MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology

ISSN 2454-5880

Serhiienko et al., 2022

Volume 7 Issue 3, pp. 112-125
Received: 01st September 2021
Revised: 25th November 2021, 11th December 2021, 29th January 2022
Accepted: 05th February 2022
Date of Publication: 07th February 2022
DOI- https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2022.73.112125
This paper can be cited as: Serhiienko, A. O., Dontsova, T. A. & Vorobyova, V. I. (2022). Synthesis of
Bactericidal Microfiltration Ceramic Membranes. MATTER: International Journal of Science and
Technology, 7 (3), 112-125.
This work is licensed under the CreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to
Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

SYNTHESIS OF BACTERICIDAL MICROFILTRATION

CERAMIC MEMBRANES

Alla O. Serhiienko
Faculty of Chemical Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv
Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
[email protected]

Tetiana A. Dontsova
Faculty of Chemical Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv
Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
[email protected]

Victoria I. Vorobyova
Faculty of Chemical Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv
Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
[email protected]

Abstract
Membrane technologies have become widely used in filtration and separation processes in
chemical, oil, food, pharmaceutical, medical, environmental, textile industries, etc. Recently, there
is a growing demand for the use of bactericidal membranes due to their effectiveness in
neutralizing microorganisms. The aim of this work is to synthesize microfiltration ceramic
membranes modified with silver nanoparticles to provide them with bactericidal properties. In this

112
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

work, ceramic membranes are synthesized by dry pressing followed by sintering from natural raw
materials of Ukrainian origin, namely: kaolin and saponite, as well as with the addition of silicon
carbide, sodium silicate, and calcium carbonate. To provide ceramic membranes with bactericidal
properties, they were modified with particles of silver. The synthesized ceramic membranes were
characterized by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis, and their bactericidal ability has
been established. The ceramic filtration membranes after modification by silvers exhibited an
inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram-positive (B. subtilis.) and Gram-negative (Escherichia
coli) pathogens. Thus, the obtained bactericidal ceramic membranes are of great interest for their
use for biofouling control.
Keywords
Bactericidal Ceramic Membranes, Microfiltration, Silver, Water Treatment

1. Introduction
Water is the basis of all organic life, without which neither human existence nor the
development of mankind as a whole is possible. Along with the problem of limited water resources,
the issue of their quality is no less acute. Many countries are at risk of a water crisis. It is anticipated
that the need for access to water resources shall increase in the coming years (Duzdaban, 2021).
Water pollution is a serious problem for many countries and needs to be resolved as soon as
possible (Aini Zakaria, Wan Mansor, & Shahrin, 2018). Its solution requires the development of
traditional methods and the creation of new methods and technologies. One of the most advanced
methods of filtering water is its membrane purification.
Membrane technologies are a high-tech method of water purification and occupy a special
place in the field of water treatment. This technology is used to filter water from mechanical and
organic contaminants, bacteria and viruses, and in solution separation, water softening, wastewater
treatment and production of sterile liquids. These processes find applications in chemical, oil, food,
pharmaceutical, medical, environmental, textile industries, etc. Membrane filters are thin and have
a fairly controlled pore size. Nowadays, the filter materials are usually polymers and ceramics.
Composite membranes have recently attracted attention as each layer can be independently
modified to achieve the desired membrane characteristics (Hong Anh Ngo, & Thi Tran, 2017). In
particular, ceramic membranes remain one of the most promising technologies among membrane
processes due to their superior performance, hydrophilicity, mechanical robustness, and high
thermal and chemical stabilities. Ceramic membranes are characterized by reliability and long

113
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

service life under routine conditions, as well as the possibility to restore the filtration properties by
membrane regeneration, including backwashing. (Gitis & Rothenberg, 2016, Serhiienko,
Dontsova, Yanushevska, Nahirniak, & Ahmad, 2020). Ceramic membranes are used for different
types of filtration depending on the average pore size: ultrafiltration, microfiltration and
nanofiltration. However, despite several advantages, ceramic membranes are not protected from
biofouling. Even under correct operating conditions, it is inevitable that the membrane will become
contaminated after prolonged operation. Membrane fouling is a serious problem in the application
of a ceramic membrane, which is mainly caused by the deposition and adsorption of certain
components in the filtrate at the membrane surface or in the pores of the membrane. Bacteria may
also be growing in the pores of the membrane or on its surface, reducing the membrane's
permeability and causing it to become contaminated Zuo, Zhang, Ma, Lv, & Li, 2020). Therefore,
the issue of the production of ceramic membranes endowed with bactericidal properties is of
interest.

