A Method Bass Improvisation Detailed Analysis

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EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY
WESTERN AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF PERFORMING ARTS
JAZZ DEPARTMENT
Dissertation
A METHOD FOR ELECTRIC BASS IMPROVISATION VIA A DETAILED
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPROVISATIONAL TECHNIQUES OF JACO
PASTORIUS FROM 1967-1980
By
Aaron Spiers
Bachelor of Music- Jazz (Performance) with Honours
November 30, 2007

Use of thesis
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11
Thesis Abstract
This thesis/dissertation is an exploration into Jaco Pastorius' approach to

improvisation via detailed analysis of seven selected transcriptions between the years
1975-80. This dissertation also analyses Pastorius' development as a performer,
highlighting the many techniques he pioneered on the electric bass guitar from a historic
perspective focusing on the years 1967-7 4. The final chapter of this dissertation presents
a series of etudes that are designed to assist an advanced performer assimilate selected
aspects of Pastorius' harmonic approach to improvisation.
iii
Declaration
I certify that this dissertation does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief:
(i) incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously

submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution or higher
education;
(ii) contain any material previously published or written by another
person except where due reference is made in the text; or
(iii) contain any defamatory material.
I also grant permission for the Library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate
copies of my thesis as required.
2007
iv
Aclmowledgements
First and foremost, I'd like to thank my parents Stephen and Lorraine for their
constant love and support throughout my life but particularly throughout my time at uni. I
don't think I would have gotten this far without them.
I'd also like to thank the lecturers who have influenced me throughout my time at
uni, particularly Graeme Lyall, Wency D'Souza, Mat Jodrell, Mike Cartwright, Paul
Pooley and Dane Alderson and all the other lecturers who 'hold down' the jazz
department at W AAP A.
To Andrew Brooks and Daniel Thorn, for the support and constant 'hangs'
throughout our honours year together; I certainly learned a lot about forming an opinion
with these two intelligent and loving people but I also had the opportunity to discuss
music and life on a level that was so open minded and non-judgemental, I will never
forget this time in my life. I wish all the luck in the world to these two great people.
Lastly I'd like to pay a small tribute to the memory of Jaco Pastorius. This great
musician has formed a lasting impression on my life and my approach to music, if I could
write and perform my music with a fraction of the intensity that Jaco did throughout his
life, it would make me incredibly happy.
This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my Grandma Betty Geilman, who

sadly passed away in August of 2007. I miss her dearly.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL PORTRAIT .......................................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
THE ELECTRIC BASS GUITAR ............................................................................................................................... 6
BIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... l5

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 15
RHYTHMICDEVICES ........................................................................................................................................... l6
MELODIC DEVICES ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Double Stops ................................................................................................................................................. 25
Be-Bop Language ......................................................................................................................................... 29
HARMONIC DEVICES .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Chord Choices .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Common Scale Choice .................................................................................................................................. 36
Use ofPentatonics ..... ................................................................................................................................... 3 7
Harmonic Superimposition ........................................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 3: METHOD ..................................................................................................................................... 44
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 44
FORMAT OF METHOD ......................................................................................................................................... 45
SECTION ONE: HARMONIC SUPERIMPOSITION USING THE MODE BELOW THE GIVEN CHORD ............................... 45
Etude I -Solar (CD I: track 8) .. .................................................................................................................. 48
Etude 2 -Havana (CDI: track 9) .................................................................................................................. 49
SECTION TWO: HARMONIC SUPERIMPOSITION USING THE PENTATONIC SCALE .................................................. 50
Etude 3 -Fingerprints (CDI: track IO) ....................................................................................................... 52
Etude 4- Used to be a Cha Cha (CDI: track 11) ........................................................................................ 53
SECTION THREE: COMBINATION OF ALL SUPERIMPOSITION TECHNIQUES ........................................................... 54
Etude 5 -Havana (2) (CDI: track I2) ......................................................................................................... 54
Etude 6- Used to be a Cha Cha (2) (CD I: track I3) .................................................................................. 55
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 56
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................................................... 63
TRANSCRIBED PASTORIUS SOLOS ....................................................................................................................... 63
APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
AUDIO CD CONTAINING TRANSCRIPTIONS AND ETUDES ..................................................................................... 74
1
'A method for electric bass improvisation via a detailed analysis of the
improvisational techniques of J a co Pastorius from 1967 to 1980.'
