ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu: 4TH Flr. Villacampa-Capuras Bldg., Sanciangco St. Cebu City (Tel # 254-33-84)
Manila Branch: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

POWER & INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REFRESHER SET 4

INSTRUCTION: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer of your choice.

23. The power requirement of a Carnot refrigerator in maintaining a low temperature region at 300 K is 2 kW per ton. Find
the heat rejected.
A. 5.52 kW B. 7.02 kW C. 5.92 kW D. 6.94 kW

Solution:

For 2 KW per Ton, it means that:

Wc/TR =2kW/ton
Wc = 2 KW
RE = 1 ton of refrigeration = 3.516 KW

QR = RE + Wc = 3.516 + 2 = 5.52 KW

24. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a capacity of 150 tons of refrigeration. It produces
chilled water from 22C to 2C. Its actual coefficient of performance is 5.86 and 35% of the power supplied to the
compressor is lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling losses. Determine the condenser cooling water required for
a temperature rise of 12C.
A. 14.75 kg/s B. 15.65 kg/s C. 18.65 kg/s D. 12.29 kg/s

Solution:

RE = TR(3.516) = 150 ( 3.516 ) = 527.4 kW

RE
COP 
WC
527.4
5.86 
WC
WC = 90 kW
QR = RE + Wc = 527.4 + 90 = 617.40 KW

Solving for mass of water required:

Heat loss in the condenser = Heat absorbed by cooling water
QR = mw cp (t2 – t1)
617.4 = mw (4.187)(12)
mw = 12.29 kg/s

26. A single acting, twin cylinder, Ammonia compressor with bore equal to stroke is driven by an engine at 300 rpm.
The machine is installed in a chilling plant to produce 700 kW of refrigeration at -18C evaporating temperature. At this
temperature the cooling effect per kg mass is 1160 kJ. The specific volume of vapor entering the compressor is 0.592 m3
per kilogram. Assume 85% volumetric efficiency, determine the bore in mm.
A. 472 mm B. 377 mm C. 455 mm D. 509 mm

Solution:

RE = m (h1 – h4)
700kJ/s = m (1160kJ/kg)
m = 0.603 kg/s

V1 = m v1 = 0.603kg/s(0.592m3/kg) = 0.35724 m3/sec

VD = V1/ev = 0.35724/0.85 = 0.4203 m3/sec
 D2
VD  LNC
4
But: D=L
 D2
0.4203  (D) (300/60) (2)
4
D = 0.3769 m = 376.90 mm
28. Water is pumped at 1 m3/s to an elevation of 6 meters through a flexible hose using a 100% efficient pump rated at
120 kilowatts. Using the same length of hose, what size motor is needed to pump 1 m3/s of water to a tank with no
elevation gain? In both cases both ends of the hose are at atmospheric pressure. Neglect kinetic energy effects.
A. 51 kW B. 61 kW C. 36 kW D. 43 kW

SOLUTION:
P/w = 0; V2/2g=0;
When hose at Z = 6 m elevation:
P=wQh
120 = 9.81 (1) h
h = 12.23 m = P/w + V2/2g + Z+ hL
h=Z+ hL
When hose at level ground:
h=Z+ hL
12.23 = 6 + hL
hL = 6.23 m
P = w Q hL = 9.81 (1)(6.23) = 61.12 KW

32. A cylindrical flash tank mounted with its axis horizontal is used to separate liquid ammonia from ammonia vapor. The
ammonia vapor bubbles through the liquid with 70 m3/ min leaving the disengaging surface. The disengaging rate is
limited to 60 m/min and the liquid level is to operate with the liquid level one-third of the diameter from the top.
Determine the diameter if the tank is 1.5 m long.
A. 825 mm B. 730 mm C. 860 mm D. 760 mm
Solution:
Let: Q = rate of separation
A = disengaging area D/3
b b
v = disengaging rate
Q=Av D/6
70 = A (60) D
A = 1.167 m2 2D/3

From figure shown:

r = D/2
2 2
D D But: w = 2b
b2      
2 6  2 
1.167 = 1.5 x 2 D
2  3 
b D  
3
D = 0.825 m = 825 mm
A = L w = L (2b)

45. A composite wall is made up of an external thickness of brickwork 110 mm thick inside which is a layer of fiberglass
75 mm thick. The fiberglass is faced internally by an insulating board 25 mm thick. The coefficient of thermal conductivity
for the three are as follows:
Brickwork 1.5 W/m-K
Fiberglass 0.04 W/m-K
Insulating board 0.06 W/m-K
The surface transfer coefficients of the inside wall is 3.1 W/m2-K while that of the outside wall is 2.5 W/m2-K. Take the
internal ambient temperature as 10C and the external temperature is 35C. Determine the heat loss through such wall 6
m high and 10 m long.
A. 330.10 W B. 230.82 W C. 430.10 W D. 485.82 W

Solution:

A (t 2  t1 )
Q
1 x1 x 2 x 3 1
   
h i k1 k 2 k 3 h o

(10 x 6 )( 35  10 )
Q  485 . 82 watts
1 0.110 0.075 0.025 1
   
3.1 1.5 0.04 0.06 2.5
46. One insulated wall of a cold-storage compartment is 10 m long by 2.5 m high and consists of an outer steel plate 18
mm thick. An inner wood wall 22.5 mm thick, the steel and wood are 90 mm apart to form a cavity which is filled with cork.
If the temperature drop across the extreme faces of the composite wall is 15C. Calculate the heat transfer per hour
through the wall across the thickness of the cork. Take the coefficients of thermal conductivity for steel, cork and wood as
45, 0.045, and 0.18 W/m-K respectively.
A. 408.24 kJ C. 635.17 kJ
B. 728.84 kJ D. 528.24 kJ

Solution:

Solving for the heat transfer per hour:

A(t 2  t1 )
Q
x1 x 2 x 3
 
k1 k 2 k 3
(10 x 2 . 5 )(15 )
Q   176 . 44 W  0 . 17644 KJ / s x 3600  635 . 17 KJ / hr
0.018 0.09 0.0225
 
45 0.045 0.18

47. A cubical tank of 2 m sides is constructed of metal plate 12 mm and contains water at 75C. The surrounding air
temperature is 16C. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient from water to air. Take the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the metal as 48 W/m-K, the coefficient of heat transfer of water is 2.5 kW/m2-K and the coefficient of heat
transfer of the air is 16 W/m2-K.
A. 15.84 W/m2C B. 14.84 W/m2C C. 16.84 W/m2C D. 13.84 W/m2C

Solution:

1 x1 1
RT   
h water k1 h air
1 0.012 1
RT  3
   0.063 m 2  C / W
2.5x10 48 16
then:
1 1 W W
U  2
 15.84 2 
RT 0.063 m C m C

48. A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls, ceiling and floor are covered to
a thickness of 120 mm with insulating material which has a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 5.8 x 10-2 W/m-K.
Calculate the quantity of heat leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of
the material is 15C and -5C respectively.
A. 2731.68 kJ B. 1185.44 kJ C. 3185.44 kJ D. 4185.44 kJ

Solution:

Solving for the area:

A = 2 [ (4.5)(2.5) + (4)(2.5) + (4.5)(4) ] = 78.50 m2

k A ( t 2  t1 )
Q 
x
(5.8 x 10 -2 )(78.50)(1 5  5)
Q  758 .83 W or 0.7588 KJ / s x 3600  2731 .68 KJ / hr
0.12
49. A furnace wall consist of 35 cm firebrick ( k = 1.557 W/m-K) , 12 cm insulating refractory ( k = 0.346 ) and 20 cm
common brick ( k = 0.692 ) covered with 7 cm steel plate ( k = 45 ) . The temperature at the inner surface of the
firebrick is 1,300C and at the outer face of the steel plate is 60C. Atmosphere 27C. What is the value of the
combined coefficient for convection and radiation from the outside wall?
A. 31.13 W/m2-K B. 30.13 W/m2-K C. 41.3 W/m2-K D. 43.58 W /m2-K
Solution:
Solving for the heat transfer from inner surface of firebrick to surface of steel:

Q (1300  60 )
  1438 . 21 W / m 2
A 0.35 0.12 0.20 0.07
  
1.557 0.346 0.692 45     
60C
Conduct heat transfer from steel surface to air:
Q t -t Q
 s a
A 1 A
ho

k12

k34
ho

k34
(60 - 27)

k23
1438.21 
1 air

ho
ho = 43.58 W/m2-K
35 12 20 7

50. Hot gases at 280C flow on one side of a metal plate of 10 mm thickness and air at 35C flows on the other side. The
heat transfer coefficient of the gases is 31.5 W/m2-K and that of the air is 32 W/m2-K. Calculate the over-all transfer
coefficient.
A. 15.82 W/m2-K B. 16.82 W/m2-K C. 14.82 W/m2-K D. 17.82 W/m2-K

1
Solution: �=
��

Use k of metal plate = 50 W/m-K

1
U
1 k1 1
 
h1 x1 h 2
1 W
U   15 . 82 2
1 0.01 1 m K
 
31.5 50 32

52. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32C, has an inside diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm
thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still air, ho
= 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 180C with film coefficient hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal
conductivity of pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit length
of pipe.
A. 116 W B. 151 W C. 137 W D. 186 W

Solution:

Assume: L = 1 m
r1 = 0.05/2 = 0.025 m
r2 = 0.025 + 0.010 = 0.035 m
r3 = 0.125/2 = 0.0625 m
Ai = 2 π ri L = 2π (0.025)(1) = 0.157 m2
Ao = 2 π ro L = 2π (0.0625)(1) = 0.393 m2
( t 2  t1 )
Q 
1 ln (r 2 /r1 ) ln (r 3 /r 2 ) 1
  
A ih i 2 Lk 1 2 Lk 2 A oh o
(180  32 )
Q  150 .51 watts
1 ln (0.035/0.0 25) ln (0.062.5/0 .035) 1
  
