Report on Experiments

International Journal of Unconventional Science

Issue E3, pp. 3-16, 2018
c Authors, 2018

Detection of Torsion Field received: 26.06.2018

accepted: 07.07.2018
http://www.unconv-science.org/en/e3/gaopeng
c Association of Unconventional Science, 2018

Based on Measuring
the Dark Current
of Silicon Photodiode
Gao, Peng

Abstract—The torsion field detector is very neces- field can influence the properties of different materials is
sary for the research works of torsion field. Because it’s also introduced.
very difficult to measure the torsion field directly, most
of the detectors are based on measuring the changes of
Author ever used the torsion balance approach consist-
physical, chemical or biological parameters indirectly. ing of a wooden frame to detect the torsion field nature
This work studies detection of torsion field by way of scalar wave generated by Tesla scalar system [8]. But
of measuring the dark current of silicon photodiode. there is no data recording in this approach.
For this purpose, a silicon photodiode which works in
In this work, author wants to test the semiconductor-
reverse bias state and an ultra-weak current detector
should be used in all the related experiments, because based approach, which is based on measuring the dark
the dark current of selected photodiode is in pA current of silicon photodiode using an ultra-weak current
(10−12 A) level. This approach was tested with different meter. According to the recorded data, the results are
kinds of torsion field generators not only in local config- positive. The sensor can not only indicate the strength of
uration, but also in non-local configuration. Based on
torsion field, but also indicate the direction of torsion field,
the analysis of acquired results, this approach based on
measuring the dark current of silicon photodiode can furthermore, non-local phenomena can also be detected.
be used for detecting torsion field.

I. Introduction II. Description of methods and devices

Torsion field generators and detectors are the basis of
A. Methods
research works of torsion field. Generally speaking, torsion
field detector is more difficult to make than torsion field For examining the ability of the sensor based on photo-
generator. diode, a variety of generators based on different principles
In the third chapter of [1], Serge Kernbach introduced were used. And both basic local experiments and non-
many approaches for detecting torsion field or ’high- local experiments were conducted to show the ability
penetrating’ emission. Some of them are based on mea- of the sensor. In the basic local tests, the sensor and
suring the changes of parameters in solid-state materials, generator are placed in a short distance between them,
such as dielectrics, semiconductors, ferromagnetics, resis- and after the sensor is stable, the generator will be turned
tors and so on. Some of them are based on the liquids, on with the help of a wireless relay module. During the
among them, water is the most sensitive to torsion field experiments, operator should be in the place far away from
according to previous research works. So the water-based the sensor and generators. In the non-local experiments, a
approaches, such as dpH [2], [3], EDL [4], [5], DTA [2], high-precision thermostat is required to keep the sensor
UV Spectrophotometer [1] and so on are very sensitive. homothermal, and the generators should be turned on
But the weakpoint of the water-based system is that it after the current of sensor becomes stable or linear. In
reacts to the torsion field slowly. such experiments, a non-local link is required to connect
V. Zhigalov also introduce many kinds of torsion gen- the sensor and generators. The standard Shkatov-Zamsha
erators and sensors in his book called ”Specific effects of approach [9] is used in all the non-local experiments. A
Non-electromagnetic radiation” (rus), more details please photo of sensor should be placed on the generators during
see [6]. the impact time.
In the book with the property of collection of papers [7], For analyzing the recorded data, a software is pro-
the author mainly introduces the torsion field in the 7th grammed with some analytical methods including the
and 8th chapters. There are also many approaches intro- linear regression, filter with optional points from 10 to 120,
duced, and how the left-handed and right-handed torsion slope calculation, filter after the linear regression and so
ENNOVA Health Research Institute; The Scalar Wave Technology on. So these methods can be used efficiently to decrease
Research Web in China Email:[email protected] the noises and find out the little change after the impact.
4 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

Figure 1. Basic structure of the rotator in the spin field generator.

1 - Ferrite ring 20x12x6 mm, 2 - ferrite-barium magnets, 3 - the
rotation axis.

Figure 3. The LED generator used in experiments.

Figure 2. The physical figure of Comfort-5 series spin field generator,

polarization: SR.