Introduction
This dissertation seeks to firstly, provide a detailed analysis of Jaco Pastorius'
fonnative years from a historical perspective focusing on the techniques that he pioneered on
the electric bass guitar, secondly, to analyse the bassists melodic, harmonic and rhythmic
approach to improvisation via detailed transcription and thirdly, to provide an application
method for the modern bassist to assist an advanced performer in assimilating Pastorius'
harmonic approach to improvisation.
Chapter one will present the historical analysis that will highlight how Pastorius
developed his unique approach to the electric bass guitar. Due to the length of his career and
the many accolades he achieved throughout it, the first chapter of this dissertation will focus
specifically on Pastorius' early years from 1967 (the year he started on the electric bass guitar)
to 1974 (the start of his recording career), outlining his influences and highlighting any major
technical 'breakthroughs' that he achieved.
Chapter two will present an analysis of selected aspects of Pastorius' rhythmic,
melodic and harmonic approach to improvisation via detailed analysis of seven selected
transcriptions from the period 1975 to 1980. The transcriptions selected will purposefully
present a wide cross section of musical styles, tempos and instrumentation to best represent his
approach to improvisation.
2
Finally Chapter Three will proceed to present an application method for the modern
bassist that will assist an advanced performer to imitate and assimilate Pastorius' harmonic
approach to improvisation. This will be achieved by presenting his harmonic vocabulary in a
series of etudes designed to help integrate this approach into one's playing.
3
Chapter 1: Historical Portrait
Introduction
As stated earlier, this dissertation will focus on Pastorius' early career as a musician
highlighting important stages of his development and identifying the origins of the techniques
that he pioneered on the electric bass guitar. This approach has been taken as much of the
literary information written about Pastorius has focused on his performances during the peak
of his career and later, perhaps misguidedly, concentrating on the repercussions of his drug
use and alcoholism that ultimately resulted in his untimely death at age thirty five.
However, before exploring Pastorius' early development as a bassist, it would seem
prudent to outline how great he was at his art at the peak of his career. Seemingly, the best
way to outline this would be to explore accounts from the musicians he played with. In the
liner notes to Pastorius' self titled debut album, Herbie Hancock (jazz pianist who played with
Miles Davis, founded the fusion band Headhunters) writes:
"Jaco is a phenomenon. He is able to make sounds on the bass that are total surprise to
the sensibilities. Not only single notes, but chords, harmonics, and all sorts of nuances with the
colour of the instrument that when combined and translated through J aco make for some of the
best music I've heard in a long time. Of course, it's not the technique that makes the music;
it's the sensitivity and his ability to be able to fuse his life with the rhythm of the times." 1
Pat Metheny (jazz guitarist and key collaborator on multiple albums with Pastorius)
also writes for the re-issue of Pastorius' debut album:
"Jaco Pastorius may well have been the last jazz musician of the twentieth century to
have made a major impact on the musical world at large. (He is) the only post 1970 jazz
musician known on a first name basis with all music fans of all varieties everywhere in the
world. From the depths of Africa where he is revered in God-like status to halls of most every
1
Hancock, H. Liner notes to Jaco Pastorius. Epic/Legacy, 2000.
4
music university on the planet. To this day, and maybe more than ever, he remains to one and
,2
on1y, J aco.
