1 1 11

12
READING AND WRITING
SKILLS
Quarter 2 – Module 1-3
Text and Context Connections

(SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR INDEPENDENT LEARNING ENGAGEMENT)

A Joint Project of the
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DIPOLOG CITY
and
DIPOLOG CITY GOVERNMENT

1
Reading & Writing Skills– Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1-3
First Edition, 2020

Development Team of the Module

Author: Dalla T. Ledio

Editors: Elma S. Quimpo and Josephine M. Cuenca
Reviewers: Elma S. Quimpo and Josephine M. Cuenca
Illustrator: Dalla T. Ledio
Management Team:
Virgilio P. Batan, Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent
Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Amelinda D. Montero - Chief, CID
Nur N. Hussien - Chief, SGOD
Ronillo S. Yarag - EPSpvr - LRMDS
Leo Martinno O. Alejo - PDO II - LRMDS

For inquiries of feedback, please write or call

Department of Education – Region IX- Dipolog City Schools Division
Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog(065) 212 – 6986
Telefax: (065) 212-6986
E-mail Address: [email protected]

2
 Module 1: Week 1: Context of Text
Development
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the context in which a text was developed (EN11/12RWS-IVac-7),

a. Hypertext (EN11/12RWS-IVac-7.1);
b. Intertext (EN11/12RWS-IVac-7.2.1

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your answer
sheet.

1. It is a text displayed on a computer or another electronic devices with

references to other texts that the reader can immediately access which are
typically activated by a mouse click.
a. Intertext b. Hypertext c. Context d. Text
2. Which of the following is the most implementation of hypertext?
a. World Wide Web b. Google c. Chrome d. Internet
3. Which of the following is an advantage of hypertext?
a. It promotes dialogue.
b. It can be constructed as a collaborative medium.
c. It can be used in nearly any computer facilitated classroom.
d. All of the above
4. It refers to a textual reference within a text that uses the text as reference.
a. Intertext b. Hypertext c. Context d. Text
5. It may be the retelling or writing of an old story in modern context.
a. Intertext b. Hypertext c. Context d. Text
6. It refers to adaptation, borrowing from another text or reinterpretation of
an existing text and making it new.
a. Appropriation b. Allusion c. Parody d. Rap
7. Which of the following refers to reference to another text, person, place or
event?
a. Appropriation b. Allusion c. Parody d. Rap
8. Which of the following is a funny imitation of a serious piece of literature,
writing, art or music?
a. Appropriation b. Allusion c. Parody d. Rap
9. It is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical and other related
circumstances that surround the text.
a. a. Intertext b. Hypertext c. Context d. Text
10. Who was the creator of the definition of intertextuality?
a. Julia Kristeva c. Sigmund Freud
b. William Shakespeare d. Edgar Allan Poe
 What’s In
“Without context, words and actions have no meaning at all”.
- Gregory Bateson

In literary theory, a text is any object that can be "read", whether this object is a
work of literature, a street sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles
of clothing. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message.
This set of symbols is considered in terms of the informative message's content, rather
than in terms of its physical form or the medium in which it is represented. Context is
the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings of events or
occurrences. Whenever writers use a quote or a fact from some source, it becomes
necessary to provide their readers some information about the source, to give context to
its use. It illuminates the meaning and relevance of the text, and may be something
cultural, historical, social, or political. It is all about providing a background or picture
of the situation, and of who is involved. Without context, readers may not see the true
picture of a literary work. Context helps readers understand the cultural, social,
philosophical, and political ideas and movements prevalent in society at the time of the
writing.

LESSONS’ CONTENT
In this era of technology readers are very much open to use either the print or
the non-print medium for reading. To some, they are more comfortable to use the former
as they can browse back and forth for clarity and mastery without prejudice to some
visual discomforts. A number of readers however, are more attuned to the latter because
undeniably, it offers an array of information. In the course of browsing information,
there are readers who find pleasure and satisfaction in the text by connecting it with a
similar narrative or issue thus making the reading material more comprehensible and
meaningful. However, some readers with the intention to further enrich the information
at hand, deliberately open the highlighted parts or links of the text. Both practices cover
the intertextuality and the hypertextuality of the content and the context of the
reading material.

Lesson
Hypertextuality
1

What’s New

Being a critical reader also involves understanding that texts are always
developed with a certain context. A text is neither written nor read in a vacuum; its
meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances.
Thus, CONTEXT is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related
circumstances that surround the text and from the terms from which it can be better
understood and evaluated.
In discovering a text's context, you may ask questions like:
• When was the work written?
 • What were the circumstances that produced it?
• What issues deal with it?

