of an enzyme.”
STEM_BIO11/12-li-j-17

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COMPONENTS OF AN ENZYME

Human body is a product of different chemical

reactions and processes, but what controls these
reactions? In 1833, Anselme Payen, he first
discovered and isolated diastase (enzyme group that
is originally found in malt), the first enzyme (organic
catalyst) to be obtained in concentrated form. In 1878
Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term ENZYME, which
comes from Greek ενζυμον "in leaven", to describe
the process. Because of their discovery, science
community made a leap in understanding the vital
force that drove the chemical reactions.

Enzymes are substances, proteins and in

some cases ribonucleic acid (RNA) that speeds up
biochemical reactions by modifying specific
substance.

In this module, we will dig deeper our

understanding on the components of enzyme. Are
you up for it? Then, hop on!

OBJECTIVES:
In this module, you will learn about:
✓ Identify the components of enzymes.
✓ Give the importance of enzymes in biochemical
reactions.

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✔Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the best answer.

1. These biomolecules acts as catalysts to enable biochemical reactions to occur

and are regenerated intact to take part in additional reactions?
a. Enzymes
b. Products
c. Substrates
d. Activation energy
2. What are enzymes made of?
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acid
3. Enzymes speed up reactions.
a. True
b. False
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
4. Which part of the enzyme does the substrate binds?
a. Substrate
b. Catalyst
c. Inhibitor
d. Active site
5. What is the term for the molecule or substance that the enzyme reacts with?
a. Activator
b. Substrate
c. Inhibitor
d. Product

How did you find the pre-test?

Please check your answers at the answer key section

and see how you fared. Do not worry if you got a low
score, this just means that there are more things
to learn in this module.

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 LET’S RECALL! Chemistry of Life
Endergonic Reaction vs. Exergonic Reaction
You have learned from your previous lesson chemistry
and biology, in your lower years these two terms:
Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions.
Analyze the picture below and identify whether its
endergonic or exergonic reactions

Photosynthesis Melting Ice

Cell Respiration

Yes, you are right!

Endergonic Reactions are chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy,
energy is absorbed.
Exergonic Reactions are chemical reactions that releases energy

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How do cell harvest energy?

Life if built on chemical reactions. One example

is energy reactions, which is a series of
transforming energy from one form to another.

LET’S DO THIS!
The graphs below show the amount of energy
present during two chemical reactions. One of
the reactions is an energy-absorbing reaction,
the other is an energy-releasing reaction. Label
the type of reaction for each, label the energy
level for the reactants and products, then draw
an arrow on each to show the energy of
activation.

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 Processing Question:
1. Type of reaction:

A____________________________________________________
B____________________________________________________
2. What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are
broken?
______________________________________________________
3. What is the energy of activation?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. Of the two reactions shown, which one is more likely to start
spontaneously and why?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. How does the addition of a catalyst affect the energy of activation of
a chemical reaction?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. What type of catalysts affect biochemical reactions?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. What is the role of enzyme in energy reactions?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Reflection!
What have you learned from the activity?
What if our body takes many years to digest the starch in the food that we eat?
What do you think will happen?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

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 Enzymes and Metabolism

LET US EXPLORE MORE!

We have been talking about various biological molecules and that
they are needed for reactions in the body (DNA, Protein synthesis,
Cellular respiration etc.) and how molecules can change. You should
know that it does not happen on its own. Metabolism does not happen on
its own. If you leave a blob of protein in a petri dish will it just break down
to the amino acids? No. What will break down proteins? Enzymes!
PART 1:
Label the illustration below. Use the terms provided and answer the
questions that follow.

Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Active site Substrate
Products

1. What is happening at each numbered part of the diagram?

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Where can you compare the action of enzyme and substrate?
_____________________________________________
3. In terms of an organism and how it interacts with its
environment, what is the benefit of having control on
the chemical reactions that take place in its body?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

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 4. Although the substrate model changed in this reaction, what
changes did you observe in the model of the enzyme during this
reaction?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
5. Why do you think it is advantageous for the enzyme to remain
unchanged while catalyzing a chemical reaction?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

1. What is metabolism?
_________________________
PART 2: METABOLISM _________________________
_________________________
_________________________
ANABOLISM
2. What is the role of enzyme in
metabolism?
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
3. Describe anabolism.
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
CATABOLISM _________________________
4. Describe catabolism.
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
5. What is the difference of
catabolism to catalysis?
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

6. Which type of metabolism

requires energy?
_________________________

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 Enzymes are the biological substances (mostly protein in
tertiary and quaternary structures) that act as CATALYSTS and
help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. They are not
permanently changed during the reaction process.
Enzymes are specific for what they will catalyze. They are
reusable and commonly end in –ase (e.g. Sucrase, Lactase,
Maltase).
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed to start
that reaction. This is called lowering the activation energy.
ACTIVATION ENERGY can be thought of as a hill that must be
gotten over. When a catalyst acts, it lowers the energy required to
get over the HILL and the reaction can proceed. An enzyme is an
organic catalyst meaning that it is a protein that catalyzes reactions
in living organisms. Most reactions in the body require enzymes.

