Name: ________________________

C1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND

PERIODIC TABLE Class: ________________________
Question Practice
Date: ________________________

Time: 185 minutes

Marks: 179 marks

Comments: HIGHER TIER

Page 1 of 57
 This question is about calcium.
1
(a) What type of compound is calcium oxide?

Tick one box.

An acid

A base

A carbonate

A salt

(1)

(b) Ionic compounds, such as calcium oxide, have high melting points.

Complete the sentences. Use words from the box.

bonds forces ions layers

Calcium oxide has a giant ionic lattice in which there are strong electrostatic

______________________ of attraction in all directions.

(1)

Page 2 of 57
(c) The figure below shows the electronic structure of an oxygen atom and a calcium atom.

Describe how the calcium atom and the oxygen atom forms calcium oxide.

You should give the charge on each ion formed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 3 of 57
 Figure 1 shows a reactor used to produce titanium from titanium(IV) chloride.
2
Figure 1

The chemical equation for the reaction of titanium(IV) chloride with sodium is:

TiCl4 + 4Na Ti + 4NaCl

titanium(IV) chloride + sodium titanium + sodium chloride

(a) For one reaction:

• 1615 kg titanium(IV) chloride reacted completely with 782 kg sodium

• 1989 kg sodium chloride was produced.

Calculate the mass of titanium produced from this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass of titanium = _________________ kg

(1)

Page 4 of 57
(b) The table below shows the solubility of sodium chloride in 100 cm3 of aqueous solution at
different temperatures.

Solubility of sodium chloride in g per Temperature in °C

100cm3

35.72 10

35.89 20

36.09 30

37.37 40

36.69 50

37.04 60

On Figure 2:

• plot this data on the grid

• draw a line of best fit.

Figure 2

(3)

Page 5 of 57
(c) The product sodium chloride is dissolved in water to separate it from titanium.

At 30 °C the solubility of sodium chloride is 36 kg per 100 dm3.

Calculate the minimum volume of water in dm3, at 30 °C, needed to dissolve 1989 kg
sodium chloride.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Volume of water = ____________________ dm3

(2)

(d) Calculate the percentage by mass of titanium in titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4).

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cl = 35.5; Ti = 48

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage of titanium by mass = _______________ %

(3)

(e) Suggest why the reaction is done in an atmosphere of dry argon instead of air containing
water vapour.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 6 of 57
(f) Explain why titanium conducts electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 7 of 57
 A student used paper chromatography to identify the pigments in spinach leaves.
3
She used propanone as a solvent.

Figure 1 shows the student’s results.

Figure 1

(a) Name the mobile phase and the stationary phase in the student’s experiment.

Mobile phase ________________________________________________________

Stationary phase _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 8 of 57
(b) What does Figure 1 tell you about the green pigment from spinach?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Write the equation that links distance moved by solvent, distance moved by solute and Rf
value.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Use Figure 1 to calculate the Rf value for pigment B.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rf value = ________________
(3)

Page 9 of 57
(e) Another student set up the apparatus shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

This student did not set up the apparatus correctly.

Identify the errors the student made.

Explain how the errors she made would affect her results.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 10 of 57
 This question is about magnesium.
4
(a) (i) The electronic structure of a magnesium atom is shown below.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

electrons neutrons protons shells

The nucleus contains protons and _________

The particles with the smallest relative mass that move around the nucleus are called

_________

Atoms of magnesium are neutral because they contain the same number of

electrons and _________

(3)

(ii) A magnesium atom reacts to produce a magnesium ion.

Which diagram shows a magnesium ion?

Tick ( ) one box.

(1)

Page 11 of 57
(b) Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid react to produce magnesium chloride solution and
hydrogen.

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) State two observations that could be made during the reaction.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising
information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Describe a method for making pure crystals of magnesium chloride from magnesium
and dilute hydrochloric acid.

In your method you should name the apparatus you will use.