HYPERTEXTUALITY- is a nonlinear way of showing information. It connects

topics on a screen to related information, graphics, videos, and music –
- information is not simply related to text. This information appears as
links and is usually accessed by clicking. The reader can jump to more
information about a topic, which in turn may have more links. •This
opens up the reader to a wider horizon of information to a new
direction. A reader can skim through sections of a text, freely jumping
from one part to another depending on what aspect of the text interests
him/her. Thus, in reading with hypertext, you are given more flexibility
and personalization because you get to select the order in which you
read the text and focus on information that is relevant to your
background and interests.

Hypertextuality- Text displayed on a

computer display or other
electronic devices with references
(hyperlinks) to other texts that the
reader can immediately access
which are typically be activated by
a mouse click. The most
implementation of hypertext is
World Wide Web (www).

World Wide Web (www)- is a global hypertext system of information residing on

servers linked across the internet

Advantages provided by incorporation of hypertext in the composition class:

1. Hypertext promotes dialogue.

2. Hypertext can be constructed as a collaborative medium, and it makes
possible forms of collaboration that emphasize the construction of
meaning.
3. Hypertext is used in nearly any computer-facilitated classroom.

Example of Hypertext document which contains Hyperlinks

On clicking these links, you can move to different pages or files. Please take note that
the cursor changes to a hand while moving to a hyperlink. On clicking the link, the
corresponding page opens up.

If you want to see your previous page, you can Click Here.

If you want to see the next page, you can click Next Page

If you want to see the scenery, you can click on the link Scenery and surprisingly this
link sends you the first page of different files containing scenery.
 Lesson
Intertextuality
2
INTERTEXTUALITY is the modeling of a text's meaning by another text. It is defined
as the connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects
depending on their similarities in language, genre or discourse. This view recognizes
that the text is always influenced by previous texts. It is a textual reference within a text
that uses the text used as reference.

Example: novel, play, film, short story, poem

It may be retelling or writing of an old story in modern context.
Example: James Joyce retells “The Odyssey” in his very famous novel, Ulysses
https://www.slideshare.net/KatrinaClaireLandich/context-of-text-development-

1.Appropriation- adaptation, borrowing from another text, reinterpretation or

reimagining an existing text and making it a new.
2. Allusion- reference to another text, can also be a reference to a person,
place or event

Types of Allusion
1. Literary
2. Cultural
3. Biblical
4. Historical
3. Parody- a funny imitation of a serious piece of literature, writing, art or
music
The definition of intertextuality was created by the French semiotician Julia
Kristeva in the 1960s. She created the term from the Latin word intertexto, which means
“to intermingle while weaving.” Kristeva argued that all works of literature being
produced contemporarily are intertextual with the works that came before it.
7
Common Examples of Intertextuality

We use different examples of intertextuality frequently in common speech, like the

following:

1. He was lying so obviously, you could almost see his nose growing.
2. He’s asking her to the prom. It’s like a happy version of Romeo and Juliet.
3. It’s hard being an adult! Peter Pan had the right idea.

FUNCTION OF INTERTEXTUALITY

A majority of writers borrow ideas from previous works to give meaning to their
own works. Since readers take influence from other texts, and reading new texts they
sift through archives, this device gives them relevance and clarifies their understanding
of the new texts.
 What is It
The following statements are alluding to famous movies, music,literature,
or events. Find the allusion and write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. I met a man who was romantic and a true Romeo.

2. Things became hard in his life, but he just kept swimming.
3. I know things may seem hard, but all you need is prayer.
4. John’s house is big but it has no White House.
5. He was very kind and had the patience of Job.

What’s More
“Give Me Prime Laughter”
1. Make a parody of a song of your choice.
2. The song choice can be anything under the sun.
3. You should give me a copy of the lyrics of your parody and the title of
the original song.
4. Your performance will be rated by using a rubric.
Song Parody Rubric:
15pts The theme of the parody has a clear humorous message, Lyrics are
carefully chosen and assist in getting the overall theme of the parody
across to the audience clearly. Ideas expressed are very original and
clever.

14-12 pts The theme of the parody has a humorous message. Lyrics are
sometimes chosen carefully and assist in getting the overall theme
of the parody across to the audience. Ideas expressed are mostly
original and clever
11-9pts The theme of the parody has a humorous message, but at times is
unclear or goes off topic. Lyrics are chosen with basic care and get
the general idea of the theme across to the audience. Ideas
expressed are occasionally original and clever
8-6pts The theme of the parody is at times humorous, but frequently goes
off topic or is difficult to understand. Lyrics are sometimes chosen
with basic care, but at times appear not to fit in with the overall
theme of the parody. Ideas expressed are rarely original and clever.

What I Have Learned

Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical and other related
circumstances that surround the text and from the terms from which it can be
better understood and evaluated. Being a critical reader involves understanding that
texts are always developed with a certain context. A text is neither written nor read in a
vacuum; its meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances.
 Intertextuality is an important stage in understanding a piece of literature, as
it is necessary to see how other works have influenced the author and how different
texts are employed in the piece to convey certain meanings.
Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts. It is the foundation of the
World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to obtain more information on a
subsequent page on the same site or from website anywhere in the world.