Questions to Ponder:
What makes proteins the ideal type of compounds to act as
enzymes?

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 A door that is locked needs a key, Enzymes work in a similar way.
Enzymes complete very specific jobs and do nothing else. They are very specific
locks and the compounds they work with are the special keys.
There are four steps in the process of an enzyme working.

(1) The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the SUBSTRATE. An

enzymes and substrates are on the same area.

(2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE
SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around
the substrate, creating ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX. The association of
enzyme and substrate was first described by Emil Fisher, the Lock-and-Key
Model. Although the enzyme-substrate almost works like lock and key but the
proper way to describe is “INDUCED FIT”, the current model that was proposed by
Daniel Koshland. He described that substrated are not really exactly fitted to the active
site of the enzyme, there is a change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site,
induced by the substrate.

Active Site
substrate
Enzyme

induced fit

(3) A process called CATALYSIS happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is

changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make
something new.

(4) The enzyme lets go. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to
do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is now
called the PRODUCT or products

Cofactors and Coenzymes

This are side groups, Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively)
that are sometimes needed for proper enzymatic activity. For example, iron must
be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin for it to pick up oxygen.

Inhibitors
These are molecules that reduce enzyme activity. Competitive inhibitors: are
chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for
the active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter the active
site but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its
shape, which in turn alters the active site.

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 Based on what you have learned in the previous activities, I
believe you can now answer the following questions.

1. What are enzymes made of?

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

2. What do enzymes do? Why enzymes are important?

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
__________________________________________

3. What is the difference between Emil Fisher’s lock-and-

key model and Daniel Koshland’s induced-fit
model? Describe the current model?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Explain what takes place in each step of the diagram.

1. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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 To strengthen what you have learned in
this module, perform the following
additional tasks.

SCI-LAB @ HOME
Investigate the work of enzyme using liver as a source of
catalase ang hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a substrate.
Provide the information needed in the table below:
Materials: chicken liver, dropper, shot glass/any glass for
small samples.

Describe the Rate of Reaction.

Temperature 5 drops 10 drops 15 drops
of H2O2 of H2O2 of H2O2
Ice water bath
Warm water
bath
Water at room
temperature
NOTE: Inform your parents and let them help you.
Secure safety while performing the experiment. You may
use extra sheet for the reporting of data.

REFLECTION
Congratulations on the finishing the supplementary learning module! You
have just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the
same in the succeeding modules.
For the last time, share your final insight by completing the following
sentence prompts.

I have learned that________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about ______________________________________

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 You may refer to the following vocabulary words used in this module:

Enzymes - are the biological substance (mostly protein in tertiary and quaternary structures)
that act as CATALYSTS and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life.
Catalyst - is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate
without getting consumed in the process.
Activation Energy - is the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must
possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Substrate - is a molecule acted upon by an enzyme. The reactant.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex - is a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes
into perfect contact with its substrate.
Active Site - is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a
chemical reaction.
Induced Fit - When an enzyme binds to the appropriate substrate, subtle changes in the
active site occur.
Cofactor - is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an
enzyme's activity as a catalyst, a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations.
Coenzyme - is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a
reaction. Coenzymes are often broadly called cofactors, but they are chemically different. A
coenzyme cannot function alone but can be reused several times when paired with an
enzyme.
Competitive Inhibitor - are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and
compete with it for the active site, thus interrupting the reaction.
Noncompetitive Inhibitor - Inhibitors that do not enter the active site but bind to another
part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active
site.
Metabolism - term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the
living state of the cells and the organism.
Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. These chemical
reactions require energy.
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

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DIRECTIONS:
Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about enzymes?
a. Enzymes are the three dimensional shape and heir active site to bind
reactants
b. Enzymes lowers the activation energy for a reaction
c. Enzymes inhibitors allows production of more products.
d. Enzymes can catalyze the forward and reserve directions of reaction
2. What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?
a. Bind the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
b. Side groups within the active site interact with the substrate
c. Bind to regulatory molecules thereby altering the enzymes conformation
d. Both A and B
3. All the following are correct about enzymes except.
a. The mechanism by which enzymes work is known as lock and key
b. They are proteins
c. They denature in high temperature
d. They are assisted by vitamins and minerals
4. What is activation energy?
a. The thermal energy associated with random movement of molecules
b. The energy released through breaking chemical bonds
c. The difference in free energy between reactants and products
d. The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
5. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the ________.
a. products of the reaction.
b. speed of the reaction.
c. temperature of the reaction.
d. pH of the reaction.

For the following questions, match the letters with the appropriate description of the graph of
the energy flow of a chemical reaction shown below.