Metheny continues:
"Jaco at his best, as on this record (Jaco Pastorius), defines what the word jazz really
means. J aco used his own experiences, filtered through an almost unbelievable originality
informed by a musicianship as audacious as it was expansive, to manifest into sound through
improvisation a musical reality that illuminated his individuality. And besides all that, he
simply played his ass off- in a way that was totally unprecedented on his instrument, or on
ANY instrument for that matter. .. (yet) I notice that it is difficult for people who weren't
around at the time of his emergence to fully weigh the impact of his contribution. As a young
musician who met Jaco in his prime .. .I can only say that my reaction upon hearing him for the
first time was simply of shock- I had literally never heard anything remotely like it, nor had
anyone else at the time." 3
Metheny states about Pastorius' approach to the bass:
"Jaco restructured the function of the bass in music in a way that has affected the
outcome of countless musical projects to follow in his wake - an innovation that is still being
absorbed by rhythm sections players to this day - he showed the world that there was an
entirely different way to think of the bass function, and what it meant ... His solo on "Donna
Lee", beyond being astounding for just the fact that he used hom-like phrasing that was
previously unknown to the bass guitar is even more notable for being one of the freshest looks
at how to play on a well-travelled set of chord changes in recent jazz history ... And then there
is just his basic relationship to sound and touch: refined to a degree that some would have
thought impossible on an 'electric' instrument. " 4
Another of Pastorius' contemporaries, jazz legend Ira Sullivan (multi-instrumentalist
who played with drummer Art Blakey and pianist Red Garland) who played with Pastorius in
the year leading up to the release of his debut album (1973) writes of Pastorius:
"He (Pastorius) made the bass a solo instrument, which was something people hadn't
heard before. Now bassists all over the world play like Jaco- grabbing that hand full of
harmonics, playing chords, and soloing like a hom player. When his first album came out,
though, it was really the shot heard around the world." 5
2
Metheny, P. "The life & music of Jaco Pastorius." Liner notes to the 2000 reissue of
Jaco Pastorius. Epic/Legacy, 2000, 5.
3
Ibid, 5.
4
Ibid, 7-8.
5
Milkowski, B. Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius. (Backbeat
Books, San Francisco. 2005), 318.
5
With this brief introduction, highlighting what Pastorius' contemporaries have written
about him, a little insight into where the electric bass guitar had developed to in 1967, when he
started to play the electric bass, will help to illustrate his impact on the instruments
development.
The Electric Bass Guitar
According to Grove Music Online, the electric bass guitar was first mass-produced in
1951 by Leo Fender as a Fender Precision Bass. The instrument was designed for bassists in
dance bands as a more portable alternative to a double bass but also had the feature of greater
volume like the increasingly popular electric guitar. In 1960, Fender introduced the Jazz Bass,
the bass that Pastorius almost exclusively used throughout his career, which had two pickups
compared to the Precision's one, to provide the bass with a greater range of timbrel
possibilities. By the 1960's bassists including Monk Montgomery, James Jamerson, Steve
Swallow and Ron Carter were recording with the electric bass but perhaps were not extending
further than using double bass techniques. 6
Biography
John Francis Pastorius 3 was born on the 1st of December 1951. Perhaps his first major
musical influence was his father Jack Pastorius who was a professional drummer and lounge
singer. Particularly proud of his record collection, Jack had records by swing-era bands such
as Count Basie, the Dorsey Brothers and Benny Goodman and vocalists Frank Sinatra, Tony
6
Bacon, T & Ferguson, J. "Electric Bass Guitar." In Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy
(Accessed [03/06/2007]), http://www.grovemusic.com.
6
Bennett and Nat King Cole and played them regularly for the young Jaco. 7 According to Jim
Roberts, Author of Genesis of a Genius, with the influence of these great 'singers and
swingers' it is not so hard to imagine that Pastorius' instruments voice possessed those great
singers cool command of melody and time and their nuance of phrasing. 8
Another early influence on the young Pastorius was the Caribbean bands that played in
the local Miami area. Milkowski writes how Pastorius was captivated by the sound of the steel
pans and particularly intrigued by a local island musician named Fish Ray, a colourful
character who played washtub bass in one of the bands. Perhaps on a subliminal level, Fish
Ray was Pastorius' first bass influence. 9 Pastorius in an interview with Julie Coryell for the
book Jazz-Rock Fusion supports this by suggesting that there are no musical prejudices in
Florida, there were steel drum bands, Cuban bands, James Brown, Sinatra and the Beatles,
which could attribute to his wide musical diversity throughout in his career. 10
By age twelve, Pastorius was most interested in playing the drums (perhaps influenced
by his father Jack) although limited to a pair of bongos at first; he managed to save enough
money for a full drum kit and with practice soon became the best drummer at his school. His
brother Rory recounts "Wow, not only is Jaco the best athlete in school (football and baseball)
7
Milkowski, B. Jaco, 2005, 5.
8
Bobbing, Pastorius, Roberts and Weiss. Liner notes to Portrait of Jaco: the early years
1968-78. Holiday Park, 2002, 5.
9
Milkowski, B. Jaco, 2005, 7.