What I Can Do
In a one whole sheet of paper, write a 200-word critique of a song of
your own choice (it can be OPM or English) and point out the intertextuality
present in its lyrics/music video. Write it along with the lyrics of the song.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your
answer in your answer sheet.
1. It refers to the modeling of a text's meaning by another text.
a. Intertext b. Hypertext c. Context d. Text
2. It refers to adaptation, borrowing from another text or reinterpretation of
an existing text and making it new.
a. Appropriation b. Allusion c. Parody d. Rap
3. Which of the following refers to reference to another text, person, place or
event?
a. Appropriation b. Allusion c. Parody d. Rap
4. It is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical and other related
circumstances that surround the text.
a. a. Intertext b. Hypertext c. Context d. Text
5. Which of the following statements is NOT a reason an author might choose
to use parody?
a. to mock or ridicule another author’s style
b. to pay homage to a more famous author by imitating his or her style
c. to change an original work so entirely that it’s no longer a clear
influence on the parody
d. to give honor to a writer by adopting the writer’s theme and tone
6. Choose the correct parody definition from the following statements:
a. A harsh, biting attack on a more famous author.
b. A work that imitates the style of another work or author, for comedic
effect.
c. A critique of government officials or current events in a piece of
literature.
d. An indirect or passing reference.
7. Who was the creator of the definition of intertextuality?
a. Julia Kristeva c. Sigmund Freud
b. William Shakespeare d. Edgar Allan Poe
8. The concept of intertextuality refers to the idea that authors can use
literary relationships as way to…
a. communicate b. pass time c. make money d. read
9. The statement below is an example of _____
It’s hard being an adult! Peter Pan had the right idea.
a. parody b. allusion c. appropriation d. rap
10. It is a global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked
across the internet.
a. www b. Google c. Chrome d. Internet
Answer Key

What I Know
1.b
2.a
3.d
4.a
5.a
6.a
7.b
8.c
9.c
10.a
What is It
1. Romeo
2. swimming
3. love
4. White House
5. Job

What's More
Answers may vary

Assessment
1. a
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. c
References

Udang, Carol A. Module 2 (Hypertextuality/Intertextuality) Lanao del Norte,

DepEd Region X

https://www.slideshare.net/Katrina ClaireLandich/Context of Text

Development
https://www.slideshare.net/Ashley Minerva/hypertext & intertext-Reading and
Writing Skills
https://www.kidskonnect.com/language/allusion examples and worksheets

https://www.google.com/search-images

(All websites were accessed on December 15, 2020)

DISCLAIMER
This Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) is a joint project of
the DepEd Schools Division of Dipolog City and of the Dipolog City Government which
mainly aims to prepare for and address the new normal. Contents of this module were
grounded on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This supplementary
material is to be used by all learners of Schools Division of Dipolog City in all public schools
beginning SY 2020-2021. As this is the first module version, your feedback, comments, and
recommendations are highly encouraged and appreciated. Let’s work together! Sulong
Edukalikad!
 Module 2: Week 2: Critical Reading as Reasoning

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain critical reading as reasoning (EN11/12RWS-IVac-8),

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your answer sheet.
1. What it an act of giving statements for justification and explanation?
a. contemplating c. counterclaiming
b. evaluating d. reasoning
2. What type of reading does the reader employ when he analyzes and
interprets the reading material?
a. critical reading c. scanning
b. skimming d. passive reading
3. It refers to a statement accepted or supposed as true without proof or
demonstration; an unstated premise or belief.
a. argument c. assumption
b. evidence d. data
4. It is a reason or reasons offered for or against something.
a. argument c. assumption
b. evidence d. data
5. It refers to the data on which a judgment or conclusion might be based or by
which poor or probability might be established.
a. argument c. assumption
b. evidence d. data
6. Which of the following is NOT an example of assumption?
a. Educated people do not indulge in name-calling and stereotyping.
b. Not doing homework means not being able to discipline yourself.
c. Name-calling and stereotyping are a mark of irrational prejudice.
d. The Philippine Constitution prohibits anyone from abridging freedom
of expression.
7. Which of the critical thinking components involves identifying the event that
causes another event?
a. Identifying the problem & solution c. Comparing & contrast
b. Analyzing sequence d. Understanding cause and effect
8. Why is critical reading considered as reading beyond understanding the
text?
a. It is reading with comprehension.
b. It is reading with the use of verbal and non-verbal cues.
c. It is reading that allows the reader to make a dialogue with the
author.
d. It is a silent reading.
9. Which component of critical thinking involves identifying the main thought
of the text?
a. Summarizing c. Inferring
b. Getting the main idea d. Drawing conclusions
10. What kind of claim in a text refers to obvious, apparent and directly stated?
a. implicit c. implied
b. explicit d. modified
What’s In
Critical reading is a type of reading whereby the reader analyzes and
interprets the reading material to know if it presents logical and connection of ideas.
Critical reading is done when the reader would like to understand the text’s deeper
meaning because it is a way how the writer thinks.
Critical reading is not simply close and careful reading. To read critically,
one must actively recognize and analyze evidence upon the page. Critical reading is an
analytic activity. It involves bringing outside knowledge and values to bear to evaluate
the presentation and decide what to ultimately accept as true.
Critical reading is a form of language analysis that does not take the given
text at face value, but involves a deeper examination of the claims put forth as well as
the supporting points and possible counterarguments. The ability to reinterpret and
reconstruct for improved clarity and readability is also a component of critical reading.
The identification of possible ambiguities and flaws in the author's reasoning, in
addition to the ability to address them comprehensively, are essential to this process.
Critical reading, much like academic writing, requires the linkage of evidential points to
corresponding arguments.[1]