B. Spin field generator

Spin field generator introduced in this section is in-
vented by A.A. Shpilman in Kazakhstan. The generator of
Comfort-5 series was used in all the related experiments. Figure 4. The Small Akimov generator used in experiments.
The basic structure of the spin field generator is in Fig.
1 and the physical figure is in Fig. 2. The rotator which
is the core of the generator consists of a toroid, which is [1], which works in a digital activation mode. Author made
made of ferrite-magnetic material. And four permanent the LED generator used in this work according to [1],
magnets whose magnetization direction is perpendicular please see Fig. 3, the effect can be examined by some water-
to their own plane are inserted into the cylinder. When based sensors. More detailed description can be found in
it works, the ring rotates in a counterclockwise direction, [12], [5].
at the same time, the four magnets, which are inserted
into the cylinder should generate a magnetic field, whose
direction is opposite with the direction of rotation. More
details please see [10]. D. Small Akimov generator

Small Akimov generator is a very famous and classical

C. LED generator torsion field generator designed by A.E. Akimov, who is
The LEDs used in this generator are normal LEDs but a famous torsion field scientist. This kind of torsion field
work in unusual mode. LEDs usually work under a low generator was used in many torsion field related research
DC forward voltage continously. But all the LEDs in this works in USSR. The basic principle of it is the interaction
generator work in a mode of high-forward-voltage pulses. between the magnetic field – H and the electric field – E,
Besides the EM component, LEDs also generate a ”high- which are orthogonal with each other. Then the Poynting
penetrating” component [11][1]. This unusual effect was vector S = [E × H] can be generated. In small Akimov
discovered in laser and LED by A.V. Bobrov for the first generator, the S is rotating. Because the generator is
time. Up to now, there are two versions of LED generator, shielded by the metal box around, so only the torsion
one is made by A.V. Bobrov, which works in an analog component is emitted out through the copper cone. More
activation mode; the other one is made by Serge Kernbach details please see [13], [14].
Gao, Peng. Detection of torsion field based on measuring the dark current of photodiode 5

Figure 5. The spinning Poynting Vector generator used in

experiments.

Figure 6. Sensor with thermostat (left); Sensor cell (right).

E. Spinning Poynting vector generator
In fact, this kind of torsion field generator is the same
with Akimov generator. But there are varieties based on light or the number of photons in precision mode. But for
the basic principle. For example, Serge Kernbach made the purpose of detecting torsion field, only dark current of
the new type of such generators with more modern com- photodiode should be measured.
ponents and technology [15]. He called the new generator Dark current of photodiode means the reverse direct
”Circular Poynting Vector (CPV)” generator and tested it current generated by the P-N junction under the condition
with static E/H field with the help of EIS. Another variety of reverse bias voltage without incident light, generally
is not circular Poynting vector, but the planar Poynting because of the diffusion of charge carrier. The principle
vector generator designed by Vitaliy Zamsha [16]. In this of the generation of diffusion is that in the internal of P-N
generator, there is no spinning action of the Poynting junction, there are many electrons in the N zone and there
vector. are many holes in the P zone, so because of the difference
Author also made own spinning Poynting vector gen- of concentration, the electrons in N zone will diffuse to the
erator based on the basic principle of Akimov generator P zone; at the same time, the holes in P zone will diffuse
and it’s also a variety, see Fig. 5. The magnet at the to the N zone for a dynamical balance. Torsion field can
bottom of the generator is replaced by a more strong probably influence this dynamical process.
neodymium magnet. Between the copper cone and the In this work, author usually choose the photodiode with
copper coil, there is a plastic cone made by 3D printer, ultra low dark current in pA level. So for the purpose of
whose thickness is about 2mm. So if signals are applied to both light and EM shielding, the photodiode should be
the copper cone and the copper coil, electric field will be placed in a metal container. Copper foil is suitable for this
generated, whose direction is vertical to the inclined plane purpose, but aluminum foil should not be used because of
of the copper cone. So the component of the electric field the blocking effect for the torsion field. Photodiode works
will be orthonormal with the magnetic field. Then spinning in a reverse offset mode, a suitable reverse bias voltage
Poynting vector will be formed around the plastic cone. should be added to the cathode of photodiode. As to the
choice of photodiode, brands or types, author will suggest
some: S1226 from HAMAMATSU in Japan, PC10-2-TO5
F. The sensor based on photodiode from Pacific Silicon Sensor in USA or the photodiodes from
The whole system of the sensor consists of two parts: First Sensor in Germany. Of course, there are also other
photodiode circuit and ultra weak current meter. After types, some of these types were used and tested in the
the output of the current meter, an A/D system with experiments of this work. Fig. 6 shows the physical figure
24-bit precision and wireless signal transmission system of sensors.
is required to send the data to the computer. In some 2) Ultra weak current meter: The ultra weak current
earlier experiments in this work, the data of temperature meter in this work is in pA (10−12 A) level. So the noise
is not recorded and most of earlier experiments are in should be considered carefully. The input part should be
local test mode. Then in the later experiments, higher specially designed on the circuit for good isolation. For
precision of photodiode is required to conduct the non- this purpose, a BNC plug is used here, because there is
local experiments, so the thermostat and temperature the PTEF material inside. The outside of BNC plug is
sensor are added. grounded and the center of BNC plug is connected to the
1) Photodiode circuit: Because the main principle is input area. All the wires here should go through the air
measuring the dark current of photodiode, the photodiode but not the surface of the PCB.
should be shielded from light and EM. This is the most The weak current meter is different from the weak
different point with the normal use of photodiode. Gener- voltage meter in terms of the circuit. The core schematic
ally speaking, photodiode is used to detect the density of diagram of current meter is in Fig. 7:
6 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