You do not need to mention safety.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 12 of 57
 This question is about atomic structure and elements.
5
(a) Complete the sentences.

(i) The atomic number of an atom is the number of _______________________

(1)

(ii) The mass number of an atom is the number of ________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why an atom has no overall charge.

Use the relative electrical charges of sub-atomic particles in your explanation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table.

Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 13 of 57
(d) The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom of a non-metal.

What is the chemical symbol of this non-metal?

Tick ( ) one box.

Ar

Si

(1)

(e) When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form compounds.

Complete the sentences.

(i) Compounds formed when non-metals react with metals consist of

particles called _________________________ .

(1)

(ii) Compounds formed from only non-metals consist of

particles called ____________________ .

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 14 of 57
 This question is about atoms and isotopes.
6
(a) Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

A lithium atom has the symbol

Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, why the mass number of this lithium atom is 7.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Amounts of substances can be described in different ways.

Complete the sentences.

One mole of a substance is the relative formula mass in

___________________________________________________________________

The relative atomic mass of an element compares the mass of an atom of an element with
the mass of an atom of

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Two isotopes of oxygen are and

Describe the similarities and differences between the isotopes and

You should refer to the numbers of sub-atomic particles in each isotope.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 15 of 57
 In 1866 John Newlands produced an early version of the periodic table.
7
Part of Newlands’ periodic table is shown below.

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H Li Be B C N O

F Na Mg Al Si P S

Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe

Newlands’ periodic table arranged all the known elements into columns in order of their atomic
weight.

Newlands was trying to show a pattern by putting the elements into columns.

(a) Iron (Fe) does not fit the pattern in column 7.

Give a reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev produced his version of the periodic table.

Why did Mendeleev leave gaps for undiscovered elements in his periodic table?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Newlands and Mendeleev placed the elements in order of atomic weight.

Complete the sentence.

The modern periodic table places the elements in order of

______________________ .
(1)

Page 16 of 57
 (d) Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in Group 1 of the modern periodic table.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

This question is about the halogens (Group 7).

8
(a) How do the boiling points of the halogens change down the group from fluorine to iodine?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Sodium bromide is produced by reacting sodium with bromine.

Sodium bromide is an ionic compound.

(i) Write down the symbols of the two ions in sodium bromide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Chlorine reacts with sodium bromide solution to produce bromine and one other
product.

Complete the word equation for the reaction.

chlorine + sodium bromide bromine + ______________

(1)

(iii) Why does chlorine displace bromine from sodium bromide?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

Suggest which halogen could react with sodium chloride solution to produce chlorine.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 17 of 57
 The positions of eight elements in the modern periodic table are shown below.
9

Choose the correct chemical symbols to complete each sentence.

(a) The two metals that react vigorously with water are ____________ and

____________ .
(1)

(b) The element used as a catalyst in the Haber process is ____________ .

(1)

(c) The two elements with five electrons in their outer shell (highest energy

level) are ____________ and ____________ .

(1)

(d) Iron has ions with different charges.

The other metal that has ions with different charges is ____________ .
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 18 of 57
 Elements are made up of atoms.
10
(a) What is the approximate radius of an atom?

Tick one box.

1 × 10 m

1 × 10−1 m

1 × 10−10 m

1 × 10−100 m

(1)

(b) The figure below shows the atoms of five elements.

The letters are not the symbols of these elements.

Complete the sentence.

All of the elements in the figure above are in Group

_____________ of the periodic table.

(1)

(c) Which two atoms in the figure above are isotopes of the same element?

Explain your answer fully.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 19 of 57
 (d) The halogens are in Group 7 of the periodic table.

Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

The figure below shows a simple model of the three states of matter.
11

(a) What is the correct equation to work out the density of a material?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A student explains density to his teacher using the particle model in the figure above.

His teacher says there are limitations to the model.

Give two limitations of the particle model in the figure above.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 20 of 57
(c) When the gas in a container with a fixed volume is heated, the pressure increases as the
temperature increases.

Explain why the pressure increases.