[0.157](6000 ) 2 (1)(45) 2 (1)(0.12) [0.393](12 )
53. How many watts will be radiated from a spherical black body 15 cm in diameter at a temperature of 800C ?
A. 5.31 kW B. 4.31 kW C. 6.31 kW D. 3.31 kW

Solution:

For heat transfer by radiation:

Q = 20,408.4 x 10-8 Fe A T4, J/hr

For sphere:
A = 4 π r2 = 4 π (0.15/2)2 = 0.070685 m2
Fe = 1.0 for black body

Q = 20,408.4 x 10-8 (1) (0.070685) (800 + 273)4, J/hr

Q = 19,122,079 J/hr = 5311.69 watts = 5.312 KW

54. A wall with an area of 10 m2 is made of a 2 cm thickness of white pine (k= 0.113 W/mC) followed by 10 cm of brick (k
= 0.649 W/mC). The pine is on the inside where the temperature is 30C while the outside temperature is 10C.
Assuming equilibrium conditions exist, what is the temperature at the interface between the two materials?
A. 13 C B. 15 C C. 17 C D. 19 C

�� �1 −�3
Solution: �= �1 �2
+
� 1 �2

(10 ) ( 30  10 )
Q  604 .23 watts
0.02 0.10

0.113 0.649

Solving for the temperature at the interface between the two materials:
k1 A (t1  t 2 )
Q
x1
(0.113)(10)(30  t 2 )
604.23 
0.02
t2 = 19.31C

58. A reverse Carnot cycle requires 3 Hp and extracts energy from a lake to heat a house. If the house is kept at 70F and
requires 2500 Btu per minute, what is the temperature of the lake ?
A. 35.29F B. 36.29F C. 39.29F D. 43.02F

Solution:
Temperature, T

Wc = 3 (42.42) = 127.26 Btu/min  

QR = 2500 Btu/min
Wnet
For heat pump:
Q TH
COP  R   
Wc TH  TL
Entropy, S
TH = 70 + 460 = 530oR
2500 530

127.26 530  TL
TL = 503.02oR
tL = 43.02oF

(60-90)
60. A group of 70 persons attended a secret meeting in room which is 12 m wide by 10 m long and a ceiling height of 3
m. The room is completely sealed off and insulated. Each person gives off 150 kCal per hour of heat and occupies a
volume of 0.20 m3. The room has an initial pressure of 101.3 kPa and temperature of 16C. Calculate the room
temperature after 10 minutes. Use R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K and Cv = 0.171 kCal/kg-K.
A. 33.11 C B. 37.71 C C. 35.32 C D. 40.22C
Solution:
Solving for heat added after 10 minutes:
Q = 150 (Kcal/hr)/person (70 persons) (10min)(1hr/60min) = 1750 Kcal

Solving for volume of air :

P = 101.3 kPa
Vair = Vroom - Vpersons
Vair = [(12)(10)(3)] – [(0.20)(70)] = 346 m3

Solving for mass:

PV=mRT
(101.3)(346) = m (0.287)(16 + 273)
m = 422.577 kg

Q = m Cv T --- constant volume

1750 = 422.577(0.171)(t2 – 16)
t2 = 40.22C

61. One kilogram of wet steam at a pressure of 7 bar ( g = 0.2404 m3/kg, f = 0.0011148 m3/kg ) and dryness 0.94 is
expanded until the pressure is 4 bar ( g = 0.4625 m3/kg, f = 0.0010836 m3/kg ). If expansion follows the law
PVn = C, where n = 1.12, find the dryness fraction of the steam at the lower pressure.
A. 0.8049 B. 0.4197 C. 0.9260 D. 0.2404

Solution:
Solving for 1 : At 7bar (wet)
1 = vf + xvfg = vf + x(vg – vf)
v1 = 0.0011148 + 0.94 (0.2404 - 0.0011148) = 0.2260

Using polytropic process of steam and solve for final specific volume, 2:
P11n = P22n
7 (0.2260)1.12 = 4 (2 )1.12
2 = 0.3725 m3/kg
Solving for final quality: At 4 bar (wet)
2 = vf + x2 vfg = vf + x2 (vg – vf)
0.3725 = (0.0010836) + x2 (0.4625 - 0.0010836)
x2 = 0.8049

62. 3.5 liters of superheated steam at 25 bar and 400C (  = 0.1252 m3/kg ) is expanded in an engine to a pressure of
0.1 bar (g = 14.674 m3/kg , f = 0.0010102 m3/kg) when its dryness fraction is 0.9. Find the final volume of the steam.
A. 163.29 liters B. 263.74 liters C. 369.29 liters D. 463.74 liters

Solution:

Solving for the mass of steam expanded:

V = 3.5 li = 0.0035 m3
V 0.0035 m 3
m   0.027955 kg
v m3
0.1252
kg

Solving for volume of steam at 0.10 bar and dryness 0.9.