What is Reasoning?

According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, reasoning is an act of giving

statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend
something by giving out reasons.

Critical reading involves presenting a reasoned argument that evaluates and

analyses what you have read.

Argument-is a reason or reasons offered for or against something. This term

refers to a discussion in which there is disagreement and suggests
the use of logic and the bringing forth of facts to support or refute a
stand.

Assumption- is a statement accepted or supposed as true without proof or

demonstration; an unstated premise or belief.

Evidence- refers to the data on which a judgement or conclusion might be based

or by which poor or probability might be established.

What’s New

What is a critical reader?

A critical reader is someone who defends something by giving out reasons.

(Ms. Katrine M. Belino). A critical reader should be able to use textual evidence
when asked to support analysis of the implicit and explicit information presented
by a writer in a text. The following questions may be usefully asked about any
text you are reading:

A Purpose and background

 1. Why are you reading this text? What is your purpose?
2. What type of text is it: research report, essay, textbook, book review?
3. What do you know about the subject of the text?
4. What else has been written on the subject of the text?
5. What controversies exist in this area? How does this text fit in?

B The author and the text

1. Who is the author? What do you know about the author? What authority does
the author have?
2. Who is the intended audience?
3. What is the author's purpose? Why has the text been written?
4. What is the source of the text? Is it reputable? Who is the publisher? What
reputation to they have?
5. What is the date of publication? Is it appropriate to the argument?
6. What is the writer's attitude towards the topic?
7. What conclusions are drawn?

C Evidence used

1. Is there a clear distinction between fact and opinion?

2. Is evidence used to support arguments? How good is the evidence? Are all the
points supported?
3. In an experimental study, was the sample size adequate and are the statistics
reliable?
4. Are there any unsupported points? Are they well-known facts or generally
accepted opinions?
5. How does the writer use other texts and other people's ideas?
6. Are the writer's conclusions reasonable in the light of the evidence presented?
7. How do the conclusions relate to other similar research?

D Assumptions made

1. What assumptions has the writer made? Are they valid?

2. What beliefs or values does the writer hold? Are they explicit?
3. Look at the language that is used, e.g. active/passive verbs, nominalisations,
pronouns, ergative verbs, articles, etc. Is it always possible to identify
participants and processes? e.g. compare: the government increased taxes; they
increased the taxes, taxes were increased; taxes increased; the taxes increased,
there was an increase in taxes
4. Look for emphatic words such as it is obvious, definitely and of course.
5. Look for hedges: possible, might, perhaps.
6. Look for emotional arguments, use of maximisers: completely, absolutely,
entirely, or minimisers: only, just, hardly, simply, merely.
7. How else could the text have been written?

Tips to Sharpen Your Logical Reasoning Skills

Logical reasoning is a rational way of thinking and understanding a situation in order

to arrive at any conclusion. This process requires a systematic series of steps based on
mathematical procedures and given statements. Having good logical reasoning
skills will help you in decision making. This quality not only aids in your interpersonal
relationships, but also makes you an effective leader. Logical thinking skills actually
enhance your ability to understand what you have learned, to develop hypotheses, and
to test those hypotheses against known facts and finally arriving at the conclusion.

There are a variety of ways to improve your logical reasoning skills.

1. Engage in Activities that require Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the ability to think rationally and understand the logical
connection between ideas. When you think critically, you need to question ideas and
assumptions, rather than merely accepting them at once. Critical thinking, thus,
requires to use your ability to reason. So, engage yourself in activities that require
critical thinking in order to enhance your logical skills. You should take part in activities
such as Sudoku, Crossword Puzzles, Word search, Brain teasers, riddles, etc. which
will stimulate your brain to think, remember and make a decision. You may also like to
read our previous articles on engaging activities for improving critical thinking

2. Debate

Debate is an effective tool to boost your brain power as it stimulates your mind
to think and analyse. Participating in a debate will drive your brain to search for causes
and consequences that are transformed into firm arguments. You will be able to discover
the key fact that can combat the argument made by the opponent. Debating, thus,
requires logical thinking and good decision-making skills. Hence, participating in
debates can sharpen your mind and enhance your mental ability.