Figure 7. The core schematic diagram of the ultra weak current Figure 8. The configuration with cover (left) and without cover
meter. (right).

From Fig. 7, the circuit is a classical I/V circuit. The

selected operational amplifier is LMC6062AIN because from generator of Comfort-5 with and without the cover.
of its low bias current which is 10fA; its low working The reaction of sensor should be different in these two
current which is 20uA and low work voltage which is 5V. configuration.
The feedback resistance should be adjusted with different Fig. 8 shows the different configuration with cover and
range of current according to different types of photodiode. without cover. If the cover can weaken the generated spin
In this schematic diagram, the theoretical output signal field, the reaction of sensor with cover on the genera-
is 100mV/pA. There are also other types of operational tor must be less than the configuration without cover
amplifier can be selected, such as the LMC6042, LMP7721 on the generator. Fig. 9 shows the results of different
and so on. configuration.
From the results, there is almost no reaction of the
III. Results of experiments sensor when the cover is put on the generator, but if the
This section will describe the detailed results and anal- cover is put off the generator, the reaction of the sensor is
ysis with different generators separately, because there is huge. The impact time is same in both configuration. This
different reaction of the sensor with different generators. can confirm the function of this cover, it seems that the
In earlier experiments, non-local experiments will not cover can weaken the intensity of the generated spin field
be discussed, because there is no thermostat with good into a very low level.
performance, leding to the sensitivity of photodiode is not There is also another feature of this spin field generator
enough. Only after the thermostat system is built, non- of Comfort-5 series according to the inventor – A.A.
local experiments are conducted because of the qualified Shpilman’s website. ”When the rotation is stopped, the
sensitivity. intensity of spin-field decreases to some constant value
that can be retained for several weeks, i. e. the spin-field
A. Experiments with spin generator of Comfort-5 series (and it’s influence) can remain even when the generator is
Along with the development of torsion field generator, turned off [10]. ” This phenomena is called ”after effect”
the protection from torsion field becomes more and more or ”phantom effect” according to previous work [1]. The
important. A famous company on this topic is Spinor sensor based on photodiode also detected such phenomena
International from Ukraine [17]. They provide series of with the spin field generator in some experiments, but not
products used to protect human from the harmful torsion in all experiments. Fig. 10 shows some results and the
field rediation of mobile phones, monitors of personal com- configuration of sensor and generator is the same with Fig.
puters, base stations for mobile phones, WIFI devices and 8.
so on. And the inventor of the spin generator of Comfort From the Fig. 10, there are still some peaks, whose
series, A.A. Shpilman, also made great contribution on trend is the same with the trend in impact time, after the
this topic. There is a cover in front of each of his spin generator is turned off. The current of the sensor usually
field generators. The purpose of the cover is to weaken recovers to the level before the impaction, but in the two
the intensity of spin field from generator. This is a very experiments in Fig. 10, there is still reaction after the
important function. The cover must be put on when the generator is turned off, just like the generator is turned
generator is not in use. on again. After some time, the peaks disappeared, maybe
To test the function of this cover, author used the the intensity of the spin field after turned off decreases to
sensor based on photodiode to measure the spin field a weak constant value step by step.
Gao, Peng. Detection of torsion field based on measuring the dark current of photodiode 7

Dark current of CH1 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

-217.2 -217.4
-217.4 Dark Current of CH1 Dark Current of CH1
-217.6
-217.6
-217.8
-217.8
Dark Current(pA)

Dark Current(pA)
-218
-218
-218.2 -218.2
-218.4 -218.4
-218.6
-218.6
-218.8
-218.8
-219
-219.2 -219
-219.4 -219.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Figure 9. The results of different configuration: (a) with cover on the generator; (b) without cover on the generator. Grey area means the
impact time.