6. Energy path of an uncatalyzed reaction.

7. Energy released from this reaction
8. Activation energy of a catalyzed reaction
9. Activation energy of an uncatalyzed reaction
10. Energy path of a catalyzed reaction

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 1. A
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. B

Learning Activities Answer Keys

ELICIT

Exergonic Exergonic Endergonic

Photosynthesis Melting Ice

Cell Respiration

Endergonic Endergonic Exergonic

ENGAGE

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Processing Question:
1. Type of reaction:

A – Energy absorbing - Endergonic

B – Energy releasing - Exergonic
2. What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken?
ENERGY
3. What is the energy of activation?
ENERGY NEEDED TO START CHEMICAL REACTION
4. Of the two reactions shown, which one is more likely to start spontaneously and
why?
B- energy-releasing reaction because it may not need energy to start the
reaction, an energy-absorbing reaction always does
5. How does the addition of a catalyst affect the energy of activation of a chemical
reaction?
It lowers the energy of activation, making the reaction occur faster.
6. What type of catalysts affect biochemical reactions?
ENZYMES
7. What is the role of enzyme in energy reactions?
ENZYMES SPEEDS UP CHEMICAL REACTION
EXPLORE
PART 1

1. What is happening at each numbered part of the diagram?

1. SUBSTRATE BINDS WITH ENZYME
2. SUBSTRATE ARE CONVERTED INTO PRODUCTS
3. PRODUCTS RELEASED
2. Where can you compare the action of enzyme and substrate?
LOCK AND KEY/DOORKNOB AND KEY
3. In terms of an organism and how it interacts with its
environment, what is the benefit of having controls on
the chemical reactions that take place in its body?

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 Conditions vary in the environment, for example when food is available or
when seasonal changes occur. Such controls enable the organism to
respond to different conditions.
4. Although the substrate model changed in this reaction, what changes did you
observe in the model of the enzyme during this reaction?
When the substrate was locked into place on the enzyme, a slight shape
change took place in the enzyme to allow for the substrate to dock
5. Why do you think it is an advantage for the enzyme to remain unchanged while
catalyzing a chemical reaction?
The enzyme may be used repeatedly reducing the amount of resources the
cell would have to use to make more enzyme. The enzyme is not a direct
reactant in the cellular chemical reaction and does not change in order to
avoid interference with cellular reactions.
PART 2: METABOLISM
1. What is metabolism?
METABOLISM IS THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTION IN THE
CELL OR ORGANISM
2. What is the role of enzyme in metabolism?
ENZYMES SPEEDS UP THE CHEMICAL REACTION.
3. Describe anabolism.
ANABOLISM OR ANABOLIC REACTION BUILDS MOLECULES, NEEDS
ENERGY.
4. Describe catabolism.
CATABOLISM OR CATABOLIC REACTIONS BREAKS DOWN MOLECULES.
5. What is the difference of catabolism to catalysis?
Catabolism is defined as a metabolic process that breaks down complex
molecules into simpler ones. Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical
reaction due to participation of a substance that can modify the rate of the
reaction without being consumed in the process.
6. Which type of metabolism requires energy?
ANABOLIC REACTIONS

ELABORATE
1. What are enzymes made of? PROTEINS
2. What do enzymes do? Why enzymes are important? ENZYMES CATALYZES
chemical reaction. Answers may vary: it is important for metabolism to
smoothly occur. To have enough production of products and be processed or
use by cell or body imediately when needed.
3. What is the difference between Emil Fisher’s lock-and-key model and Daniel
Koshland’s induced-fit model? Describe the current model?
Fisher’s model describes enzyme-substrate complex as perfectly fit to each
other, whereas kosland’s models describes enzymes active site slightly
changes its shape to match with the substrate that will bind it.

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 1. Normal reaction, substrate binds with the active site of the enzyme.
2. Competitive inhibitor mimics the substrate preventing it to bind.
3. Noncompetitive inhibitors binds with the other sites in the enzyme,
changes the shape of the active site, thus preventing it to bind with
enzyme.

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. E
9. D
10. B

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PHOTOS:
Enzyme Cartoons. Retrieve from,
https://images.app.goo.gl/mTJXdiNmqJ4XHCCS9
Protein. Retrieved from, https://images.app.goo.gl/ay7HcwqtHnVcCdcG6
Digestive enzyme. Retrieve from, https://images.app.goo.gl/pBB7oY8CrpXRjYoR9
Cover Photo Digestive system. Retrieved from,
https://images.app.goo.gl/prBroyB7xRpXCNET8
Enzyme substrate complex. Retrieved from,
https://images.app.goo.gl/Wv41YUhQNBi2FvUv6
Rate of Reaction. Retrieved from, https://images.app.goo.gl/zJfNaqbbnKAaGG9L7
Gastric Enzyme. Retrieved from, https://images.app.goo.gl/u6RGRj2KfjqpocFB6
Activation energy. Retrieved from, https://images.app.goo.gl/5CCZcLfBGVsTfzwS6
Inhibitors. Retrieved from, https://images.app.goo.gl/UhDj1n6Ycs8u5irG9

Books:
Commission on Higher Education, (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School,
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Losos, Jonathan B., Kenneth A. Mason, Susan R. Singer, Peter H. Raven, and
George B. Johnson. Biology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011.

Internet:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anselme-Payen
http://www.3dmoleculardesigns.com/3DMD-Files/Enzyme-in-
Action/PDFs/EnzymeTeachersKey_forWeb1.pdf
https://www.northallegheny.org/cms/lib4/PA01001119/Centricity/Domain/1110/enzy
mes%20HW%20key.pdf
https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-change-examples-608334

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