Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region v
Schools Division of Sorsogon
Gallanosa national high school
Irosin, sorsogon

GRADE LEVEL: 10
LEARNING AREA: Science (Biology)
QUARTER: 3rd
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and
COMPETENCIES: function of a protein.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. Define gene mutations and chromosome mutations.

2. Identify the different types of gene and chromosome
mutation.
3. Differentiate the types of gene and chromosome
mutation.
4. Explain how mutations may cause changes in the
structure and function of a protein and may leads to
disorders.
CONTENT: HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET N: Five (5)

INTRODUCTION:
When you copy from the blackboard, sometimes you may make mistakes. In a similar way, mistakes may occur
when DNA is replicated. Changes in the DNA sequence may delete such protein or change its structure. When the code
in a gene is changed, a different message may result. Any change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA, any
mistake in the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA or pairing of the codon and anticodon, may cause
changes in the kind, sequence and number of amino acids of proteins synthesized by cells. Changes in the protein
structure or level of expression may lead to changes in cellular properties and behavior, as a result, the organism is
affected. Changes in the genes can occur for a variety of reasons.

LEANERS ACTIVITY:
ELICIT/ENGAGE:
Tell whether the following pictures exhibit MUTATION OR NOT.

1. 2. 3.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/down- Source: Hea/Goiter.html Source: People with Elephantitis (Page 1) -

syndrome/ Line.17QQ.com
4. 5.

Source: player.mashpedia.com
 Source: healthtap.com
EXPLORE:
PART 1: Perform an activity in Gene Mutations.
DIRECTIONS: Transcribe and translate the original DNA sequence. Then, do the same for each mutated DNA sequence.
Then, determine the consequence, if any, for each mutation, by circling your choice for each question. You will need a
Genetic Code Chart.

Original DNA Sequence:

TACACCTTGGCGACGACT
mRNA Sequence: _________________________________________________
Amino Acid Sequence: ______________________________________________
1. Mutated DNA Sequence #1:
TACATCTTGGCGACGACT
a. What will be the corresponding mRNA sequence?
b. What will be the amino acid sequence?
c. What kind of mutation is this?
2. Mutated DNA Sequence #2: 3. Mutated DNA Sequence #3:
TACGACCTTGGCGACGACT TACACCTTGGGACGACT
a. What will be the corresponding mRNA sequence?
a. What will be the corresponding mRNA sequence?
b. What will be the amino acid sequence?
b. What will be the amino acid sequence?
c. What kind of mutation is this?
c. What kind of mutation is this?

Answer the following follow-up guide questions in Gene Mutations:

1. Answer the following questions briefly.
a. Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations (alleles) of a trait?
b. Which type of mutation results in abnormal amino acid sequence?
c. Which type of mutation stops the translation of the mRNA?
2. A geneticist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the protein coded by a gene. What do you think is the
most likely type of mutation in this gene? Why?
3. Examine your genetic code chart. Name one amino acid that has more than one codon. Name an amino acid that has
only one codon.
4. Look into the following sequence: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT. Delete the first H and regroup the letters in groups of
three- write out the new groups of three. Does the sentence still make sense? What type of mutation is this an example
of?

PART 2: Perform an activity in Chromosome Mutations.

Chromosomal Mutations
Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation
1. How many chromosomes are
involved?
2. How did you change
the original structure of the
chromosomes?
3. Which condition/s do you
think result/s to change/s of
chromosome material? Please
indicate using the words loss,
 gain, either loss or gain of
genetic material.
1. How are the four chromosomal aberrations different from each other? How are they similar?
2. Do you think the normal genetic content of the chromosome is affected?
3. Which condition results to gain of chromosome material? Loss of chromosome material?
4. What are some possible effects of these chromosomal mutations?

EXPLAIN/DISCUSSION:
MUTATION: Changes in the Genetic Code
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a sudden abrupt changes to the genetic materials of an organisms.
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as
the result of environmental factors such as UV light and cigarette smoke.
This changes are usually random and disruptive to the normal functioning of the cell. And where do this changes
occur? They occur in the genetic material of the organism. And as a result either the gene or the complete chromosomes
gets affected. So mutation are spontaneous changes that affect DNA, or the genes or sometimes the complete
chromosomes. Changes in the genes can occur for a variety of reasons. Mutation may be induced by factors called
mutagens. Mutagens are commonly in the form of toxic chemicals, and harmful radiation. Sometimes, mistakes occur in
DNA replication, mitosis, and meiosis. All of these can alter the DNA sequence and length. Now since the DNA, genes
and chromosomes are the areas that get altered mutations are categorized on the basis of them.
The two major types of mutations are genetic mutations and chromosomal mutations.

Gene Mutation
A gene mutation is defined as an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. This change can affect a
single nucleotide pair or larger gene segment of a chromosome. In gene mutations, the DNA code will have one or more
bases missing, added, or exchange in a codon. Gene mutations have varying effect on health, depending on where they
occur and whether they alter the function of essential protein.
Types of Gene Mutations
1. Point Mutations 4. Deletions
2. Substitutions 5. Frameshift
3. Insertions

1. Point Mutations
A point of mutation is one type of mutation caused by a change in a single nucleotide. This mutation results when a
DNA nucleotide is added, removed or replaced by a different nucleotide.