3. Participate in Activities that require Creative Skills

Creative skill is the ability to think ‘out-of-the-box’ to carry out new tasks.
Creative people have the skill to formulate new ideas through deep thinking, and find
out ways to solve problems and meet challenges. This requires lateral thinking, or the
ability to perceive patterns that are not so easily noticeable. So, if you wish to enhance
your logical reasoning then participate in activities that require creative skills.

4. Exercise

Logical skills require good memory and thinking power. Scientific studies have
revealed that exercise has a surprising benefit in achieving greater memory and
thinking. A 20 minutes daily exercise such as running or walking can stimulate the
release of growth factors that affect the health of brain cells, growth of new blood vessels
and even the growth of new cells in the brain. All these factors help in boosting memory
and concentration. So, make it a habit of spending at least 10-15 minutes daily for
exercise.

5. Read Mystery Novels

You can also read some mystery stories. Reading mystery stories creates
inquisitiveness in your mind and you try to predict the subsequent events and co-
relate with what the author has to say. This can improve your analytical skills.
 What is It
Read the short passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Opera

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the

emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both
vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theater
an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role.
The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theater such as
scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are
sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble
ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.

1. It is pointed out in the reading that opera ----.

a. has developed under the influence of musical theater
b. is a drama sung with the accompaniment of an orchestra
c. is not a high-budget production
d. is often performed in Europe
2. We can understand from the reading that ----.
a. people are captivated more by opera than musical theater
b. drama in opera is more important than the music
c. orchestras in operas can vary considerably in size
d. there is argument over whether the music is important or the words
in opera
3. It is stated in the reading that ----.
a. acting and costumes are secondary to music in musical theater
b. many people find musical theater more captivating than opera
c. music in musical theater is not as important as it is in opera
d. an opera requires a huge orchestra as well as a large choir

What’s More

Testing your Reasoning Skills!

Present your arguments and evidences about the given situation below.

You want to have a movie date with your family.

Which genre do you think is better to watch? Romantic Movies
or Horror Movies
 What I Can Do

Listen to a news on the radio or television about the conduct of limited face-to-face
classes in schools nationwide with low risk of Covid 19. Write a short essay giving your
arguments, evidences and reasoning on this issue.

Rubric:

10pts Critical reasoning is shown through the presentation of strong

arguments and evidences are clear and factual.
9-7pts The presentation of data and arguments is strong but needs more
persuasion.
6-5 pts The discussion is not clear and convincing.

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your answer
sheet.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of assumption?

a. Educated people do not indulge in name-calling and stereotyping.
b. Not doing homework means not being able to discipline yourself.
c. Name-calling and stereotyping are a mark of irrational prejudice.
d. The Philippine Constitution prohibits anyone from abridging freedom
of expression.
2. Which of the critical thinking components involves identifying the event that
causes another event?
a. Identifying the problem & solution c. Comparing & contrast
b. Analyzing sequence d. Understanding cause and effect
3. Why is critical reading considered as reading beyond understanding the
text?
a. It is reading with comprehension.
b. It is reading with the use of verbal and non-verbal cues.
c. It is reading that allows the reader to make a dialogue with the
author.
d. It is a silent reading.
4. Which component of critical thinking involves identifying the main thought
of the text?
a. Summarizing c. Inferring
b. Getting the main idea d. Drawing conclusions
5. What kind of claim in a text refers to obvious, apparent and directly stated?
a. implicit c. implied
b. explicit d. modified
6. What it an act of giving statements for justification and explanation?
a. contemplating c. counterclaiming
b. evaluating d. reasoning
7. What type of reading does the reader employ when he analyzes and
interprets the reading material?
 a. critical reading c. scanning
b. skimming d. passive reading
8. It refers to a statement accepted or supposed as true without proof or
demonstration; an unstated premise or belief.
a. argument c. assumption
b. evidence d. data
9. It is a reason or reasons offered for or against something.
a. argument c. assumption
b. evidence d. data
10. It refers to the data on which a judgment or conclusion might be based or
by which poor or probability might be established.
a. argument c. assumption
b. evidence d. data

Additional Activities
Why is it important to be able to read and think critically? Explain.
Answer Key

What I Know
1. d
2. a
3. c
4. a
5. b
6. d
7. d
8. c
9. b
10. b

What is It
1. b
2. a
3. d

What’s More
Answers may vary

What I Can Do
Answers may vary

Assessment
1. d
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. b
6. d
7. a
8. c
9. a
10. b
References
Raymundo, Helen Cenizal. (2016). “Reading and Writing Skills”. Makati,
Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

http://www.uefap.com/reading/crit/critfram.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_reading

https://blog.pcmbtoday.com/5-must-know-tips-to-sharpen-your-logical-reasoning-skills/

https://www.grammarbank.com/short-reading-comprehension-passages.html

https://www.slideshare.net/MayKatrinebelino/critical-reading-as-reasoning

https://www. coursehero.com/file37222383/Lesson 7-Critical-Reading-as-

Reasoning

(All websites were accessed on December 16, 2020)