Dark current of CH1 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

-217 -190
Dark Current of CH1 -192 Dark Current of CH1
-218
-194
-219
-196
Dark Current(pA)

Dark Current(pA)
-220
-198
-221 -200
-222 -202
-204
-223
-206
-224
-208
-225 -210
-226 -212
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Figure 10. The possible ”after effect” in some experiments. Grey area means the impact time.

B. Experiments with LED generator temperature during the impact time is under 0.02 degree
centigrade.
The effect of ”high-penetrating” emission generated by
LED generator can be detected by many sensors, such as C. Experiments with Akimov generator
EDL, EIS and so on. So in this work, the LED generator
Akimov generator is the most classical torsion field
is used as a classical generator to impact the sensor based
generator. From Fig. 4, although the basic principle of it
on photodiode. According to the results, positive results
is based on EM approach, but it is shielded with metal all
are achieved in both local and non-local tests.
around it, so only torsion component can be emitted out
Fig. 11 shows some results in local tests. The sensor from the copper cone. In this work, only non-local tests
shows the same trend after the beginning of impact and were conducted with Akimov generator in the distance of
after impact time, the current recovers to the original value 3m and 5km, the achieved results are very interesting.
or trend slowly. These results show obvious correlation. These two experiments are all under the non-local
In the non-local tests with LED generator, although the configuration. In Fig. 14, the distance between the sensor
thermostat was not installed yet, but the results from Fig. and generator is only 3m, the photo of photodiode is placed
12 and Fig. 13 still show something positive. In the Fig. on the top of the copper cone of Akimov generator. It
12, although there is no temperature recording, but the should be noted that the sensor, data recording system and
current in the sensor is linear enough before impact and Akimov generator are all powered by a Li-battery of 12V,
during impact time, there is obvious reaction of the sensor. the receiver and generator are all independent system. The
Experiment was conducted in deep night and in a closed sensor is still influenced by generator in a short distance
lab, so although there was no thermostat, the environment with the help of non-local link:the photo of photodiode
around the sensor was very stable relatively speaking. in the sensor. Generally speaking, such great influence
In the Fig. 13, the temperature sensor was installed but can only be achieved in the direct impact mode. At the
there was still no thermostat. We can see the change of same day, the Akimov generator was taken to another
8 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

Dark current of CH1 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

-186 -183
Dark Current of CH1 Dark Current of CH1
-186.1 -183.5
-186.2
-184
-186.3
Dark Current(pA)

Dark Current(pA)
-186.4 -184.5

-186.5 -185
-186.6 -185.5
-186.7
-186
-186.8
-186.9 -186.5

-187 -187
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Time(S) Time(S)

Dark current of CH1 photodiode

-193
Dark Current of CH1
-193.5
Dark Current(pA)

-194

-194.5

-195

-195.5

-196
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Time(S)

Figure 11. The local tests with blue LED generator. Distance between sensor and generator is 10 cm. Grey area means the impact time.

Dark current of CH1 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

-32.6 0.9
-32.8 Dark Current of CH1 LinearRegression of CH1
0.8
-33 0.7
-33.2 0.6
Dark Current(pA)

Dark Current(pA)

-33.4
0.5
-33.6
0.4
-33.8
0.3
-34
-34.2 0.2
-34.4 0.1
-34.6 0
-34.8 -0.1
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Figure 12. Non-local test with blue LED generator, distance between sensor and generator is 3km, non-local link is the photo of photodiode
in the sensor. Grey area means the impact time. (a) is original data; (b) is linear regression of data.