Example: Sickle cell anemia is the result of a missense mutation in the gene that codes for part of the hemoglobin molecule. The
mutation causes the red blood cells to become stiff and sickle-shaped when they release their oxygen. The sickled cells tend to get
stuck in blood vessels, causing pain and increased risk of stroke, blindness, damage to the
heart and lungs, and other conditions.
2. Substitution Mutation
 A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. i.e., a change in a single "chemical letter" such as
switching an A to a G.

3. Insertion Mutation
Addition of one (or more) nucleotide base pairs into the DNA sequence. It always
affects the amino acids and, consequently the protein.

4. Deletion Mutation
A part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.
They also usually cause shift in a reading frame that will ultimately truncate the
protein. Small deletion may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while
larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes.

5. Frameshift Mutation
It is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertion or deletion) of a number of
nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Therefore, frameshift
mutations result in abnormal protein products with an incorrect amino acid
sequence that can be either longer or shorter than the normal protein.

Chromosomal Mutation
Chromosomes are long, stringy aggregates of genes that carry heredity
information (DNA). They are formed from chromatin, a mass of genetic material consisting
of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones. Chromosomes are located in
the nucleus of our cells and condense prior to the process of cell division. A non-
duplicated chromosome is single-stranded and is comprised of a centromere region that
connects two arm regions. The short arm region is called the p arm and the long arm
region is called the q arm.
A chromosome mutation is an unpredictable change that occurs Types of Chromosomal Mutation
in a chromosome. These changes are most often brought on by problems
that occur during meiosis (division process of gametes) or by mutagens
(chemicals, radiation, etc.). Chromosome mutations can result in changes
in the number of chromosomes in a cell or changes in the structure of a
chromosome. Unlike a gene mutation which alters a single gene or larger
segment of DNA on a chromosome, chromosome mutations change and
impact the entire chromosome.

1. Deletion
This type of mutation occurs when a part of the DNA is not duplicated or is lost during DNA replication. The size of
this region can either be a mere nucleotide or can be large as an entire chromosome.
Disorders Due To Deletion
Common disorders due to deletion mutation in humans are: Cri du chat, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Di George’s
syndrome, etc.
2. Duplication
This type of mutation occurs when an extra copy of a region (or regions) in the DNA is produced. This duplicated
region can either be located in its normal location in the chromosome or sometimes be located in other parts of the
chromosomes or even in another chromosome.
This duplication can now supply additional material that has the ability to evolve new functions.
Disorders Due To Duplication
Common disorder due to duplication mutation in humans is: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type I.
3. Inversion
During inversion, a portion in the chromosome is reversed and gets inserted back into the chromosome. Basically,
two types of inversion exist: pericentric and paracentric.
 During a pericentric inversion, the inversion encompasses the centromere of the chromosome.
  On the other hand, during a paracentric inversion, it only involves either the short or long arm of the
chromosome and the inversion point does not include the centromere.
Disorders Due To Inversion
Common disorder due to inversion mutation in humans is: Amniocentensis during pregnancy.
4. Translocation
Translocation happens when a fragmented chromosome tends to join with a nonhomologous chromosome. This
newly-formed segment then detaches from the chromosome and moves to a new position on another chromosome.
Disorders Due To Translocation
Common disorders due to translocation mutation in humans are: XX male syndrome, Down syndrome, Infertility and
Cancer.

ELABORATE
1. List down the positive effect of mutations?
2. Look for actual samples of mutations that occur in plants and animals. Take pictures of the samples and paste them in
your answer sheet.

EVALUATE:
A. Choose the letter of the correct answer:
The following is the base sequence on one strand of a DNA molecule:
AATGCCAGTGGT
1. If this strand is replicated, which of the following is the complementary strand that is produced?
A. T C G T C C G T C T A G C. T T A C G G T C A C C A
B. A G C A G G C A G G G T D. U C G U C C U C U A G A
2. If transcribed into an mRNA, what would be the resulting strand?
A. U U A C G G U C A C C A C. A G C A G G C A G A U C
B. A G C A G G A G A T C D. T C G T C C G T C T A G
3. What is the tRNA sequence of nucleotides during translation?
A. A. T C G T C C G T C T A G C. A G C A G G C A G A U C
B. B. A A U G C C A G U G G U D. U C G U C C G U C U A G
4. Which type of mutation results in the Sickle cell disease?
A. A. Insertion B. Deletion C. Missense Mutation D. Frameshift Mutation
5. A nonsense mutation is one that:
A. Changes an amino acid from one to another C. Deletes segments of RNA
B. B. Adds an additional codon to an RNA transcript D. Creates a premature stop codon
6. Which of the following causes FRAMESHIFT or changes the amino acid sequence?
A. Deletion B. Insertion C. Point Mutation D. Both A and B
7. Where does “mistakes” that leads to mutation take place?
A. DNA Replication B. Transcription C. Translation D. All of the above
8. Which of the following resulted to the loss of chromosomes?
A. Down’s syndrome B. Klinefelter’s Syndrome C. Cri-du-chat syndrome D. Turner’s Syndrome
9. Which type of chromosome mutation involves the breakage of a chromosome in two places in which the resulting piece
of DNA is reversed and re-inserted into the chromosome?
A. Inversion B. Deletion C. Translocation D. Frameshift Mutation
10. Which type of chromosome mutation occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
chromosome?
A. Inversion B. Deletion C. Translocation D. Frameshift Mutation