2. Literature Review
Many works have been devoted to the study of the performance of ceramic membranes.
Various kinds of inorganic membrane materials are available on the market. The properties of
ceramic membranes are basically defined by their composition, the choice of pore formers and the
temperature of heat treatment. According to the literature, most often ceramic membranes are made
of Al, Ti, Si, and Zr oxides (Samaei, Gato-Trinidad, & Altaee, 2018). However, the production of
membranes based on these materials requires high economic costs. To reduce costs, recent research
has focused on the use of natural materials such as clays, natural zeolites, apatites, quartz sand,
and others for the production of ceramic membranes (Abdullayev, Bekheet, Hanaor, & Gurlo,
2019). Clays are widespread around the world and require minimal processing before use in the
production of ceramic membranes. Kaolin is the most common type of clay whose main mineral
form consists of kaolinite. Kaolin-based ceramic membranes are characterized by mechanical
stability and high porosity, which are achieved by heat treatment.
There are different methods for producing ceramic membranes from raw materials such as
slip casting, pressing, extrusion, dip coating, sol-gel method, etc. The choice of any preparation
method depends on the desired membrane structure and future use (Amin, Abdallah, Roushdy, &
El-Sherbiny, 2016).

114
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

The traditional method of obtaining porous ceramic substrates is sintering powders with
binders, which can be liquid glass, clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite), aluminophosphate
binder, organics and others. To increase the porosity of ceramics in some cases, burnout (sawdust,
flour, starch) or gas-forming (calcite, megnesite) additives are introduced. By regulating the
dispersion of powders, the amount and nature of binders, additives and the method of heat
treatment of the mixture, a ceramic support with different porosity and permeability is obtained.
There are many research papers devoted to the study of membrane fouling control
strategies. Membrane cleaning methods can be divided into physical methods (reversible fouling
cleaning) and chemical methods (irreversible fouling cleaning). Physical methods are reagent-free
methods of membrane cleaning, and include Hydraulic flushing, backwashing, backpulsing, air
enhanced backflushing, use of ultrasound, use of electric field and others. Chemical cleaning of
membranes is a so-called cleaning-in-place (CIP) using the following typical reagents: alkalis,
oxidants/disinfectants, acids, chelating agents, surfactants and enzymes (Gruskevica & Mezule,
2021).
Ways to prevent membrane fouling include water pretreatment, timely hydraulic and
chemical flushing, reagent dosing, or special membrane design. One way to prevent the biological
fouling of ceramic membranes is to modify the membranes with certain metal nanoparticles, such
as Ag and Cu, which are well-known for their antibacterial properties (Lu et al., 2016, Kim & Van,
2010). Previous investigations have shown the use of silver particles to reduce membrane
biofouling using various methods of membrane production. Basically, there are two main ways of
adding Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to the membrane surface, namely, making a membrane from a
mixture that contains Ag NPs in advance and modifying an existing membrane by the coating
method. There is evidence in the literature that Ag NPs not only provide disinfection but also
reduce contamination by reducing biofilms on the membrane surface (Bolto & Xie, 2018, Diagne
et al., 2012, Le et al., 2019).
By incorporation of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) into the ceramic matrix, antibacterial
properties can be added to the ceramic membranes. In (Ngoc Dung, Phan Thi, Nam, Nhan, &
Quang, 2019) a highly porous ceramic filter with silver particles incorporated into its structure,
obtained by the in situ chemical reduction method, was fabricated. For this purpose, the AgNO3
was first impregnated with activated carbon with a further addition to the ceramic filter production