1
°Coryell, J. and Freidman, L. Jazz-Rock Fusion: The People The Music.
(Dell Publishing Co. Inc. New York, 1978)
7
he's now the best drummer too!' and he was. He had impeccable time. In fact, he would've
11
ended up being a great drummer if he hadn't broken his wrist.'
Pastorius reflects about his injury in an interview with Julie Coryell:
"I got really beat up in a ... football rumble when I was thirteen. My hand was almost
severed from my left arm. I was playing drums in a local band and I was a good drummer, but
I wasn't strong enough to lay down a heavy backbeat. There was a really good drummer in
town who took my place. A week later the bass player quit the band. So the guys called me up
and said 'Jaco, you think you can play bass?' I said, 'yeah sure.' I had never played bass in my
life. I went out and bought a brand new Fender bass and I was working the next day and
haven't been out of work since." 12
With a perfect segue into how Pastorius started playing the electric bass, David
Neubauer, the bassist Pastorius replaced in the band Las Olas Brass, describes Pastorius' start
on the electric bass: "it was pretty clear he was a natural talent, a driven innovator, and he
wouldn't stop until he took things as far as they would go. He was wildly enthusiastic about
music." 13 Drummer Scott Kirkpatrick also recalls with amazement how smoothly Pastorius
made the transition from drums to bass.
"He was a drummer when I met him ... but when he started playing bass, he progressed
so rapidly it was incredible. Jaco had a gift. He was one ofthose guys who could pick up an
instrument and learn it in three days ... he was just a phenomenon that way." 14
Approximately one year later in the summer of 1968, Bob Bobbing, a fellow bassist,
recalls an audition for a band that both friends attended:
"The bandleader asked J aco if he knew 'Fire' by Jimi Hendrix. J aco just nodded his
head and they were off. Right from the four count, J aco was loud and on top of it. What was
unusual though was that he didn't play any of the bass parts from the record. He knew the
11
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005, 10.
12
Coryell, J. and Freidman, L. Jazz-Rock Fusion, 1978.
13
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005, 13. ·
14
Ibid, 14.
8
arrangement dead, but went totally off in his own direction. On the verses for example, J aco
played the most wicked-fast, double time, groovin' bass line I'd ever heard. ,ds
Interestingly, Pastorius didn't get the job with the band (Bobbing did!), as his apparent
over-playing didn't suit the bands style at the time but this story helps to illustrate his
development as a bassist and musician after only one year playing the bass. After that
audition, Bob Bobbing became an avid Jaco Pastorius fan and began taping Pastorius' early
performances without knowing the historical significance and has in recent times become one
of the leading historians of Jaco Pastorius' early career.
In October of 1970, Pastorius made the first in a series of key discoveries that would
help to shape his unique sound and approach on the electric bass. Bob Bobbing recalls a
bassist named Carlos Garcia who was playing with a band called Nemo Spliff who had an
approach to bass that was very unique. 'He was using a left hand muting technique that we
hadn't seen before ... he (Pastorius) was really checking out how Garcia got those staccato
notes happening in his bass lines.' Furthermore, he was impressed with Garcia's amplifier; an
acoustic 360 that would ultimately help the young Pastorius attain his signature sound. The
key features of the Acoustic 360, that differed from the amps he'd used before, was that it
gave his sound a strong, tight low-end that didn't distort. For the first time, he could play a
16
loud open E, as well as chords, without the amp distorting or bottoming out. Pastorius
supports this in an interview with Steve Rosen in 1978 where he states 'I've gone through a
15
Ibid, 22.
16
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005, 32-33.
9
direct box through the PA and I've distorted the whole PA. But the acoustic can take it, it can
. ,]7
take anythmg.
Another key in the development of Pastorius' sound was in 1971, when Pastorius
pulled out the frets on his black 1962 Fender Jazz Bass that he bought from Bob Bobbing.