2 = vf + x vfg = vf + x (vg – vf)
v2 = 0.0010102 + 0.90(14.674 - 0.0010102) = 13.21 m3/kg
V2 = m 2 = (0.027955 kg)(13.21 m3/kg) = 0.36929 m3
V2 = 369.29 liters
63. A 1.5 kg of wet steam at a pressure of 5 bar (hf = 640 kJ/kg, hfg = 2109 kJ/kg) dryness 0.95 is blown into 70 liters of
water of 12C (hf = h2 = 50.4 kJ/kg). Find the final enthalpy of the mixture.
A. 105 KJ/kg B. 115 KJ/kg C. 125 KJ/kg D. 135 KJ/kg

Solution:
Given: V2 = 70 liters (m2=70kg)
When the steam is blown, the process is isenthalpic process: (h1 = h2)

Solving for the initial enthalpy before mixing:

hm3 = enthalpy of mixture initially
hm3(m1 + m2) = m1 h1 + m2 h2
hm3(m1 + m2) = m1 (hf + x hfg)1 + m2 h2
hm3(1.5 +70) = 1.5 (640 + 0.95(2109)) + 70 (50.4)
hm3 = 104.80 kJ/kg

64. A 650 BHP diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28API gravity, fuel consumption is 0.65 lb/BHP-hr. Cost of fuel is P 7.95
per liter. For continuous operation, determine the minimum volume of cubical day tank in cm3, ambient temperature is
45C.
A. 4,372,890 cm3 B. 5,987,909 cm3 C. 5,292,484 cm3 D. 7,352,789 cm3

Solution:
Solving for SG of liquid fuels at 15.6oC:
141.5
SG15.6o C   0.887147
131.5  28

Apply correction factor at 45oC to solve for SG:

SG45C = 0.887147 [1 - 0.0007(45 - 15.6)] = 0.8689
Therefore density at 45oC: w = 0.8689 kg/liter

Solving for mass of fuel, m:

m = (BSFC) (BP) = (0.65 lb/BHP-hr) (650BHP) = 422.50 lb/hr = 191.61 kg/hr

Solving for the volume of Day Tank, V:

w = m/V
V = m/w = 191.61/0.8689 = 220.52 liters/hr = 0.22052 m3/hr
V = 0.22052 m3/hr x 1003 cm3/m3 x 24 hrs/day = 5,292,484 cm3 per day

65. A typical industrial fuel oil, C16H32 with 25% excess air by weight. Assuming complete oxidation of the fuel, calculate
the actual air-fuel ratio by weight.
A. 17.56 kgair/kgfuel B. 15.76 kgair/kgfuel C. 16.75 kgair/kg fuel D. 18.39 kgair/kgfuel

Solution: C16H32 ------ n= 16; m= 32

For C16H32 = Cn Hm fuel:
2n  m / 2 2(16)  32 / 2
x   24
2 2
By mass basis,
A/F = (X MO2 + X(3.76)MN2) / (12n+m)

A 24 (32 )  24 (3.76 )( 28 )
  14 .71
F theo (12 x16  1x 32 )
A
 14 .71 (1.25)  18 .39 kgair / kg fuel
F actual

66. Fuel oil in a day tank for use of an industrial boiler is tested with hydrometer. The hydrometer reading indicates a S.G.
= 0.924 when the temperature of the oil in the tank is 35C. Calculate the higher heating value of the fuel.
A. 43,853.60 kJ/kg B. 45,852.92 kJ/kg C. 47,352.60 kJ/kg D. 48,352.13 kJ/kg

Solution:

Solving for API :

S.G.35C = S.G.15.6C [ 1 – 0.0007 ( t – 15.6 ) ]
0.924 = S.G.15.6C [ 1 – 0.0007 ( 35 – 15.6 ) ]
S.G.15.6C = 0.937
141.5
S.G.15.6 C 
131 .5  o API
141.5
0.937 
131 .5  o API
o
API = 19.51

Solving heating value of fuel, Qh:

Qh = 41,130 + 139.6 (API) = 41,130 + 139.6 ( 19.51)
Qh = 43,853.60 kJ/kg
67. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24 hr period, the plant consumed 200 gallons of fuel at
28C and produced 3930 kW-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28API and was purchased at P 10 per liter at 15.6C . What
should the cost of fuel be produced one kw-hr?
A. P 2.05 B. P 1.91 C. P 1.069 D. P 1.00

Solution:

Solving for SG of liquid fuels at 15.6oC:

141.5 141.5
S.G.15.6 C  o
  0.887147
131 .5  API 131 .5  28
Apply correction factor at 28oC to solve for SG:
SG28C = 0.887147 [1 - 0.0007(28 - 15.6)] = 0.8794

Volume and SG are inversely proportional to each other.