place 5km away from the sensor. The Fig. 15 shows the because with the development of both sensor and torsion
result, there is also obvious change of the current, although field generator, the results under this configuration for
the trend is different from the result of 3m. It’s hard to non-local experiments in this part are more stable and
say why the difference happened, because the principle more easily replicated.
or theory for non-local phenomena is still not fully clear The signal added into the spinning Poynting vector gen-
yet although there is much non-local phenomena. It needs erator is also not normal and weak signal, but high-voltage
further research. pulse signal, whose range is between 2000 to 3000V. So
between the coil and copper cone in the generator, a very
D. Experiments with spinning Poynting vector generator strong electric field is formed in 106 V/m level. So with
This section will be divided into two parts because of the positive pulse signal, right-handed torsion field will
the different types of photodiode used in the sensor. And be generated; with the negative pulse signal, left-handed
there are also more experimental results than other parts, torsion field will be generated.
Gao, Peng. Detection of torsion field based on measuring the dark current of photodiode 9

Temperature of CH1 photodiode Average Filter After Regression of Dark Current-CH1

23.48 0.16
Temperature of CH1 Average Filter After Regression of CH1
0.14
23.46
0.12
23.44 0.1

Dark current(pA)
Temperature(C)

23.42 0.08
0.06
23.4 0.04
23.38 0.02
0
23.36
-0.02
23.34 -0.04
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Figure 13. Non-local test with purple LED generator, distance between sensor and generator is 3km, non-local link is the photo of
photodiode in the sensor. Grey area means the impact time. (a) is the temperature data; (b) is filtered data with 120 points after linear
regression.

Dark current of CH1 photodiode Temperature of CH1 photodiode

-43 24.02
Dark Current of CH1 Temperature of CH1
24
-44
23.98
-45 23.96
Dark Current(pA)

Temperature(C)

-46 23.94
23.92
-47 23.9
-48 23.88
23.86
-49
23.84
-50 23.82
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Figure 14. Non-local test with Akimov generator, distance between sensor and generator is 3m, non-local link is the photo of photodiode
in the sensor. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization: right-handed. (a) is data of current; (b) is data of temperature.

Dark current of CH1 photodiode Temperature of CH1 photodiode

-42.2 23.79
Dark Current of CH1 Temperature of CH1
-42.4
23.78
-42.6
-42.8
Dark Current(pA)

23.77
Temperature(C)

-43
-43.2 23.76
-43.4
23.75
-43.6
-43.8
23.74
-44
-44.2 23.73
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Figure 15. Non-local test with Akimov generator, distance between sensor and generator is 5km, non-local link is the photo of photodiode
in the sensor. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization: right-handed. (a) is data of current; (b) is data of temperature.

Two types of photodiode were used in the series of ex- used in the sensor for detecting the ultra-weak non-local
periments in this section, one is normal silicon photodiode signals.
with low dark current, the other one is silicon avalanche 1) Experiments with normal silicon photodiode: The
photodiode. They both have their own performance to be sensor in this section is different from others, two pho-
todiodes with the same types are used in this sensor for
10 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

Temperature of CH2 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

28.618 -51.1
Temperature of CH2 Dark Current of CH1
-51.2
LinearBeforeImpact
28.616
-51.3
-51.4

Dark Current(pA)
28.614
Temperature(C)

-51.5
28.612 -51.6
-51.7
28.61
-51.8
-51.9
28.608
-52
28.606 -52.1
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

Average Filter After Regression of Dark Current-CH1 Average Filter of Dark Current-CH2
0.02 -53.9
Average Filter After Regression of CH1 Average Filter of CH2
0 -53.92

-0.02 -53.94
-53.96
Dark current(pA)

Dark current(pA)
-0.04
-53.98
-0.06
-54
-0.08
-54.02
-0.1
-54.04
-0.12 -54.06
-0.14 -54.08
-0.16 -54.1
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(S) Time(S)

(c) (d)

Average Filter After Regression of Dark Current-CH2

0.02
Average Filter After Regression of CH2
0.01
0
Dark current(pA)

-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(S)

(e)

Figure 16. Exp20170918: Non-local test with spinning Poynting vector generator, distance between sensor and generator is 5km, non-local
link is the photo of CH2. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization: right-handed. (a) temperature of both channels; (b) data of CH1;
(c) filtered data with 120 points after linear regression of CH1; (d) filtered data with 120 points of CH2; (e) filtered data with 120 points
after linear regression of CH2.