Use the model in the figure above to help you.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 21 of 57
 Figure 1 shows the plum pudding model of the atom.
12
This model was used by some scientists after the discovery of electrons in 1897.

Figure 1

Plum-pudding model

In 1911 the scientists Geiger and Marsden investigated the effect of firing alpha particles at very
thin sheets of gold foil.

Their experiment is shown in Figure 2. The arrows show the paths taken by alpha particles in the
experiment.

Figure 2

(a) Explain why scientists replaced the plum pudding model of the atom with the nuclear model
of the atom as a result of the experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 22 of 57
(b) According to modern measurements:

• the radius of an atom is about 1 × 10 –10m

• the radius of an atomic nucleus is about 1 × 10 –14m

Show that these values fit with the nuclear model of the atom.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) In 1931 a scientist discovered that there are hydrogen atoms with mass number 2 as well
as hydrogen atoms with mass number 1.

A year later, another scientist discovered neutrons.

Explain why the discovery of neutrons could explain the presence of hydrogen atoms with
different mass numbers.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) How would the results of the experiment shown in Figure 2 change if neutrons were used
instead of alpha particles to bombard a thin sheet of gold?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 23 of 57
 In 1869 there were 60 known elements.
13
Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of their atomic mass (atomic weight).

He realised that elements with similar properties occurred at regular intervals.

(a) Suggest why one of the groups that is on today’s periodic table was not in Mendeleev’s
periodic system.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain the arrangement of the first 20 elements in today’s periodic table.

You should answer in terms of atomic structure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 24 of 57
(c) A student put some potassium bromide solution in a test tube.

She added a few drops of chlorine solution and observed the result.

She repeated the process using different potassium halide salts and different halogens.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Solution of Potassium Potassium Potassium iodide

halogen chloride solution bromide solution solution

Orange colour Brown colour

Chlorine
forms forms

Brown colour
Bromine No reaction
forms

Iodine No reaction No reaction

Give the order of reactivity of the halogens from the results in the table above.

Explain how you used the results to show this order of reactivity.

Order ______________________________________________________

Explanation _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with bromide ions in solution.

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 25 of 57
 (e) Explain the order of reactivity of Group 7 elements.

Include information about atomic structure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are metals.

14
(a) The elements in Group 1 are called the alkali metals.

Why are they called the alkali metals?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain the increase in reactivity of elements further down the group.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 26 of 57
 (c) Lithium oxide is an ionic compound.

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show how lithium and oxygen combine to form lithium
oxide.

Only show the electrons in the outer shell of each atom.

Give the charges on the ions formed.

(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Sulfur is a non-metal.
15
Sulfur burns in the air to produce sulfur dioxide, SO2

(a) Why is it important that sulfur dioxide is not released into the atmosphere?

Tick (✔) one box.

Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.

Sulfur dioxide causes global dimming.

Sulfur dioxide causes global warming.

(1)

(b) Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water.

What colour is universal indicator in a solution of sulfur dioxide?

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 27 of 57
(c) Sulfur dioxide is a gas at room temperature.

The bonding in sulfur dioxide is covalent.

Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why sulfur dioxide has a low boiling point.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Sulfur dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burned.

It is important that sulfur dioxide is not released into the atmosphere.

Three of the methods used to remove sulfur dioxide from gases produced when fossil fuels
are burned are:

• wet gas desulfurisation ( W)

• dry gas desulfurisation ( D)

• seawater gas desulfurisation ( S).

Information about the three methods is given in the bar chart and in Table 1 and Table 2.

Method of removing sulfur dioxide

Page 28 of 57
 Table 1

Method Material used How material is obtained

W Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 Quarrying

Calcium oxide, CaO Thermal decomposition of calcium

D carbonate:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

S Seawater From the sea

Table 2

Method What is done with waste material

Solid waste is sold for use in buildings.

W
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.

D Solid waste is sent to landfill.

S Liquid waste is returned to the sea.