SG 28 o C V 28  C  SG 15 .6  C V15 .6  C ---- mass of fuel constant
0.8794(200 x 3.785) = 0.887147 V15.6C
V15.6C = 750.43 li

Cost at 15.6oC = P10/li (750.43 li) = P7504.30

Cost at 15.6oC per kW-hr = P7504.3/3930 KW-hr = P1.91/KW-hr

68. A certain coal has the following ultimate analysis :

C = 70.5 % H = 4.5 % O2 = 6 % N2 = 1.0 %
S = 3.0% Ash = 11 % Moisture = 4%
A stoker fired boiler of 175,000 kg/hr steaming capacity uses this coal as fuel. Calculate the volume of air in m3/hr with air
15.6C and 100 kPa the coal is burned with 30% excess air. Boiler efficiency of 70% and factor of evaporation of 1.10.
A. 215,681.70 m3/hr B. 221,861.04 m3/hr C. 218,261.04 m3/kg D. 281,261.04 m3/kg
SOLUTION:
Solving for actual air-fuel ratio: (Solid fuel)
Theo. A/F = 11.5C + 34.5(H - O/8) + 4.3S = 11.5(0.705) + 34.5(0.045 - 0.06/8) + 4.3(0.03) = 9.53
Actual A/F = 9.53(1.3) = 12.389 kg air/kg fuel = ma / mf
Solving for heating value of solid fuel:
Qh = 33,820C + 144,212(H - O/8) + 9304S, KJ/kg
Qh = 33,820(0.705) + 144,212(0.045 - 0.06/8) + 9,304(0.03) = 29,530.17 KJ/kg
Solving for mass of fuel using Boiler efficiency formula:
b = m s ( h s  h F )  m s ( FE x 2257 )
m f Qh m f Qh
175 ,000 (1 .1 x 2257 )
0 .70 
m f ( 29 ,530 .14 )
mf = 21,018.36 kg/hr
ma = mass of air = (mf) (A/F actual) = (21,018.36) kg/hr (12.389) = 260,396.46 kg/hr
PV = ma R T
100 (V) = 260,396.46 (0.287)(15.6 + 273)
V = 215,681.70 m3/hr

69. A diesel power plant consumed 1.20 m3 of fuel with 30API at 27C in 24 hrs. Calculate the fuel rate in kg/hr.
A. 36.21 B. 26.25 C. 43.45 D. 39.42

Solution:

141.5 141.5
S.G.15.6 C  o
  0.8761
131.5  API 131.5  30

Apply correction factor at 27oC to solve for SG:

SG27C = 0.8761 [1 - 0.0007(27 - 15.6)] = 0.869
 kg  kg
wfuel = SG x ww = 0.869 1000 3  = 869 3
 m  m
 kg  1.20 m 3 
m  wV   869 3   43.45 kg / hr
 m  24 hrs 
70. A diesel power plant uses fuel with heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. What is the density of the fuel at 25C?
A. 840 kg/m3 B. 873 kg/m3 C. 970 kg/m3 D. 940 kg/m3

Solution:

Solving for oAPI: (Liquid fuel)

Qh = 41,130 + 139.6API
43,000 = 41,130 + 139.6API
API = 13.395
141.5 141.5
S.G.15.6 C  o
  0.97657
131.5  API 131.5  13.395
S.G.25C = 0.97657 [ 1 – 0.0007( 25 – 15.6 ) ] = 0.9701
w = SG x ww = 0.9701 ( 1000 kg/m3 ) = 970.14 kg/m3

71. A water tube boiler has a capacity of 1000 kg/hr of steam. The factor of evaporation is 1.3, boiler rating is 200%,
boiler efficiency is 65%, heating surface area is 0.91 m2 per bo. Hp , and the heating value of fuel is 18,400 kCal /kg. The
total coal available in the bunker is 60,000 kg. Determine the no. of hrs to consume the available fuel.
A. 843.36 hrs B. 706.57 hrs C. 979.46 hrs D. 1024.07 hrs

Solution:

m s ( h s  h F ) m s ( FE x 2257 )
b = 
m f Qh m f Qh
(1000)( 1 .3 x 2257)
0 . 65 
m f (18 , 400 x 4 . 187 )
mf = 58.59 kg/hr

60,000 kg
No. of hrs   1024.07 hrs
58.59 kg / hr

72. Two boilers are operating steadily on 100,000 kg of coal contained in a bunker. One boiler is producing 1591 kg of
steam per hour at 1.2 factor of evaporation and an efficiency of 65% and another boiler produced 1364 kg of steam per
hour at 1.15 factor of evaporation and an efficiency of 60%. How many hrs will the coal in the bunker run the boilers if the
heating value of coal is 7,590 kCal/kg ?
A. 230.80 hrs B. 280.63 hrs C. 253.63 hrs D. 300.54 hrs
Solution: 1kCal = 4.187 kJ

For boiler number 1:

ms (h s  h f ) mt = total mass consumed = mf1 + mf2
eb 
mf Qh mt = 208.605 + 185.67 = 394.278 kg/hr
(1591)(1.20 x 2257)
0.65  100,000 kg
m f1 (7,590 x 4.187 ) No. of hrs   253.63hrs
394.278kg / hr
mf1 = 208.605 kg/hr