DISCLAIMER
This Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) is a joint project of
the DepEd Schools Division of Dipolog City and of the Dipolog City Government which
mainly aims to prepare for and address the new normal. Contents of this module were
grounded on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This supplementary
material is to be used by all learners of Schools Division of Dipolog City in all public schools
beginning SY 2020-2021. As this is the first module version, your feedback, comments, and
recommendations are highly encouraged and appreciated. Let’s work together! Sulong
Edukalikad!
 Module 3: Week 3: Formulating Evaluative
Statements
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Formulate evaluative statements about a text read (EN11/12RWS-IVac-9),
a. Formulate assertions about the content and properties of a text read
(EN11/12RWS-IVac-9.1),
b. Formulate meaningful counterclaims in response to claims made in a
text read (EN11/12RWS-IVac-9.2).

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your answer
sheet.
1. It is a statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief
on a particular topic.
a. assertion b. argument c. assumption d. evidence
2. What kind of assertion is used to express empathy or on how a person
understands the feelings and emotions of the literary author.
a. basic b. emphatic c. I-language d. core
3. When is the best time to formulate evaluative statement?
a. after reading a story c. before watching a play
b. after playing online games d. before writing a poem
4. The following are types of assertion except:
a. I-language b. emphatic c. core d. basic
5. Why do we need to formulate assertions?
a. to convince the reader to accept the writer’s interpretation
b. to let the reader understand
c. to present the conclusion of an academic research
d. to let the writer directly convey his idea or feeling
6. What makes a strong literary assertion?
a. Every assertion must contain hypothesis proposed by the
author.
b. Every assertion must be followed by facts and evidences.
c. Every assertion must include observation made by the novelist.
d. Every assertion must include the summary of articles.
7. Which refers to a type of assertion according to degree of certainty that
can be proven by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified
observations, or results of research?
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
8. It is a type of assertion that refers to a way in which something is
done.
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
9. It is based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the
uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs.
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
10. It is based on personal choice; therefore, they are subjective and
cannot be proven.
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. face
 What’s In
Aside from stating that you agree or not to the author’s ideas in the text,
another way to respond to texts is by formulating evaluative statements.
Evaluating texts is assessing the degree to which the author’s ideas are valid. By
doing so, you are not only trying to find out the rationality behind the author’s
arguments but also testing your ability to detect logical fallacies or errors in
reasoning.

WHAT IS AN EVALUATIVE STATEMENT?

✓ It is a way of giving a better explanation to show the strength and the weaknesses
of something through writing.
✓ It presents a value judgment based on a set of criteria.
✓ It is used in giving a sound judgement – a judgment that can be backed up or
supported by valid reasons or proofs.
✓ It is the writer’s way of explaining why a strength is a strength and a weakness
based on the evidences gathered.

HOW TO FORMULATE AN EVALUATIVE STATEMENT?

Evaluative statements about a text are formulated after having read the
text carefully and critically, grasping the essence of the text and checking for
possible fallacies in the argument.

The formulation of the evaluative statements is done in the same way you
do any other writing except that the statement is about your judgement of the
text’s content and property.

You may compose your evaluative statements in two steps:

1. Formulating Assertions about the Content and the Properties of a text Read
2. Formulating a meaningful counterclaim in response to a claim made in the text
read

What’s New
1. Formulating Assertions about the Content and Properties of a Text
Read

In formulating assertions, you have to examine which ideas are facts or

opinions, make inferences and conclusions, and assess the overall quality of the
text. These assertions usually contain evaluative language such as useful,
significant, important, insightful, detailed, up-to-date, comprehensive, practical,
etc.
ASSERTION

➢ An assertion is a statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief

on a particular topic, often without evidence.
 ➢ An assertion can be formulated after reading a story or a poem, and even after
watching a play.

The Purpose of Writing an Assertion

• It is for the writer to convey directly an idea or feeling and to convince the reader
to accept the writer’s interpretation of a particular literary work.
Different TYPES of ASSERTION can be used in formal or informal writing. This
includes:
❖ Basic Assertion,
❖ Emphatic Assertion
❖ I-Language Assertion.

1.Basic Assertion

➢ is a statement used to express the writer's feelings, beliefs, and opinions directly.
This type of assertion is usually used in writing formal papers like thesis and
dissertation.
Example:

The Philippines has an advanced civilization before the colonization of

Spain. Form and branches of government, social structure and the existence of
ancient writing are some of the evidence that proves the advancement of the
precolonial period.

