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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS
Suhay No. 7-8: Research Design and Methodology
Name: ___________________________ Level and Section: April 12-23, 2021
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this module, you are able to:

 explain the importance of research design and methodology
 identify the different types of research design
 describe the use of research design in research
ESSENTIALQUESTIONS

1. What is research design in methodology?

2. What are different types of research design
3. How the research design used in the research?
ACTIVITYLOG

Essential Question/s
Input
Starter
Focused Discussion
Task 1
Essential Understanding
Assessment
Learning Log
Self-Evaluation
Point of Clarification
INPUT

Starter

Interesting! To ensure that the research being undertaken will be successful, there are various
elements that need to be designed and planned systematically to attain the objectives of the
study.
To start this weekly lesson, let us try to answer the given activity below.

Read, analyze, and answer the given topic and answer the questions that follow.

Research Topic: Investigating Age and Sleep Patterns

Research has shown that the human body clock is very important in determining sleep and wake
patterns. Your task is to design a study that investigates the relationship between ages and sleep
duration.

Question:
1. What kind of research design is used in the study? Justify your answer.
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Participants

In terms of sampling, who will be your target population and what type of sampling will you use?
Justify your choices.
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Focused Discussion

In this lesson, you will gain better understanding and skills in describing and carrying out a
research design applicable and appropriate for your research. In addition, you will gain technical
orientation in preparing and developing data gathering instrument, choosing sample and
respondents, collecting and analyzing data procedures.
Gathering data and information is a serious procedure that requires organized and systematic
structuring and strategies. Just like how doctors prepare for a major operation, including exact
information about the disease, the processes that needs to be performed, and the treatment that
should be given to patients, a researcher should also plan things out before the actual conduct of
the research. He should be aware of the specific details about the entire execution of the research,
such as the participants, the instruments, and how the data will be gathered and treated.
Research Methods
In choosing the research method that best fits your research, you will have to know the nature of
your research question or problem. You would need to know as well the collection and analysis
tool that the data would need.
As you have learned from your Practical Research 1 and 2, quantitative research deals with
numbers this type of data would require statistical treatment.
Meanwhile, qualitative research entails data in the form of words and extracting meanings which
will demand a framework of data analysis. If your research problem would deal with both kinds of
data, then your research may be needing mixed methods and processes of research.

The table shows the various elements that quantitative and qualitative research. This will help you
decide which method are you into based on your initial research topic.

Guide Questions:
1. Explain the research method that you chose for your research?
2. Why did you choose such method for your research? Explain its appropriateness for the course
of your study.
3. What specific steps do you anticipate/expect in this research method?
4. What possible problems/challenges do you look forward to in the conduct of the method?
5. How will you prevent such problems/challenges to happen? Or if they happen, what solutions
do you intend to do?

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Research Design

Research design is the process of structuring techniques and strategies that help researchers
solve their problems or answer their questions (Clemente, Julaton & Orleans, 2016). Here are
some research designs from the University of Southern California (2020) to ensure that the
elements in the research work are coherent and logical in order to achieve the answers to the
research problems.

1. Action Research Design - is a collaborative and adaptive research design that focuses
on socially and solution-driven outcomes. It has the potential to increase learning from
experience. Action research mostly is applicable in the teaching-learning process.
2. Case Study Design - This design is widely used by social scientists since it aims to
examine contemporary situations that are happening in real life. This design can provide
the bases for the application of concepts and theories as well as detailed descriptions of
unusual cases.
3. Causal Design - This design is commonly used to measure the impact of a particular
change on existing situation or norm. Typically, causal explanations are sought to reflect
on hypotheses testing. Causal effect happens when difference in a phenomenon leads to
significant results.
4. Cross-Sectional Design - Cross-sectional researches are capable of using data from a
large number of subjects as it primarily use survey techniques to gather data. This design
can only measure differences between or from among a diverse set of participants,
subjects, or phenomena.
5. Descriptive Design - This designs answers the questions who, what, when, where, and
how of a research problem. However, it is could not provide reasons or exact answers to
the question “why”. It only intends to describe "what exists" in a situation and its related
variables.
6. Experimental Design - This design involves an experimental group and a control group
wherein the independent variable is applied to the experimental group while maintaining
the control group. Later, both groups are measured on the same target dependent
variable. It may require the use of more groups and measurements over periods of time
to validate the results. This is typically done in the field of medicine and science.
7. Exploratory Design - Primarily, exploratory design is fitted to a research problem that is
not yet saturated or with only a few or totally no investigations or investigations have been
conducted for. This is often administered to understand the processes in order to proceed
in deeper studying of an issue. This may also deal with discovering the best methodology
to use in gathering information.
8. Historical Design - Collecting, verifying, and synthesizing evidences from the significant
past are the aim of historical research design. This is bound towards establish factual
bases to defend, challenge or nullify a certain existing knowledge. It mainly involves data
from secondary sources and also primary documents and artifacts, such as but not limited
to records, materials, archives and visual artifacts like maps, images, and footages or
recordings.
9. Mixed-Method Design - This design is a combination of quantitative and qualitative
methods. It is advantageous in the sense that the strengths of one method can be used
to fulfill the weaknesses of another. Mixed-method design can provide sufficient evidences
to support a conclusion or set of recommendations since it deals with statistical data and
insights from patterns and relationships of the involved variables.