Prepared by:
Leizyl D. Guemo
T - III Gallanosa National High School
Answers Key:
Elicit:
Answer the following questions:
1. What might happen to the DNA sequence after having a mistake in replicating itself?
- The DNA sequence will be altered.
2. In what process do changes in DNA sequence occur?
- Yes, Mutations
3. Will this cause changes in the genes? What do you call these changes?
- DNA Replication
Engage:
Tell whether the following pictures exhibit MUTATION OR NOT.
1. Exhibit Mutation 4. Exhibit Mutation
2. Did not exhibit Mutations 5. Exhibit Mutation
3. Did not exhibit Mutations

Explore
PART 1: Perform an activity in Gene Mutations.
Possible Answers:

Original DNA Sequence: T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T

mRNA Sequence: A U G U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A
Amino Acid Sequence: METHIONINE -TRYPTOPHAN - ASPARAGINE - ARGININE- CYSTEINE - (STOP)

1. Mutated DNA Sequence #1: T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T

What’s the mRNA sequence? A U G U A G A A C C G C U G C U G A
What will be the amino acid sequence? METHIONINE -(STOP)
What kind of mutation is this? SUBSTITUTION - NONSENSE

2. Mutated DNA Sequence #2: T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T

What’s the mRNA sequence? A U G C U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A
What will be the amino acid sequence? METHIONINE - LEUCINE -GLUTAMIC ACID – PROLINE
What kind of mutation is this? INSERTION - FRAME SHIFT

3. Mutated DNA Sequence #3: T A C A C C T T G G G A C G A C T

What will be the corresponding mRNA sequence? A U G U G G A A C C C U G C U G A
What will be the amino acid sequence? METHIONINE-TRYPTOPHAN-ASPARAGINE- PROLINE - ALANINE
What kind of mutation is this? DELETION – FRAME SHIFT

Guide Questions:
a. Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations (alleles) of a trait? FRAME SHIFT AND MISSENSE
b. Which type of mutation results in abnormal amino acid sequence? FRAME SHIFT, NONSENSE, AND MISSENSE
c. Which type of mutation stops the translation of the mRNA? NONSENSE
2. A geneticist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the protein coded by a gene. What do you think is the
most likely type of mutation in this gene? Why? Point mutation – silent mutation. If there was no effect on the protein
coded by the gene, then the amino acid sequence must have been the same as the original sequence. Therefore,
the mutation must have been a point mutation resulting in a codon that encoded the same amino acid as the
original amino acid.
3. Examine your genetic code chart. Name one amino acid that has more than one codon. Name an amino acid that has
only one codon. Methionine and Tryptophan have only one codon. All other amino acids have more than one
codon.
4. Look at the following sequence: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT. Delete the first H and regroup the letters in groups of
three- write out the new groups of three. Does the sentence still make sense? What type of mutation is this an example
of?
TEF ATC ATE TET HER AT. This sentence no longer makes sense. This is an example of a deletion resulting in a
frame shift.

Part 2:
1. Q1. How are the three chromosomal aberrations different from each other? How are they similar? Translocation
occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. An inversion involves the
breakage of a chromosome in two places in which the resulting piece of DNA is reversed and re-inserted into the
chromosome. Deletion refers to the loss of a segment of DNA or chromosome.
2. Do you think the normal genetic content of the chromosome is affected? The normal genetic content of the
chromosome may be affected. Many diseases are caused by the effects of inherited genes. In most cases, there
is only a small difference between the DNA sequence in the defective gene and a normal one. This difference is
enough to cause serious and often fatal diseases.
3. Which condition results to gain of chromosome material? Loss of chromosome material? Gain or loss of
chromosome material results in chromosomal mutations or aberrations; may also result to Down’s syndrome,
Klinefelter’s Syndrome, or Turner’s Syndrome. However, Cri-du-chat Syndrome is due to loss of chromosome.
4. What are some possible effects of these chromosomal mutations?
The possible effects of chromosomal mutations are medical problems, problems on growth and development,
genetic disorders, and even death.

Elaborate:
1. What are the positive effects of mutations?
Mutations increases species diversity, improves production of food, increases agricultural yield and increases
an organism’s changes of surviving or reproducing.
2. Answers may vary