For boiler number 2:

ms (h s  h f )
eb 
mf Qh
(1364)(1.15 x 2257)
0.60 
m f2 (7,590 x 4.187 )
mf2 = 185.67 kg/hr

73. The heating value of fuel supplied in a boiler is 40,000 kJ/kg. If the factor of evaporation is 1.20 and the actual
specific evaporation is 10, what is the efficiency of the boiler ?
A. 62.07 % B. 67.71 % C. 78.05 % D. 54.97 %

Solution:

m s (h s  h f ) (h  h f ) 1 . 2 x 2257
eb   ( ASE ) s  10 x  67 . 71 %
mfQh Qh 40 , 000
74. What is the rate of evaporation of a water tube boiler if the factor of evaporation is 1.20, percent rating of 200% and
the heating surface area is 250 m2 ?
A. 7,165.73 kg/hr B. 7,398.67 kg/hr C. 6,719.45 kg/hr D. 5,768.54 kg/hr

Solution:
For water tube boiler:
H.S. 250
RBH    274 . 725 HP
0.91 0.91
DBH
Percent Rating 
RBH
DBH
2
274.725
DBH = 549.45 HP

ms (hs  h f )
DBH 
35,322
m (1.20 x 2257)
549.45  s
35,322
ms = 7,165.73 kg/hr

75. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner the average pressure is 130 psi. The diameter of
the piston is 10 in. and the length of stroke is 12 in. What is the Hp of the engine when it is making 300 rpm ?
A. 171.4 Hp B. 175 Hp C. 185.6 Hp D. 174.3 Hp

Solution:

Solving for the piston displacement, VD : (Double acting)

 D 2    (10 / 12) 2 
VD  2  LN   2  (12 / 12)(300)  327.25 ft 3 / min
 4   4 
P xV (130 x 144)(327.25)
IP  mi D   185.64 HP
33,000 33,000

76. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628 kJ/kg at 70 m/s and leaves the same stage with an enthalpy
of 2846 kJ/kg and a velocity of 124 m/s. Calculate the power if there are 4 kg/s steam admitted at the turbine throttle ?
A. 4597.45 kW B. 3976.55 kW C. 3883.81 kW D. 3107.05 kW

Solution:

  v 2  v2 2    2 2 
W  m h1  h2    1   4 3628  2846   70  124   3107.05 kW
  2000   2000 
    

77. Steam with an enthalpy of 800 kCal/kg enters a nozzle at a velocity of 80 m/s. Find the velocity of the steam at the
exit of the nozzle if its enthalpy is reduced to 750 kCal/kg, assuming the nozzle is horizontal and disregarding heat losses.
Take g = 9.81 m/s2 and J constant = 427 kg m/kCal.
A. 642 m/s B. 652 m/s C. 662 m/s D. 672 m/s

Solution: 1kCal= 4.187 kJ

Energy Entering = Energy Leaving

h1 + KE1 = h2 + KE2 h2 = 750 kCal/kg

KE2 – KE1 = h1 – h2 h1 = 800 kCal/kg

V1 = 80 m/s
 v2 2  v12 
   h1  h2 
 2000 
 
2
 v2  80  2
   800  750(4.187)
 2000 
 
v2 = 652 m/s
78. Steam is expanded through a nozzle and the enthalpy drop per kg of steam from the initial pressure to the final
pressure is 70 kJ. Neglecting friction, find the velocity of discharge and the exit area of the nozzle to pass 0.20 kg/s if the
specific volume of the steam at exit is 1.5 m3/kg.
A. 374.2 m/s , 802 mm2 B. 356.7 m/s , 278 mm2
C. 765.6 m/s , 467 mm2 D. 346.4 m/s , 866 mm2

Solution:

Solving for velocity, v.

v2
h
2,000
v2
70 
2,000
v = 374.17 m/s

Solving for area:

Q = A v  m
A ( 374 . 17 )  0 . 20 (1 . 5 )
A = 8.0177 x 10-4 m2 x 10002 mm2/m2
A = 801.8 mm2

79. A 6 MW steam turbine generator power plant has a full-load steam rate of 8 kg/kW-hr. Assuming that no-load steam
consumption as 15% of full-load steam consumption, compute for the hourly steam consumption at 70% load, in kg/hr.
A. 37,800 kg/hr B. 38,700 kg/hr C. 30,780 kg/hr D. 35,760 kg/hr
Solution:
msFL = 8 kg/KW-hr (6,000 KW) = 48,000 kg/hr
msNL = 15% msFL = 0.15 (48,000 kg/hr) = 7,200 kg/hr
LFL = 6 MW = 6,000 KW
L70% = 0.70(6,000) = 4,200 KW

m s  m NL L
 s
m FL  m NL L FL
Substitute:
ms  7,200 4,200

48,000  7,200 6,000
ms = 35,760 kg/hr

Alternate formula:
ms  (%Load )(mFL  mNL )  mNL  0.70(48,000  7,200)  7,200  35,760 kg / hr