improving the sensitivity. For example, we take photos of Fig. 16 shows the result when the generator only impacts
the two photodiodes separately before the photodiodes are one of the two photos. As we can see, both of the two data
installed into the thermostat, the two photos of photodiode channels change obviously after impact. It’s possible that
are in Fig. 17. Theoretically, if we impact one of the two the two photodiodes are too closed. In order to keep the
photos, one change but other one doesn’t change, we can temperature of both channels exactly the same, the two
use the differencial approach to improve the sensitivity. photodiodes are put together closely and a temperature
This is the original intention of this design. But in practical sensor of LM35 is used to record their joint temperature.
experiments, the results don’t show this performance as we It seems that there is an effective area of torsion field in
wanted. non-local experiments: if the other sensor is in this area, it
Gao, Peng. Detection of torsion field based on measuring the dark current of photodiode 11

Figure 17. Two photos of photodiodes in the two channels of the sensor.

will also be affected, if the other sensor is out of this area, configuration in the experiments with spinning Poynting
it will be not affected. vector generator is the same). The photo of avalanche
So after the experiment in Fig. 16, both of the photos photodiode is printed on a A4 paper, on the generator
were used in further experiments. This means on the side, only place the paper on the top of the generator and
generator side, both of the photos will be placed on the turn on the generator in the impact time.
top of generator and the two photos are overlapping. Fig. 22 shows the interesting result for this configura-
So torsion field from generator will impact both of the tion. The operation on the generator side was not just
photodiodes. Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 show the results under ON or OFF in previous experiments, but the polarization
this configuration. It seems that the influence on CH2 of torsion field was also changed. The protocol on the
is still stronger than CH1 from both results. And there generator side is as follows:
is another obvious phenomena that the influence on the • 0-3000s: Before impact
sensor with the two photos is much stronger than the • 3000-4600s: right-handed TF
configuration with one photo according to the variation • 4600-5600s: left-handed TF
in the results of linear regression. Besides the factor of • 5600-6200s: right-handed TF
number of photos, there is another factor - temperature. • 6200-7100s: left-handed TF
The configuration of PID controller for thermostat is • After 7100s: turn off the TF generator
different, the temperature in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 is higher
If we observe the result in Fig. 22, we can see there are
than Fig. 16. This factor will affect the current in the
two different trends of the dark current of the photodiode
sensor.
according to different polarization of torsion field on the
2) Experiments with silicon avalanche photodiode: The generator side. The right-handed torsion field makes the
purpose of this series of experiments in this section is trend up but the left-handed torsion field makes the trend
mainly to explore whether the silicon avalanche photodi- down. From the (b) in Fig. 22, the slope is also calculated
ode is more sensitive than the normal photodiode, because in different time domain according to the protocol on the
as well-known, there is the property of non-linearity when generator side (the value of slope is multiply by a large
photodiode works in an avalanche mode. coefficient: 100000, because of the large value in X axis),
To investigate the performance of the silicon avalanche the calculated slope is just like the digital signal, the slope
photodiode, another sensor system was built with the more than 0 can be considered as ”1” and the slope less
same configuration including the thermostat, ultra-weak than 0 can be considered as ”0”.
current meter, that worked in the range of ±2500 pA, Fig. 23 also shows a similar result but there is no
feedback resistance was 1 GOhm. Because the dark current protocol for this, only one impact of right-handed torsion
of avalanche photodiode is much larger than the normal field was applied. To judge whether the results are positive
photodiode, especially in the avalanche mode. Because or negative, not only the change in the impact time should
the temperature was controlled by an independent control be considered, but also the change after the impact time
system, the temperature of sensor was not recorded, but should also be considered in some situation. From the (b)
only the temperature of room was recorded. Fig. 20 shows of Fig. 23, when the impact began, the current went up
the sensor system used in the experiments of this section. instantly, this showed great correlation. And it also should
In this series of experiments, only non-local tests were be noted that after the impact, the current went down
conducted to examine the sensitivity of the sensor based on instantly and then went up again, this also showed the
avalanche photodiode. The method used is still the same correlation from other side.
with previous: Shkatov-Zamsha approach. The configura- The sensor based on the avalanche photodiode was im-
tion on the generator side is shown in Fig. 21 (all the proved in the further development, a temperature sensor,
12 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

Temperature of CH2 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

34.625 -109
34.624 Temperature of CH2 Dark Current of CH1
LinearBeforeImpact
34.623 -109.5
34.622

Dark Current(pA)
-110
Temperature(C)

34.621
34.62
-110.5
34.619
34.618
-111
34.617
34.616 -111.5
34.615
34.614 -112
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