Page 29 of 57
Evaluate the three methods of removing sulfur dioxide from waste gases.

Compare the three methods and give a justified conclusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 30 of 57
 Use the periodic table and the information in the table below to help you to answer the questions.
16
The table shows part of an early version of the periodic table.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7

Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

(a) Hydrogen was placed at the top of Group 1 in the early version of the periodic table.

The modern periodic table does not show hydrogen in Group 1.

(i) State one similarity between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State one difference between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are in Group 7, the halogens.

The reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group.

Bromine reacts with a solution of potassium iodide to produce iodine.

Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2

(i) In the reaction between bromine and potassium iodide, there is a reduction of
bromine to bromide ions.

In terms of electrons, what is meant by reduction?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Complete the half equation for the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine molecules.

2I−
(2)

Page 31 of 57
 (iii) Explain, in terms of electronic structure, why fluorine is the most reactive element in
Group 7.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Glass is made from silicon dioxide.

17

© Velirina/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) Silicon dioxide has a very high melting point.

Other substances are added to silicon dioxide to make glass. Glass melts at a lower
temperature than silicon dioxide.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 32 of 57
(b) Sodium oxide is one of the substances added to silicon dioxide to make glass.

(i) Sodium oxide contains Na+ ions and O2– ions.

Give the formula of sodium oxide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Sodium oxide is made by heating sodium metal in oxygen gas.

Complete the diagram to show the outer electrons in an oxygen molecule (O2).

(2)

(c) Glass can be coloured using tiny particles of gold. Gold is a metal.

Describe the structure of a metal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 33 of 57
 Kelp is a seaweed.
18
Kelp can be used in foods and as a renewable energy source.

© Ethan Daniels/Shutterstock

(a) Scientific experiments, on their own, cannot fully answer one of the following questions.
Which one?

Tick ( ) one box.

Questions ✔)
Tick (✔

How much carbon dioxide is produced when 100 g of kelp is burned?

Does kelp give out more heat energy than coal?

Will kelp last longer than coal as an energy source?

Which fuel, kelp or coal, produces the most ash when burned?

(1)

(b) Scientists cannot answer the question ‘should people use kelp instead of coal as an energy
source?’

Give two reasons why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 34 of 57
(c) Sodium iodide can be produced from kelp.

(i) How many electrons are in the outer shell of an iodine atom?

(1)

(ii) Sodium iodide contains sodium ions (Na+) and iodide ions (I–).

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when sodium atoms react with iodine
atoms to produce sodium iodide.

You may use a diagram in your answer

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 35 of 57
(iii) The diagram shows the structure of sodium iodide.

Solid sodium iodide does not conduct electricity.

Why does sodium iodide solution conduct electricity?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) When sodium iodide solution is electrolysed, iodine is formed at the positive
electrode.

Complete and balance the half equation for the formation of iodine.

_____I− → I2 + _____e−
(1)

(v) What is formed at the negative electrode when sodium iodide solution is electrolysed?

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 36 of 57
 The picture shows a copper kettle being heated on a camping stove.
19
Copper is a good material for making a kettle because:

• it has a high melting point

• it is a very good conductor of heat.

(a) Explain why copper, like many other metals, has a high melting point.

Your answer should describe the structure and bonding of a metal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 37 of 57
(b) Aeroplanes contain many miles of electrical wiring made from copper. This adds to the
mass of the aeroplane.

It has been suggested that the electrical wiring made from copper could be replaced by
carbon nanotubes which are less dense than copper.

The diagram shows the structure of a carbon nanotube.

(i) What does the term ‘nano’ tell you about the carbon nanotubes?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Like graphite, each carbon atom in the carbon nanotube is joined to three other
carbon atoms.

Explain why the carbon nanotube can conduct electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(Total 7 marks)

Page 38 of 57
 (a) Dmitri Mendeleev was one of the first chemists to classify the elements by arranging them
20 in order of their atomic weights. His periodic table was published in 1869.