These are only a few of the existing research designs which you may opt to utilize in the conduct
of your research. The only thing that should be ensured is the appropriateness of the design to
the research problems, so that the results or outcome will be definitely valid and reliable.

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In the research manuscript, the research design is expressed in coherent and logical section. It
is also explained supported with details referring to it appropriateness with the research topic and
problems and the processes in order to validate, so that the research will not be interrupted for
any reason that may cause conflicts in the attainment of the objectives of the research.

Here is an excerpt from a research design in the research proposal of Ms. Julieta G. Habagat
entitled “Status, Issues and Concerns in the Implementation of Gender and Development (GAD)
Programs in Public Elementary Schools in District I-C, Division of Antipolo City.” Study how the
details and information are presented.

TASK 1

Read carefully, understand and answer the following questions.

1. Which design are you interested to deal with? Why?

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2. Which of these designs is the most appropriate for your initial research interest? Explain your
answer.
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3. How do you plan to execute the research design that you chose?
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4. Provide a detailed procedure or process on how you will execute the design.
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5. What problems do you expect as you carry out the research design in terms of:
a. resources
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b. time
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6. How will you solve the problems that you anticipate?

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ESSENTIALUNDERSTANDING

 Common sense and research both involve an attempt to understand various aspects of
our world. However, research but arguably not common sense involves an explicit,
systematic approach to finding things out, often through a process of testing out our
preconceptions. This process begins with deciding on your research question as a
student-researcher. Again, it is necessary to conduct your literature review and to decide
on a research design that addresses the research question. Decisions made at this point
include considering what kind of data you will be collected, and who will be invited to
participate.
 The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data. Note that the research problem determines the type
of design you should use, not the other way around. According to De Vaus (2006) before
beginning your paper, you need to decide how you plan to design the study. The function
of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables you to effectively
address the research problem logically and as unambiguously as possible.

ASSESSMENT

Construct your research design section for your research. Ensure that the information is complete
and presented. In case you will find it challenging, you may ask for assistance from your siblings
and parents. You may also contact your colleagues to brainstorm. Do not hesitate to get in touch
with your subject teacher for further assistance that you would need.
Research Design
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Criteria Points Score
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Quality of Answer 10
Sentence Fluency 10
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Writing Conventions 10
Total 30

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LEARNINGLOG

What is the purpose of research design in research?

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SELF-EVALUATION

Rate yourself from 1 to 5 (1 being the lowest while 5 being the highest) on the level of
understanding that you are able to attain for this module:

1 2 3 4 5

POINT OF CLARIFICATION

Please write any questions or points of clarification about the content of this module:
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REFERENCES

Books

Apodaca, D. (2019). Inquiries, Investigations and Immersions. Makati City: Diwa Learning
Systems Inc.

Avilla, Ruel A. (2016) Practical Research 1. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 2. Quezon City: REX Book Store, Inc.

Calderon, J. F. & E.C. Gonzales. (2014). Methods of Research and Thesis Writing.
National Bookstore. Mandaluyong City.

Dela Cruz, A. (2018). Applications and Practices of Research for Senior High School. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Prieto et. Al (2017). Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Metro Manila, Philippines:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

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