LinearRegression of dark current-CH1 Dark current of CH2 photodiode

0.1 -143
LinearRegression of CH1 Dark Current of CH2
-143.5 LinearBeforeImpact
0.05
-144
0

Dark Current(pA)
Dark current(pA)

-144.5
-0.05 -145

-0.1 -145.5
-146
-0.15
-146.5
-0.2
-147
-0.25 -147.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Time(S) Time(S)

(c) (d)

LinearRegression of dark current-CH2

0.1
LinearRegression of CH2
0
Dark current(pA)

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(S)

(e)

Figure 18. Exp20171011: Non-local test with spinning Poynting vector generator, distance between sensor and generator is 5km, non-local
link is the photos of both CH1 and CH2. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization: right-handed. (a) temperature of both channels;
(b) data of CH1; (c) linear regression of CH1; (d) data of CH2; (e) linear regression of CH2.

whose type is LM35 was applied to the sensor, which IV. Disdussion and Conclusion
was next to the avalanche photodiode closely. Fig. 24
shows the configuration before it’s installed inside. In this In the [1], Serge Kernbach introduced many approaches
configuration, the data of temperature sensor can show the for detecting torsion field or ”high-penetrating” emission,
temperature of avalanche photodiode in real time. Fig. 25 semiconductor-based sensor is one of the effective ap-
shows the result with new configuration, great correlation proaches. In the [7], Claud Swanson introduced the content
can be acheived, but from the (c) of Fig. 25, we can see of torsion field in the 7th and 8th chapter, it says that
the temperature of sensor is in a linear state. The current the torsion field can influence the output of photocell,
changes obviously and instantly at impact time. the right-handed torsion field can decrease the output of
photocell, but the left-handed torsion field can increase the
output of photocell. In fact, the principle of photodiode
Gao, Peng. Detection of torsion field based on measuring the dark current of photodiode 13

Temperature of CH2 photodiode Dark current of CH1 photodiode

35.61 -128.4
Temperature of CH2 -128.6 Dark Current of CH1
35.608 LinearBeforeImpact
-128.8
35.606 -129

Dark Current(pA)
Temperature(C)

-129.2
35.604 -129.4
35.602 -129.6
-129.8
35.6 -130
-130.2
35.598
-130.4
35.596 -130.6
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Time(S) Time(S)

(a) (b)

LinearRegression of dark current-CH1 Dark current of CH2 photodiode

0.1 -168.5
LinearRegression of CH1 Dark Current of CH2
0.05 -169 LinearBeforeImpact

0 -169.5

Dark Current(pA)
Dark current(pA)

-0.05 -170

-0.1 -170.5

-0.15 -171

-0.2 -171.5

-0.25 -172
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Time(S) Time(S)

(c) (d)

LinearRegression of dark current-CH2

0.1
LinearRegression of CH2
0
Dark current(pA)

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Time(S)

(e)

Figure 19. Exp20171013: Non-local test with spinning Poynting vector generator, distance between sensor and generator is 5km, non-local
link is the photos of both CH1 and CH2. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization: right-handed. (a) temperature of both channels;
(b) data of CH1; (c) linear regression of CH1; (d) data of CH2; (e) linear regression of CH2.

is the same with photocell, they are all based on silicon ESP ability. A preliminary conjecture is that the nature
semiconductor. In the movement of Somatic Science in of the specific radiation from the operator’s palm in Prof.
China in the last century, Prof. Nianlin Zhu in the Yunnan Nianlin Zhu’s experiments is the torsion field. If the same
University developed a sensor based on the photodiode, sensor is used in both device-device and operator-device
this sensor could react to the specific radiation from the experiments, the results can be analyzed with a same
operator’s palm in the experiments of Finger Literacy. standard to find out the correlation.
The information above all points to the semiconductor- There are many types of photodiodes can be choosed,
based sensor. So in fact, this work can also be considered only some brands are used in this work. HAMAMATSU
as a replication of this approach examined by different is a famous brand in the field of photoelectric technology.
generators. But this work is still not enough, because this It should be specially noted that there is different per-
sensor should also be examined by human operator with formance when the photodiode works in different range
14 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

Average Filter of Dark Current-CH2

-1980
Average Filter of CH2
-1985
"-"
-1990 "-"
-1995 "-"

Dark current(pA)
"-"
-2000 "-"
-2005 "-"
-2010
-2015
-2020
-2025
-2030
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Time(S)