How did Mendeleev know that there must be undiscovered elements and how did he take
this into account when he designed his periodic table?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) By the early 20th century protons and electrons had been discovered.

Describe how knowledge of the numbers of protons and electrons in atoms allow chemists
to place elements in their correct order and correct group.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) The transition elements are a block of elements between Groups 2 and 3 of the periodic
table.

(i) Transition elements have similar properties.

Explain why, in terms of electronic structure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 39 of 57
(ii) There are no transition elements between the Group 2 element magnesium and the
Group 3 element aluminium.

Give a reason why, in terms of electronic structure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 40 of 57
Mark schemes
(a) A base
1 1

(b) forces
1

(c) calcium loses electrons and oxygen gains electrons

max 3 for incorrect reference to atom / ion or to oxygen / oxide
1

two electrons are transferred

1

calcium has a 2+ charge

1

oxide has a 2– charge

1
[6]

(a) 408 kg
2 1

(b) all points correct

± ½ small square
2
allow 1 mark if 5 points correct

best fit line

1

(c)
1

5525 dm3
1

(d) relative formula mass of TiCl4 is 190

1

25.26 %
1

Answer given to 3 significant figures = 25.3 %

1
25.23% with or without working gains 3 marks

(e) argon is unreactive

1

water (vapour) would react with sodium

allow water (vapour) would react with titanium(IV) chloride
1

Page 41 of 57
 and air contains oxygen that would react with reactants
allow and air contains oxygen that would react with products
1

(f) (titanium conducts electricity) because electrons in the outer shell of the metal atoms are
delocalised
1

and so electrons are free to move

allow the delocalised electrons in the metal carry electrical charge
through the metal
1

through the whole structure

1
[15]

(a) mobile phase propanone

3 1

stationary phase paper

1

(b) any three from:

• contains chlorophyll a, b and carotene

• contains Pigment B
• does not contain pheophytin
• contains (at least) one unknown substance
• contains five substances
• contains a substance that does not dissolve in the solvent
3

(c)
1

(d) both measurements correct

solvent front = 9.0 cm and pigment B distance = 5.0 cm
1

Rf = 5.0 / 9.0
1

= 0.56
allow ecf from incorrect measurements
1

(e) origin line drawn in ink

1

so it will run or dissolve in the solvent or split up

1

spots under solvent or solvent above spots / origin line

1

Page 42 of 57
 so they will mix with solvent or wash off paper or colour the solvent or dissolve in the
solvent
1
[13]

(a) (i) neutrons

4
this order only
1

electrons
1

protons
1

(ii) box on the left ticked

1

(b) (i) effervescence / bubbling / fizzing / bubbles of gas

do not accept just gas alone
1

magnesium gets smaller / disappears

allow magnesium dissolves
allow gets hotter or steam produced
ignore references to magnesium moving and floating / sinking and
incorrectly named gases.
1

Page 43 of 57
 (ii) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and
apply a ‘best–fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

There are simple statements of some of the steps in a procedure for obtaining
magnesium chloride.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

There is a description of a laboratory procedure for obtaining magnesium
chloride from dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted or a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

There is a well organised description of a laboratory procedure for obtaining
magnesium chloride that can be followed by another person.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted and a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

examples of the points made in the response:

• hydrochloric acid in beaker (or similar)
• add small pieces of magnesium ribbon
• until magnesium is in excess or until no more effervescence occurs *
• filter using filter paper and funnel
• filter excess magnesium
• pour solution into evaporating basin / dish
• heat using Bunsen burner
• leave to crystallise / leave for water to evaporate / boil off water
• decant solution
• pat dry (using filter paper).