115
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

mixture. In doing so, the silver particles are distributed evenly throughout the porous ceramic filter,
allowing it to slowly release and maintain its antibacterial effectiveness for prolonged filtration.
In another research (Lv et al., 2009) to fix silver nanoparticles in porous ceramic
composites using as a binder aminosilane binding agent, namely 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
After passing inlet water with a bacterial load of ~105 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter
through the silver-decorated porous ceramic at a flow rate of 0.01 l/min, no E. coli was detected
in the output water.
In the paper (Singh, Rento, Son, Turner, & Smith, 2019), ceramic tablets were made in
different ways by changing the pressure in the mold, temperature and sintering rates, sawdust
composition, mixing protocols of starting materials and granulation. The prepared ceramic samples
were investigated for the release of silver ions into water for periods of 8 to 24 hours.
An alternative method of adding silver to ceramic filters before sintering is compared in
the literature with the traditional methods of applying silver particles after heat treatment of the
product (Jackson, & Smith, 2018). The preparation of ceramic water filters by adding silver nitrate
to the initial mixture of clay, sawdust and water can improve the retention of silver in the filter,
support effective pathogen removal, reduce production costs, and minimize the risk of inhalation
of silver nanoparticles by workers. Filters were evaluated using a series of mixing flow
experiments using a non-pathogenic strain of E. coli and [3H]H2O.
Another major study (Mukaratirwa‐Muchanyereyi et al., 2020) describes ceramic water
purification filters made from clay, broken clay pots and flour, with the addition of silver nitrate
in one case and silver nanoparticles in the other by immersing the formed discs in the respective
solutions. The effectiveness in reducing the pH of the original water, water hardness, biological
oxygen demand (BOD), chloride and nitrate concentrations after passing through the ceramic
filters are compared. The paper (Kallman, Oyanedel-Craver, & Smith, 2011) mentions ceramic
filters prepared by mixing clay, sawdust and water, followed by impregnation with silver
nanoparticles. The filters have been successfully tested for the transfer and removal of E. coli under
laboratory and field conditions.
Recently, Ag NPs on ceramic materials has attracted considerable attention due to their
disinfection and reduction of biofouling for household (point-of-use) water treatment (Shepard,
Lux, & Oyanedel-Craver, 2020). Ceramic filters containing sawdust and commercial clays and

116
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

similar filters with added AgNPs were evaluated for flow rate, turbidity removal, bacteria removal
and silver leaching.
The aim of this work is to synthesize bactericidal microfiltration ceramic membranes. For
this purpose, ceramic membranes were modified with silver nanoparticles. The effect of silver
content on the bactericidal properties of the membrane is described.

3. Methodology
Ceramic membrane supports were prepared by dry pressing followed by sintering. This
method is suitable to produce flat round ceramic membranes for research of their properties. In
general, ceramic membranes made by pressing have well-defined characteristics, such as uniform
porosity and homogeneous physical properties over the entire membrane area and are widely used
for fundamental research (Issaoui & Limousy, 2019). This method is based on pressing dry powder
using a press. To impart strength, the formed membrane is calcined at a temperature sufficient for
sintering the initial substances.
To prepare sample CM0, the feedstock was ground and mixed in the following ratio: Kaolin
60 %, Saponite 10 %, Sodium silicate 10 %, Calcium carbonate 20 %. 2 g of the mixture of powders
was weighed and then poured into the 2.2 cm diameter press mould. Round ceramic membrane
supports were made by hand hydraulic pressing at 8 tons of pressure. Heat treatment was
performed in the air in a high-temperature muffle furnace at a heating rate of 1 ℃/min to 95 ℃
with isothermal holding for 30 min, at a rate of 3 ℃ per min to 350 ℃ and at a rate of 2 ℃ per
min up to 950 ℃, followed by holding at this temperature for 60 minutes. Finally, the samples
spontaneously cooled to room temperature.
Samples of bactericidal ceramic membranes modified with silver were prepared similarly,
only at the stage of mixing the starting materials was added silver nitrate in terms of Ag in the
following contents: 0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, 4 % and 5 %.
X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer
(Japan) with CuКa radiation. The size of the crystallites was calculated using Scherer's formula.
The chemical composition was determined using an EXPERT 3L INAM X-ray
fluorescence analyzer (Ukraine).
Test strains, such as Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli UKM В-906 and Gram-
positive (B. subtilis) were obtained from Danylo Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology

117
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine. Before testing inoculums were cultivated in liquid
medium meat-and-peptone broth for 6 hours at 370 °C. The inoculum suspension was diluted to
an optical density of 0.5 according to the McFarland standard scale, which corresponds to 108
colony-forming units (CFU/cm3). The test was conducted by the diffusion method on a solid
medium which is based on ceramic filtration membranes in nutrient agar and inhibition of bacteria
growth. The inoculum was densely touched by swab on sterile agar in Petri dishes, after that the
pieces of catgut threads were placed on the surface. Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 24
hours. Evaluation of antibacterial activity was provided by measuring of size of the inhibition
zones around the threads.

4. Analysis
The ceramic membrane СМ0 and its initial components, namely Kaolin, Saponite, and
Calcium Carbonate, were characterized by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis. The
bactericidal properties of ceramic membrane samples with and without silver modification were
examined using the inhibition zone test.
4.1. XRD
Fig. 1 shows diffraction patterns for the components of ceramic membranes (Kaolin,
Saponite, Calcium carbonate) and CM0 sample of a ceramic membrane made from them. X-ray
diffraction analysis was performed using a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (Japan) with
CuКa radiation. According to standard cards (ICDD 01-078-2110 (Kaolinite), ICDD 01-087-2096
(Quartz), ICDD 01-083-0578 (Calcite), ICDD 01-073-2337 (Magnesium aluminosilicate) the
components of ceramic membranes contain phases characteristic of them (Table 1), and CM0
ceramic membrane contains Magnesium aluminosilicate (Saponite). Thus, it can be concluded that
as a result of the preparation and subsequent heating of the ceramic membrane, kaolinite is
converted into metakaolin, which has an amorphous structure, and therefore, the diffraction pattern
of the CM0 sample exhibits peaks characteristic only of the layered structure of saponite. Calcium
carbonate decomposes to Calcium oxide, which also has an amorphous structure.

118
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

3
Intensity

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2-theta (deg)
Figure 1: XRD Patterns of Samples: 1 – Kaolin; 2 – Saponite; 3 – Calcium Carbonate; 4 – CM0
(Source: Self)
The presented crystallite size in Table 1 indicates the nanocrystalline state of both the initial
components and ceramic membrane (matrix).
Table 1: Composition and Crystallite Size of Samples
Sample Composition Crystallite size, nm
Kaolin Kaolinite 23
Saponite Magnesium aluminosilicate (Saponite), Quartz 13
Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate 58
CM0 Magnesium aluminosilicate (Saponite) 18
(Source: Self)
4.2. Chemical composition
Chemical analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of the samples. The
samples were loaded in the EXPERT 3L INAM X-ray fluorescence analyzer (Ukraine) for
elemental analysis. The chemical analysis is presented in Table 2. The chemical analysis of the
samples revealed the main chemical elements inherent in the purposeful phases.

119
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

Table 2: Chemical Analysis of Samples

Composition, %
Element
Kaolin Saponite Calcium carbonate CM0
Si 57.75 36.15 0.22 17.98
Al 32.34 - - -
Ti 3.95 - - -
K 2.57 - - -
Fe 1.97 40.15 0.03 6.04
Al - 7.63 - 10.46
Ca 0.89 6.80 99.28 63.06
Mg - 5.19 - -
S 0.30 - - -
Ti - 2.85 0.22 2.14
Ga 0.03 - - 0.02
Zr 0.02 0.04 - 0.03
Mn - 0.59 - 0.07
V 0.15 0.17 0.09 0.11
Re 0.01 - - -
Ni 0.01 0.09 - -
Cu 0.01 0.13 - 0.02
Zn - 0.10 0.01 0.01
Cr - 0.04 - -
Sr - 0.03 0.13 0.04
Rb - 0.02 0.01 0.01
Y - 0.02 0.01 0.01
(Source: Self)
4.3. Bactericidal ability
The bactericidal ability of ceramic membranes was investigated according to the method
described in the "Methodology" section. The size of the zone of inhibition clearly shows the
efficiency of modified ceramic membranes as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