2. Emphatic Assertion

➢ is a statement used to express empathy or on how a person understands the

feelings and emotions of the literary author. This can be used on writing a formal
or informal paper.
➢ It is usually composed of two parts:
1) the first part is the statement that recognizes the situation or even the
feelings of the characters on the text being read
2.) the second statement where the writer states his stand about the
situation.
Example:

I know that the Philippines, before pre-Spaniard colonization has their

system of writing called the ‘baybayin’. This alone proves that the Filipinos are
literate as opposed to the Spaniards claim.

3. I - Language Assertion
➢ is a statement used to express the feeling and preference of the writer.
➢ It is called I-Language because it focuses on the writer and is using the pronoun
‘I’. This type of assertion is recommended if the author wants to express negative
feelings and opinion. This is best used in writing a review or reflection paper.
➢ It is composed of Three parts.
➢ The first part contains the accurate information from literary work,
especially the topic the writer disagrees with (When you. . .).
➢ The second part includes the effect or feeling of the writer toward the topic
(It affects/I feel...)
➢ The last part includes the preference or recommendation of the writer
(Therefore, I prefer/I want...).
 Example:

Upon reading that the ancient Filipino civilization is divided into three
social classes namely the ‘maharlika’, ‘timawa’ and ‘alipin’, I feel proud
because of the civilization social advancement and at the same time sad
because of the promulgation of social differentiation. With this finding, I
want to do further research on the existence of these social classes’ stigma.

Two (2) factors that must be considered before formulating

Assertion

1. Determine the type of paper you are going to write –and

can either be formal or informal paper.
2. Determine the type of literary work you are going to
examine including novel, poem, journal article or theatre play.

It is best to include facts and evidence after every assertion.

This is done to make a strong stand on every claimed assertion.

Common Types of Assertions According to Degree of Certainty

1. Fact

This is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience,

testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research.
Example:

The sampaguita’s roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an

anesthetic and a sedative.
2. Convention

It is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms.

Conventions depend on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage, and customs.

Example:

The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceae.

3. Opinion
It is based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the
uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.
Example:

The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places of

worship.

4. Preference

➢ It is based on personal choice; therefore, they subjective and cannot be

objectively proven or logically attacked.
Example:

Sampaguitas are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all flowers.
 2. FORMULATING A MEANINGFUL COUNTERCLAIM IN RESPONSE TO A CLAIM
MADE IN THE TEXT READ

To be an effective critical thinker, it is not enough just to be able to identify claims

and assertions. The ability to analyze an argument is essential to understanding the
text more deeply, but understanding the claim is not the only facet of the argument.
You must also learn how to analyze the counterclaims and evidence provided by the
text. Being able to recognize and formulate counterclaims in reaction to an argument is
a characteristic of a good critical reader. Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a
previous claim. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.

By being able to locate and provide counterclaims to an argument, you show a

deep competence and familiarity with the writer’s topic. It shows that you are examining
different perspectives and not just passively accepting the writer’s claim. It shows that
you have thoroughly considered the topic and is willing to engage different viewpoints
from your own, thus remaining objective. It also helps you clarify what your personal
position is on the topic.

The following questions will help you formulate a counterclaim:

• What are the major points on which you and the author can disagree?
• What is their strongest argument? What did they say to defend their
position?
• What are the merits of their view?
• What are the weaknesses or shortcomings in their argument? Are there any
hidden assumptions?
• Which lines from the text best support the counterclaim you have
formulated?

You must recognize the value of hedges when you state your counterclaims.

A hedge is a word or phrase that minimizes negative impact of a criticism.

When you are presenting your counterclaim, you are providing criticism since
you are stating that the claim is not true. Hedge is used to give a courteous tome in
your writing.

Hedges could come in different forms such as:

✓ Modals – may, could, would, etc.

✓ Frequency adverbs – usually, generally, commonly
✓ Probability adverbs – probably, possibly, presumably

Example:

Obesity is caused by the bad food choices being offered by the food industry.

Obesity is probably caused by the bad food choices being offered by the food industry.
 What is It
Classify the following assertions according to the degree of certainty.
(conventions, fact, opinion or preference). Write your answer in your
answer sheet.
1. Social media is defined as the Internet and mobile-based tools and devices
that facilitate the integration of technology, telecommunications, and social
interaction.
2. Facebook is a cooler social media platform than Twitter.
3. In 2012, there were 1.4 billion users of social media worldwide.
4. Teachers should use social media in their lessons to get more students
interested.
5. Another name for social media is “Web 2.0” because both terms emphasize
the social aspects of the Internet as avenues for communication,
collaboration, and creative expression.
6. Many teenagers’ present obsession with taking selfies shows they are the
most narcissistic generation. 7
7. Social networks are the most distracting websites on the internet.
8. In the first quarter of 2014, nearly 300 million smartphone units were sold
all over the world.
9. Parents ought to enforce stricter guidelines in social media to safeguard
their children’s privacy.
10. Children are learning how to operate mobile devices at increasingly younger
ages; many of them have an idea of how to use a touchscreen tablet before
they are two.