*Student may choose to use a named indicator until it turns a neutral colour,
record the number of pieces of magnesium added then repeat without the
indicator.
6
[12]

(a) (i) protons

5
allow “protons or electrons”, but do not allow “protons and
electrons”
1

(ii) protons plus / and neutrons

1

Page 44 of 57
 (b) (because the relative electrical charges are) −(1) for an electron and +(1) for a proton
allow electrons are negative and protons are positive
1

and the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons

if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for the charges cancel out
1

(c) (the electronic structure of) fluorine is 2,7 and chlorine is 2,8,7
allow diagrams for the first marking point
1

(so fluorine and chlorine are in the same group) because they have the same number
of or 7 electrons in their highest energy level or outer shell
if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for have the same / similar
properties
1

(d) S
1

(e) (i) ions

1

(ii) molecules
1
[9]

(a) because this lithium atom has

6
3 protons
1

and 4 neutrons
1

mass number is total of neutrons and protons

accept protons and neutrons have a mass of 1
accept number of neutrons = 7 - 3(protons)
ignore mass of electron is negligible
1

(b) grams
accept g
1

12C

allow carbon-12 or C-12

ignore hydrogen or H
1

Page 45 of 57
 (c) any three from:
max 2 if no numbers given
numbers if given must be correct

• both have 8 protons

accept same number of protons
• 18O has 10 neutrons
• 16O has 8 neutrons

accept different number of neutrons or 18O has two more neutrons

for 1 mark
• both have 8 electrons.
accept same number of electrons
3
[8]

(a) (iron) is a metal

7
accept transition element
allow (iron) had different properties (to oxygen and sulfur)
ignore electrons
1

(b) so that elements with similar properties could be placed together

allow to make the pattern fit
ignore undiscovered elements
1

(c) atomic number(s)

allow proton number(s)
1

(d) all have one electron in the outer shell (highest energy level)
allow same number of electrons in the outer shell (highest energy
level)
1

(so they) have similar properties

or
react in the same way
allow specific reactions e.g. with water
1
[5]

(a) increase
8 1

(b) (i) Na+ and Br−

both required
1

Page 46 of 57
 (ii) sodium chloride
allow NaCl
do not allow sodium chlorine
1

(iii) chlorine is more reactive than bromine

allow converse argument
allow symbols Cl, Cl2, Br and Br2
allow chlorine / it is more reactive
do not allow chloride or bromide
1

(iv) fluorine
allow F / F2.
do not allow fluoride.
1
[5]

(a) Li and K
9
either order
allow lithium and potassium
1

(b) Fe
allow iron
1

(c) N and As
either order
allow nitrogen and arsenic
1

(d) Cu
allow copper
1
[4]

(a) 1 × 10−10 m
10 1

(b) 1 / one
allow alkali metals
1

(c) R and S
1

because they have the same number of protons

allow same atomic number, different mass number
1

Page 47 of 57
 and a different numbers of neutrons
1

(d) Level 3 (5–6 marks):

A relevant and coherent explanation of the trend in reactivity. The response makes
logical links between the points raised and considers both the number of energy levels
and the distance between the nucleus and the outer energy level.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

Statements that are linked to provide a simple explanation of the trend in reactivity using
either the number of energy levels or the distance between the nucleus and the outer
energy level.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements made about the halogens or the trend in reactivity.

0 marks:
No relevant comment

Indicative content

Simple statements / descriptions

• have 7 electrons in the outer shell
• need to gain an electron
• form ions with a -1 charge
• halogens further down the group are less reactive (or vice versa)
• halogens further down the group have more shells or energy levels (or vice
versa)

Linked statements / explanations

• have 7 electrons in the outer shell so need to gain an electron to have the
electronic structure of a noble gas
• halogens further down the group are less reactive because they have more
shells or energy levels (or vice versa)
• halogens further down the group have more shells or energy levels so less
attractive force on the incoming electron (or vice versa)
• halogens further down the group have more shells or energy levels so more
‘shielding’ against the incoming electron (or vice versa)
• outer electrons of halogens further down group are further away from the
attractive force of the nucleus (or vice versa)
• an electron is less easily gained because there are more shells or energy
levels (or vice versa)
• an electron is less easily gained because the outer electrons are further from
the attractive force of the nucleus (or vice versa)
6
[11]