120
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

Figure 2: Inhibition Zone of Functionalization Ceramic Filtration Membranes against E.

coli after Incubation for 24 And 48 H
(Source: Self)
As a general result, it was observed that the modified ceramic membranes showed higher
activity against B. subtilis compared with E. coli. The inhibitory effect of ceramic membranes on
the growth of bacteria were observed after incubation at 37 ℃ for 24 and 48 h. Further, it was
noticed that uncoated membranes have a slight influence on the removal of the bacteria under
study.
To study the effect of silver concentration, its content was varied from 0.5 to 5 % against
both strains of bacteria. The inhibitory activity of bactericidal ceramic membranes with increased
silver concentration was increased. It is noticed that Ag is evenly covered on the membrane
surface. At the same time, a small amount of 0.5% showed a significant effect on the removal of
B. subtilis and E. coli. The radius of inhibition is uniformly uniform. Additional control on the
second day and after one week of cultivation did not demonstrate any difference.
These results showed that the antibacterial properties presented by functionalized ceramic
filtration membranes can be ascribed to the presence of silver over their large surface area that
ensures greater surface contact with microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity depends mainly on
the release of silver ions from the surface of bactericidal ceramic membranes.

121
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

Figure 3: Inhibition Zone of Functionalization Ceramic Filtration Membranes against

B. Subtilis after Incubation For 24 And 48 H
(Source: Self)

5. Conclusion
The raw components and obtaining ceramic membranes were characterized by X-ray
methods, as a result of which the transformation of kaolin and calcium carbonate into metakaolin
and calcium oxide was observed. The saponite phase does not undergo any changes during heating.
The antimicrobial properties of silver-modified ceramic membranes were investigated. The
test of the zone of inhibition established an increased antimicrobial efficiency of the material,
APMB, against the two bacteria (Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus
subtilis) and the level for both bacteria showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity. The results
indicate that the silver content in the amount of 0.5% exhibits high antibacterial activity against B.
subtilis and E. Coli. To confirm the results obtained, more experimental studies need to be carried
out. In the future, it is planned to study the mechanical and transport characteristics of obtaining
ceramic membranes.

6. Acknowledgments

We thank the National Research Foundation of Ukraine for "Support for research by
leading and young scientists", within the framework of which the work was carried out (project
registration number 2020.02/0024).

122
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

REFERENCES
Abdullayev, A., Bekheet, M., Hanaor, D., & Gurlo, A. (2019). Materials and applications for
low-cost ceramic membranes. Membranes, 9(9), 105.
https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090105
Aini Zakaria, H., Wan Mansor, W. S., & Shahrin, N. (2018). Development of water treatment
sachets from the seeds of moringa oleifera and activated carbon. MATTER: International
Journal of Science and Technology, 3(3), 240–252.
https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2018.33.240252
Amin, S. K., Abdallah, H. A. M., Roushdy, M. H., & El-Sherbiny, S. A. (2016) An overview of
production and development of ceramic membranes. International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, 11, 7708–7721.
Bolto, B. A., & Xie, Z. (2018) Recent Developments in Fouling Minimization of Membranes
Modified with Silver Nanoparticles. Journal of Membrane Science and Research, 4, 111–
120. https://doi.org/10.22079/JMSR.2018.79056.1168
Diagne, F., Malaisamy, R., Boddie, V., Holbrook, R. D., Eribo, B., & Jones, K. L. (2012).
Polyelectrolyte and SILVER Nanoparticle modification of microfiltration membranes to
mitigate organic and bacterial fouling. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(7),
4025–4033. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203945v
Duzdaban, E. (2021). Water issue in central Asia: challenges and opportunities. Eurasian
Research Journal, 3(1), 45–62.
Gitis, V., & Rothenberg, G. (2016). Ceramic membranes new opportunities and practical
applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527696550
Gruskevica, K., & Mezule, L. (2021). Cleaning methods for ceramic ultrafiltration membranes
affected by organic fouling. Membranes, 11(2), 131.
https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020131
Hong Anh Ngo, T., & Thi Tran, D. (2017). Removal of heavy metal ions in water using modified
polyamide thin-film composite membranes. MATTER: International Journal of Science
and Technology, 3(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.31.91103