80. A 5 kg air enters a turbine with enthalpy of 600 kJ and velocity of 250 m/s. The enthalpy at exit is 486 kJ and velocity
of 170 m/s. What is the work developed if there is a heat loss of 10 kJ ?
A. 128.83 kJ B. 171.22 kJ C. 80.05 kJ D. 188.0 kJ

Solution:

By energy balance:
h1 + KE1 = h2 + KE2 + Q + W
W = (h1 – h2) + (KE1 – KE2) – Q
 v 2  v2 2 
W  (h1  h2 )   1 Q
 2,000 
 
 2502  1702 
W  (600  486)  5   10  188 KJ

 2,000 
81. Calculate drive horsepower for pumping 1900 L/min cold water to a tank suction at 127 mm Hg vacuum, delivery at
5.3 kg/cm2 ga., both measured close to pump, ep = 0.65.
A. 31.42 HP B. 20.45 HP C. 35.06 HP D. 23.02 HP

Solution:

Q = 1900 li/min = 1.90 m3/min x 1/60 sec/min = 0.03167 m3/s

Pd  Ps (5.3 x101.325 /1.033)  (127x101.025 / 760)

h   54.72 m
w 9.81

w Q h 9.81(0.03167)(54.72)
BP    26.15 KW  35.06 HP
e 0.65

82. Find the length of a suspension bunker to contain 181 tons of coal without surcharge; width, 6 m; depth 4.3 m.
The level capacity of a suspension bunker is 5/8 wdL where : w = width , d = depth and L = length. Density of coal, 800
kg/m3.
A. 18.30 m B. 14.03 m C. 17.61 m D. 12.93 m

Solution:

Solving for the total volume :

m 181(1000) kg
V   3
 226.25 m 3
w 800 kg/m
5
V wd L
8
5
226.25  (6)(4.3) L
8
L = 14.03 m

83. A 305 mm x 457 mm four stroke single acting diesel engine is rated at 150 kW at 260 rpm. Fuel consumption at
rated load is 0.26 kg/kW-hr with a heating value of 45,000 kJ/kg. Calculate the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 30.86 % B. 41.63 % C. 27.63 % D. 35.63 %

Solution:

Solving for mf :
kg
m f  0.26 x 150 KW  39 kg / hr  0.0108 kg / sec
KW  hr

BP 150
etb    30.86%
m f Qh 0.0108(45,000)

84. The brake thermal efficiency of a 1 MW diesel electric plant is 32 %. Find the heat generated by fuel in kW if the
generator efficiency is 89 %.
A. 3,121.10 KW B. 3,511.22 KW C. 4,121.10 KW D. 4,528.64 KW

Solution:

GO 1,000
BP    1123.59 KW
eg 0.89
BP
etb 
Qg
1123.59
0.32 
Qg
Qg = 3,511.22 KW
85. In an air-standard Bryton cycle, the compressor receives air at 101.325 kPa, 21C and it leaves at 600 kPa at the
rate of 5 kg/s. Determine the turbine work if the temperature of the air entering the turbine is 1000C.
A. 3000 kW B. 2701 Kw C. 2028 kW D. 2536 kW

Solution:

k 1
T4  P4  k
 
T3  P3 
1.4 1
T4  101.325  1.4
 
(1000  273)  1,000 
T4 = 765.83 K
t4 = 492.83C
W = m cp (t3 – t4)
W = 5 (1) ( 1000 – 492.83 )
W = 2535.85 kW

86. Kerosene is the fuel of a gas turbine plant : fuel – air ratio, mf/ma = 0.012, T3 = 972K , pressure ratio, rp = 4.5, exhaust
to atmosphere. Find the available energy in KJ per kg air flow. Assume k = 1.34 and Cp = 1.13.
A. 313 KJ/kg B. 333 KJ/kg C. 353 KJ/kg D. 373 KJ/kg

Solution:

Fuel-air ratio = 0.012 kg fuel/kg air

Meaning: mf = 0.012 kg and mair = 1 kg
By mass balance: ma + mf = mg
mg = ma + mf = 1 + 0.012 = 1.012 kg
Solving for T4 :
k 1
T3  P3  k
 
T4  P4 
972 1.34 1
 4.5  1.34
T4
T4 = 663.63 K

Solving for Q:
Q = mg cp ( T3 – T4 )
Q = (1.012) (1.13) ( 972 – 663.63 ) = 352.64 KJ/kg

87. An ideal gas turbine operates with a pressure ratio of 10 and the energy input in the high temperature heat exchanger
is 350 kW. Calculate the air flow rate for a temperature limits of 30C and 1200C.
A. 0.39 kg/s B. 0.33 kg/s C. 0.41 kg/s D. 0.51 kg/s

Solution:

T3 = 1200 + 273 = 1473oK

k 1
T2  P2  k
 
T1  P1 
T2 1.4 1
 10  1.4
(30  273 )
T2 = 585oK

Heat added in combustor:

QA = m cp ( T3 – T2 )
350 = m (1) ( 1473 – 585 )
m = 0.39 kg/s
88. In an air-standard Brayton cycle the inlet temperature and pressure are 20C and 101.325 kPa. The turbine inlet
conditions are 1200 kPa and 900C. Determine the air flow rate if the turbine produces 11 MW.
A. 21.41 kg/s B. 20.20 kg/s C. 19.25 kg/s D. 18.51 kg/s

Solution: P1=P4, P3=P2

T3 = 900 + 273 = 1173oK

k 1
T3  P3  k
 
T4  P4 
1.4 1
1173  1200  1.4
 
T4  101.325 
T4 = 578.89 K
Using turbine work formula to solve for mass:
W = m cp (T3 – T4)
11,000 = m (1)( 1173 – 578.89 )
m = 18.51 kg/s

89. A gas turbine power plant operating on the Brayton cycle delivers 15 MW to a standby electric generator. What is the
mass flow rate and the volume flow rate of air if the minimum and maximum pressures are 100 kPa and 500 kPa
respectively, and temperatures of 30C and 1000C.
A. 31.97 kg/s , 26.88 m3/s C. 31.97 kg/s , 27.80 m3/s
B. 36.98 kg/s , 28.99 m /s
3
D. 46.98 kg/s , 28.99 m3/s
Solution:
T3 = 1000 + 273 = 1273o
k 1
T3  P3  k
 
T4  P4 
1.4 1
1273  500  1.4
 
T4  100 
T4 = 803.75 K

Using turbine work formula to solve for mass:

W = m cp (T3 – T4)
15,000 = m (1)( 1273 – 803.75)
m = 31.97 kg/s

Solving for the volume:

PV = mRT
100 V = 31.97 (0.287) ( 30 + 273 )
Answer (C) V = 27.80 m3/s

90. In a hydraulic plant the difference in elevation between the surface of the water at intake and the tailrace is 650 ft
when the flow is 90 cfs, the friction loss in the penstock is 65 ft and the head utilized by the turbine is 480 ft. The
mechanical friction in the turbine is 110 Hp, and the leakage loss is 4 cfs. Find the hydraulic efficiency.
A. 87.05 % B. 82.05 % C. 85.47 % D. 78.54 %

Solution:

Hydraulic Efficiency, eh :
hs hs 480
eh     82 .05 %
h hg  hL 650  65

92. A pelton type turbine has a gross head of 40 m and a friction head loss of 6 m. What is the penstock diameter if the
penstock length is 100 m and the coefficient of friction head loss is 0.001 ( Morse).
A. 2040 mm B. 3120 mm C . 2440 mm D. 2,267 mm

Solution:

Solving for velocity:

h = hg – hL = 40 – 6 = 34 m
v 2 gh  2(9.81)(34 )  25 .83 m / s

Solving for the diameter by Morse equation:

2 f L V2
hL 
gD
2 (0.001) (100) (25.83)2
6
(9.81) D
D = 2.267 m = 2,267 mm
94. A hydro-electric impulse turbine is directly coupled to a 24 pole, 60 Hz alternator. It has a specific speed of 60 rpm
and develops 3000 Hp. What is the required diameter assuming a peripheral speed ratio of 0.50.
A. 0.661 m B. 0.552 m C 0.443 m D. 0.735 m
Solution:
Solving for the rated speed:
120 f 120 ( 60 )
N    300 rpm
P 24

Solving for the head:

N HP
ns 
h 5/4
(300) 3000
60 
h 5/4
h = 89.13 ft

Solving for the diameter:

 DN

2gh
 D (300/60)
0 .50 
2 (32.2) (89.13)
D = 2.41 ft = 0.735 m

95. In a hydroelectric power plant the tailwater elevation is at 500 m. What is the head water elevation if the net head is
30 m and the head loss is 5% of the gross head ?
A. 531.58 m B. 512.57 m C. 528.57 m D. 732.25 m

Solution:

h = hg - hL

30 = hg – 0.05hg

hg = 31.58 m

HWElev = TWElev + hg = 500 + 31.58 = 531.58 m

99. A power plant is said to have/had a use factor of 48.5% and a capacity factor of 42.4%. How many hrs. did it operate
during the year ?
A. 6,600.32 hrs B. 7,658.23 hrs C. 8,308.45 hrs D. 5,658.23 hrs

Solution:

For given Capacity factor and Use factor:

 Capacity Factor   0.46 

No. of hour operation  8760    8760    8308 .45 hrs in used
 Use Factor   0.485 

100. A 50,000 kW steam plant delivers an annual output of 238,000,000 kW-hr with a peak load of 42,860 kW. What is
the annual load factor and capacity factor?
A. 0.614, 0.504 B. 0.623, 0.514 C. 0.634, 0.523 D. 0.634, 0.543

Solution:

AL 238,000,000 / 8760
Load Factor    63.39%
PL 42,860

Annual Energy Produced 238,000,000

Capacity factor    54.33%
kW Plant Capacity x8760 hrs 50,000 x 8760