(a) density = mass / volume

11 1

Page 48 of 57
 (b) any two from:

• no forces shown between spheres

• atoms / molecules / ions are not solid spheres
• not all the same size.
2

(c) at higher temperatures particles have more kinetic energy

1

(so) the (average) speed of the particles increases

1

(so there are) more frequent collisions with the wall of the container
1

which apply a greater force on wall of container (so pressure rises)

1
[7]

(a) most alpha particles went straight through, suggesting lots of empty space
12 1

a few alpha particles bounced back, suggesting small central nucleus

1

with all the positive charge

1

the plum pudding model does not explain the results because it shows the whole atom as a
ball of positive charge with no empty space
1

(b) the figures show that the radius of an atom is 10 000 times bigger than the nucleus
1

consistent with the nuclear model, which says that the atom has a tiny nucleus at the
centre of the atom
1

(c) all hydrogen atoms have just one proton (in the nucleus)
1

some hydrogen atoms also have one neutron

1

protons and neutrons have the same relative mass so mass number of these atoms is 2
1

(d) neutrons are not attracted or repelled by a positive nucleus

1

so the neutrons would all pass through the foil

1
[11]

Page 49 of 57
 (a) did not appear because they had not been discovered or they are unreactive or they did
13 not form compounds
1

(b) arranged in order of atomic / proton number

1

elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell
1

(c) chlorine>bromine>iodine

table shows that chlorine displaces bromine and iodine

1

and bromine displaces iodine

1

(d) Cl2(aq) + 2 Br–(aq) Br2(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq)

correct formulae
1
correct balancing
1
correct state symbol
1

(e) the further down the group, the halogen becomes less reactive because outer electrons are
further from the nucleus
1

so less attractive force on an incoming electron

1
[10]

(a) because they form hydroxides

14 1

that give alkaline solutions (in water)

1

(b) the atoms have more electron shells (as move down the group)
1

so the electron in the outer shell is further away from the nucleus
1

which reduces the attraction to the nucleus

1

so the electron is lost more easily from the atom

1

Page 50 of 57
 (c)

electronic structure of lithium drawn correctly

1
electronic structure of oxygen drawn correctly
1
correct charge on ions (Li+ and O2–)
1
correct number of each ion (2 lithium, 1 oxygen)
1
[10]

(a) Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.

15 1

(b) red / orange / yellow

do not accept any other colours
1

because sulfur dioxide (when in solution) is an acid

1

(c) (there are) weak forces (of attraction)

do not accept any reference to covalent bonds breaking
1

between the molecules

do not accept any other particles
1

(these) take little energy to overcome

award third mark only if first mark given
1

Page 51 of 57
 (d) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication
(QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer
to the information on page 5 and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)
A relevant comment is made about the data.

Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)
Relevant comparisons have been made, and an attempt made at a conclusion.

Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)
Relevant, detailed comparisons made and a justified conclusion given.

examples of the points made in the response

effectiveness

• W removes the most sulfur dioxide

• D removes the least sulfur dioxide

material used

• Both W and D use calcium carbonate

• Calcium carbonate is obtained by quarrying which will create scars on
landscape / destroy habitats
• D requires thermal decomposition, this requires energy
• D produces carbon dioxide which may cause global warming / climate change
• S uses sea water, this is readily available / cheap

waste materials

• W product can be sold / is useful

• W makes carbon dioxide which may cause global warming / climate change
• D waste fill landfill sites
• S returned to sea / may pollute sea / easy to dispose of
6
[12]

(a) (i) any one from:

16
• one electron in the outer shell / energy level
• form ions with a 1+ charge
1

Page 52 of 57
 (ii) any one from:

• hydrogen is a non-metal
• (at RTP) hydrogen is a gas
• hydrogen does not react with water
• hydrogen has only one electron shell / energy level
• hydrogen can gain an electron or hydrogen can form a negative / hydride
/ H–ion
• hydrogen forms covalent bonds or shares electrons
accept answers in terms of the Group 1 elements
1