123
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

Issaoui, M., & Limousy, L. (2019). Low-cost ceramic membranes: Synthesis, classifications, and
applications. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 22(2-3), 175–187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2018.09.014
Jackson, K. N., & Smith, J. A. (2018). A new method for the deposition of metallic silver on
porous ceramic water filters. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2018, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2573015
Kallman, E. N., Oyanedel-Craver, V. A., & Smith, J. A. (2011). Ceramic filters impregnated
with silver nanoparticles for point-of-use water treatment in rural Guatemala. Journal of
Environmental Engineering, 137(6), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-
7870.0000330
Kim, J., & Van der Bruggen, B. (2010). The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic
membrane structures: Review of manufacturing procedures and performance
improvement for water treatment. Environmental Pollution, 158(7), 2335–2349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.024
Le, Sowe, Chen, Duong, Ray, & Nguyen. (2019). Exploring Nanosilver-Coated Hollow Fiber
Microfiltration to Mitigate Biofouling for High Loading Membrane Bioreactor.
Molecules, 24(12), 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122345
Lu, H., Wang, J., Stoller, M., Wang, T., Bao, Y., & Hao, H. (2016). An overview of
nanomaterials for water and wastewater treatment. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering, 2016, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4964828
Lv, Y., Liu, H., Wang, Z., Liu, S., Hao, L., Sang, Y., Liu, D., Wang, J., & Boughton, R. I.
(2009). Silver nanoparticle-decorated porous ceramic composite for water treatment.
Journal of Membrane Science, 331(1-2), 50–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.007
Mukaratirwa‐Muchanyereyi, N., Tigere, W., Hokonya, N., Gusha, C., Guyo, U., & Nyoni, S.
(2020). Preparation and performance characterization of ceramic/silver nanoparticle
composite in water purification. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology,
17(3), 1522–1530. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13440
Ngoc Dung, T. T., Phan Thi, L.-A., Nam, V. N., Nhan, T. T., & Quang, D. V. (2019).
Preparation of silver nanoparticle-containing ceramic filter by in-situ reduction and

124
MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology
ISSN 2454-5880

application for water disinfection. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(3),

103176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103176
Samaei, S. M., Gato-Trinidad, S., & Altaee, A. (2018). The application of pressure-driven
ceramic membrane technology for the treatment of Industrial Wastewaters – A Review.
Separation and Purification Technology, 200, 198–220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.041
Serhiienko, A. O., Dontsova, T. A., Yanushevska, O. I., Nahirniak, S. V., & Ahmad, H.-B.
(2020). Ceramic membranes: New trends and prospects (short review). Water and water
purification technologies. Scientific and technical news, 27(2), 4–31.
https://doi.org/10.20535/2218-93002722020208817
Shepard, Z. J., Lux, E. M., & Oyanedel-Craver, V. A. (2020). Performance of silver
nanoparticle-impregnated ovoid ceramic water filters. Environmental Science: Nano,
7(6), 1772–1780. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EN00115E
Singh, R., Rento, C., Son, V., Turner, S., & Smith, J. A. (2019). Optimization of silver ion
release from silver-ceramic porous media for household level water purification. Water,
11(4), 816. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040816
Zuo, X., Zhang, S., Ma, G., Lv, Y., & Li, P. (2020). Analysis of ceramic membrane fouling
behavior and cleaning technology. E3S Web of Conferences, 194, 04048.
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404048

125