What’s More
A. Read the article below and identify the claim in the text and
formulate your counterclaim and the reasons for it.

Nutrition and the Philippines: 'Nation at risk'

Fritzie Rodriguez

MANILA, Philippines — “Undernutrition is the single greatest threat to a

child’s life.” Dr Martin Parreño, National Program Officer of the World Food
Programme-Philippines, called on Filipinos to pay more attention to child
malnutrition at all times — with or without disasters.
Latest statistics from the National Nutrition Council (NNC) showed that 67% of
Filipino families are not eating enough even when there are no calamities.
In the Philippines, malnutrition is seen across all age groups — from
infancy to adulthood, the 2013 National
Nutrition Survey revealed.
“At the center of malnutrition’s underlying causes is inadequate childcare
and feeding practices,” Parreño added. “And we don’t have a structure curriculum
addressing this,” he said during the 2014 Dr Juan Salcedo Memorial Lecture
organized by the Nutrition Foundation of the Philippines (NFP) on Thursday,
October 9.
Children who grew up in homes where parents did not care or invest in proper
food and hygiene will most
likely grow up to become the same kind of parents, hence perpetuating the cycle.
 The Department of Education has been working on integrating health and
nutrition lessons in school curricula.
More recent strategies also try to involve parents in classes and school-based
supplementary feeding programs.
Such efforts, however, will remain fruitless unless more parents realize the
value of nutrition and their roles as primary caregivers.
The claim in the text:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Reason: ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
My counterclaim:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Reason: ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

B. Formulate assertions based on the degree of certainty as

enclosed in the parenthesis for each number. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.

1. Limited face-to-face classes (statement of opinion)

2. R.A. 9262 (statement of fact)
3. Tiktok (statement of fact)
4. Lagundi (statement of convention)
5. College (statement of preference)

What I Have Learned

Write the things that you have learned from this module.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What I Can Do
Formulate a meaningful counterclaim in response to a claim made in the text
read. Use a Hedge in modifying the sentences below.

1. The drastic increase of mortality rate is caused by excessive consumption of

processed foods.
2. Malnutrition is caused by the inadequacy of nutritious food intake.

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
your answer sheet.

1. What makes a strong literary assertion?

a. Every assertion must contain hypothesis proposed by the
 author.
b. Every assertion must be followed by facts and evidences.
c. Every assertion must include observation made by the novelist.
d. Every assertion must include the summary of articles.
2. Which refers to a type of assertion according to degree of certainty that
can be proven by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified
observations, or results of research?
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
3. It is a type of assertion that refers to a way in which something is
done.
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
4. It is based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the
uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs.
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
5. It is based on personal choice; therefore, they are subjective and
cannot be proven.
a. convention b. preference c. opinion d. fact
6. It is a statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief
on a particular topic.
a. assertion b. argument c. assumption d. evidence
7. What kind of assertion is used to express empathy or on how a person
understands the feelings and emotions of the literary author.
a. basic b. emphatic c. I-language d. core
8. When is the best time to formulate literary assertion?
a. after reading a story c. before watching a play
b. after playing online games d. before writing a poem
9. The following are types of assertion except:
a. I-language b. emphatic c. core d. basic
10. Why do we need to formulate assertions?
a. to convince the reader to accept the writer’s interpretation
b. to let the reader understand
c. to present the conclusion of an academic research

Additional Activities
Formulate your assertion and give counterclaims on the issue about getting
Covid-19 vaccine from China.
Answer Key

What I Know
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. a
6. b
7. d
8. a
9. c
10. b

What is It
1. convention
2. preference
3. fact
4. fact
5. convention
6. preference
7. preference
8. fact
9. fact
10. fact

What’s More
Answers may vary

Assessment
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. c
10. a
References
Naranjo, Ellen Q. Module (Formulating Evaluative Statements) Ozamis City
Division, DepEd Region X
Raymundo, Helen Cenizal. (2016). “Reading and Writing Skills”. Makati,
Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

https://prezi.com/mgvppbfyfpzy/critical-reading-as-reasoning/
https://www.slideshare.net/marykatrinebelino/critical-reading-as-reasoning-
78474306
https://www.slideshare.net/VanessaRamones/formulating-assertions
https://www.elcomblus.com/formulating-counterclaims/

(All websites were accessed on December 17, 2020)

DISCLAIMER
This Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) is a joint project of
the DepEd Schools Division of Dipolog City and of the Dipolog City Government which
mainly aims to prepare for and address the new normal. Contents of this module were
grounded on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This supplementary
material is to be used by all learners of Schools Division of Dipolog City in all public schools
beginning SY 2020-2021. As this is the first module version, your feedback, comments, and
recommendations are highly encouraged and appreciated. Let’s work together! Sulong
Edukalikad!