(b) (i) (bromine) gains electrons

it = bromine
do not accept bromide ion gains electrons
ignore loss of oxygen
1

(ii) I2
must both be on the right hand side of the equation
1

+ 2e–
2I– – 2e– ➔ I2 for 2 marks
1

(iii) fluorine is the smallest atom in Group 7 or has the fewest energy levels in
Group 7 or has the smallest distance between outer shell and nucleus
the outer shell must be mentioned to score 3 marks
1

fluorine has the least shielding or the greatest attraction between the nucleus
and the outer shell
1

therefore fluorine can gain an electron (into the outer shell) more easily
1
[8]

Page 53 of 57
 (a) weaker bonds
17
allow (other substances) react with the silicon dioxide

or

fewer bonds
ignore weaker / fewer forces

or

disruption to lattice
do not accept reference to intermolecular forces / bonds
1

(b) (i) Na2O

do not accept brackets or charges in the formula
1

(ii)

electrons can be shown as dots, crosses, e or any combination

2 bonding pairs
accept 4 electrons within the overlap
1

2 lone pairs on each oxygen

accept 4 non-bonding electrons on each oxygen
1

(c) lattice / regular pattern / layers / giant structure / close-packed arrangement

1

(of) positive ions or (of) atoms

1

(with) delocalised / free electrons

reference to incorrect particles or incorrect bonding or incorrect
structure = max 2
1
[7]

(a) Will kelp last longer than coal as an energy source?

18 1

Page 54 of 57
 (b) any two from:

• cannot be determined by experiment

allow can’t predict how long kelp / coal will last
allow more testing needed

• based on opinion

• ethical or environmental or economic reason

allow could damage ecosystem allow reference to cost
2

(c) (i) 7
1

(ii) sodium (atom) loses (electron) and iodine (atom) gains (an electron)
reference to incorrect bonding or incorrectly named particle
= max 2
any or all marks can be obtained from a labelled diagram
ignore inner shell electrons if shown
1

1 electron
1

(electrostatic) attraction or forms ionic bond(s)

1

(iii) ions can move (in the solution)

1

(iv) 2I– I2 + 2e–

1

(v) hydrogen is formed

1

because sodium is more reactive (than hydrogen)

1
[11]

(a) reference to incorrect bonding or incorrect structure

19 or incorrect particles = max 3

giant structure / lattice

ignore many bonds
1

made up of positive ions surrounded by delocalized / free electrons

allow positive ions surrounded by a sea of electons
1

Page 55 of 57
 with strong bonds / attractions
allow hard to break for strong
1

so a lot of energy is needed to break these bonds / attractions / forces

ignore high temperature
ignore heat
1

(b) (i) that they are very small

or

1-100 nanometres or a few(hundred) atoms

accept tiny / really small / a lot smaller / any indication of very small
eg. microscopic, smaller than the eye can see
ignore incorrect numerical values if very small is given
1

(ii) delocalised / free electrons

allow sea of electrons
1

one non-bonded electron from each atom

accept electron(s) moving through the structure / nanotube
allow electron(s) carry / form / pass current / charge
1
[7]

(a) if placed consecutively, then elements would be in wrong group / have wrong properties
20
allow some elements didn’t fit pattern
1

left gaps
1

(b) (elements placed in) atomic / proton number order

1

(elements in ) same group have same number of outer electrons

1

any one from:

• number of protons = number of electrons

• reactions/(chemical) properties depend on the (outer) electrons

• number of shells gives the period

allow number of shells increases down the group
1

Page 56 of 57
(c) (i) (transition elements usually) have same / similar number of outer / 4th shell
electrons
allow 2 electrons in outer shell
1

(because) inner (3rd ) shell / energy level is being filled

ignore shells overlap
1

(ii) 2nd shell / energy level can (only) have maximum of 8 electrons
accept no d-orbitals

or
2nd shell / energy level cannot have 18 electrons
1
[8]

Page 57 of 57