(a) (a)

Slop calculation of dark current-CH2

1200
Slope Calculation
1000 Slope Calculation
800 Slope Calculation
Slope Calculation
600 Slope Calculation

Slop calculation
400 Slope Calculation

200
0
(b) -200
-400
Figure 20. (a) is the whole sensor system with thermostat and
-600
high-voltage power; (b) is the avalanche photodiode installed inside. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Time(S)

(b)

Temperature of room
20.3
Temperature of room
20.25

20.2
Temperature(C)

20.15

20.1

20.05

20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Time(S)
Figure 21. The configuration on the transmitter side.
(c)

Figure 22. Exp20171206: Non-local test on the avalanche photo-

diode with spinning Poynting vector generator, distance between
of current. This can be adjusted through the reverse bias sensor and generator is 5km, non-local link is the photo of avalanche
photodiode. Polarization: please see the protocol. (a) filtered data
voltage or the temperature of thermostat. According to the with 120 points and linear calculation for different parts according
acheived results, it seems that the avalanche photodiode to the protocol; (b) slope calculation for different parts according to
is more sensitive than normal photodiode. Almost in all the protocol; (c) temperature of room;
the experiments with avalanche photodiode, the rate of
change is higher and the reaction time required is also
more shorter. Almost all the results are changing instantly. Another phenomena is that the reaction of sensor in non-
And in the original data of avalanche photodiode, the noise local experiment with the impact of same polarization of
is usually very high, this is an advantageous phenomena, torsion field is not the same for every time. For example
because the sensitivity is also very high with high noises. in Fig. 22, the reaction of the sensor is ”up” with the
But the disadvantage is the signal-to-noise ratio is low. It polarization of right-handed; but in Fig. 23 and Fig. 25,
seems that the EDL sensor also shows this property, EDL the reaction of the sensor is ”down” with the polarization
will be more sensitive after entering a oscillation mode [5]. of right-handed. This is absolutely different with the local
Gao, Peng. Detection of torsion field based on measuring the dark current of photodiode 15

Average Filter of Dark Current-CH2

-2280
-2290 Average Filter of CH2
LinearBeforeImpact
-2300
-2310
Dark current(pA)

-2320
-2330
-2340
-2350
-2360
Figure 24. The configuration of temperature sensor inside.
-2370
-2380
-2390 Average Filter of Dark Current-CH2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
-1190
Time(S) Average Filter of CH2
-1200
(a)
-1210

Dark current(pA)
Average Filter After Regression of Dark Current-CH2 -1220

15 -1230
Average Filter After Regression of CH2
-1240
10
-1250
Dark current(pA)

-1260
5
-1270
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
0
Time(S)

-5 Average Filter After Regression of Dark Current-CH2

45
-10 Average Filter After Regression of CH2
40
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
35
Time(S)
30
Dark current(pA)

(b) 25
20
Temperature of room 15
19.65 10
Temperature of room
5
19.6
0
19.55 -5
Temperature(C)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

19.5
Time(S)
19.45
Temperature of CH2 photodiode
19.4
36.12
Temperature of CH2
19.35 36.1

19.3 36.08
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 36.06
Temperature(C)

Time(S) 36.04
(c) 36.02
36
Figure 23. Exp20171209: Non-local test on the avalanche photo-
35.98
diode with spinning Poynting vector generator, distance between
sensor and generator is 5km, non-local link is the photo of avalanche 35.96
photodiode. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization:right- 35.94
handed. (a) filtered data with 120 points and linear calculation for 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
the part before impact; (b) filtered data with 120 points after linear Time(S)
regression; (c) temperature of room.
Figure 25. Exp20180504: Non-local test on the avalanche photo-
diode with spinning Poynting vector generator, distance between
tests. It seems that nobody knows what happened between sensor and generator is 5km, non-local link is the photo of avalanche
photodiode. Grey area means the impact time. Polarization: right-
the sensor side and the generator side. This belongs to the handed. (a) filtered data with 120 points; (b) filtered data with 120
entanglement phenomena in macroscopic system, which is points after linear regression; (c) temperature of room;
not fully clear in theory and experiments. But the potential
use of this phenomena is infinite and significant. • This work provides strong evidence that the ap-
Based on the experimental results and analysis, we can proach based on measuring the dark current of silicon
conclude as follows: photodiode can be used to detect torsion field.
16 International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E3, 2018

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