Bobbing recalls that 'the bass always buzzed high up on the neck when I owned it, and this
couldn't be fixed without raising the action really high ... so Jaco carefully removed the frets
by tapping them out.' He intended to replace the frets but ended up re-stringing his bass and
playing a gig with the bass fret-less. Bobbing recalls that Pastorius had trouble playing the
bass in tune that night but with persistence and practice soon learned to play in tune. 18
Pastorius comments in an interview with Steve Rosen on the technique for playing a fretless
bass:
'The hardest thing to worry about is intonation ... (the difference between fretted and
fretless technique) is just having to hit the notes in tune. That's the only difference ... the
technique is pretty much the same. The vibrato on a fretless is legit, you have to play like a
cellist, you've got to roll it.'.I 9
Another interesting key to Pastorius' development as a musician that perhaps set him
apart from other bassists and musicians at the time was his relationship to guitarist and
arranger Charlie Brent. On July the eleventh, 1972, Pastorius joined the ranks of a touring
R&B band named (after the leader) Wayne Cochran and the CC Riders. His time with this
band (twenty weeks) turned out to be the most intense period of performance practice that he
17
Rosen, Steve. "International musician and recording world." Aug. 1978, p.24.
18
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005, 36. ·
19
Rosen, Steve. "International musician." 1978.
10
would undertake. Besides playing demanding five-hour shows every night, he practiced on the
20
bus as the band travelled from town to town.
The significance of Pastorius' relationship with Charlie Brent during this period was
that he leamed about jazz harmony, arranging and orchestration and as a result began to
compose for large ensembles. The significance of this is that rather than leaming bass from a
bassist for example, Pastorius leamed about music theory from a guitarist and more
importantly an arranger, which ultimately would shape his approach to composition, arranging
and even improvisation; always thinking about the larger picture in relation to a performance
. 21
orrecordmg.
Also during this period, Pastorius undertook intense research into the R&B bass
players of the time. Including names such as Charles Sherrell and Bemard Odum, the bass
players with James Brown, Jerry Jemmott's work with B.B. King, Tommy Cogbill, Duck
Dunn and the bass lines from other popular soul and R&B songs from the 1960's on music
labels Stax, Antlantic, Mowtown and King Records. 22 Pastorius confirms these influences in
an interview with Julie Coryell and adds jazz bassists Gary Peacock and Ron Carter to his list
of influences. 23
At the end of this period of 'wood-shedding' with Wayne Cochran's band, according
to Bob Bobbing:
20
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005,40.
21
Ibid.
22
23
Coryell, J. and Freidman, L. Jazz-Rock Fusion, 1978.
11
"His improved musicianship and ever growing confidence made him feel like he was
ready to take on the world ... everything came together in dramatic fashion in that band (CC
Riders). Learning to read, write and arrange music and eventually composing his first
originals ... and without a keyboard player in the Riders, Jaco was able to experiment with
24
chords, harmonics and that soloistic approach to the bass that he became so famous for. "
By the time Pastorius left the CC Riders, the drummer at the time Allyn Robinson had
established such a strong connection with Pastorius' groove-conscious, interactive style of
playing that he says it was hard for him to play with other bass players after J aco left the band.
Robinson says 'I've never had a musical hook-up with another bass player like that, before or
since ... Jaco just made me sound so good." 25
After leaving the CC Riders, Pastorius returned to Fort Lauderdale and made a series
of musical connections that helped in his development immensely. These included Peter
Graves and his big band, Pat Metheny, Alex Dar qui and jazz legend Ira Sullivan.
With Graves, Pastorius became the full time bass player with his big band who played
swing, funk and soul music and backed musical acts such as The Temptations, The Four-Tops,
Mel Torme, and The Supremes to name but a few. Pastorius also got the opportunity to
arrange for the band to make extra money for his family, which at this stage was a wife, Tracy
and daughter Mary. This is also where he made the musical connection with Pat Metheny who
would later become a key collaborator on various recordings including Jaco, Metheny's debut
Bright Size Life and Joni Mitchell's Shadows and Light. 26
24
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005,45.
25
Ibid, 46.
26
Milkowski, B. Jaco. 2005., 49.
12
In January of 1973, Pastorius and his small family moved into an apartment above a
Laundromat and across the hall from pianist Alex Darqui. This gave Pastorius the opportunity
for endless hours of jamming and practice on Darqui's baby grand piano, drum kit and his
own bass equipment, which he moved into Darqui' s apartment. It was also at this time that
either to help with reading music, developing melodies or helping with endurance, practicing
be-bop melodies out of Charlie Parker's Omnibook was commonplace at Darqui' s apartment.
Pastorius and Darqui would also improvise in the style of the free-jazz pioneer Ornette
Coleman without, as Darqui remembers 'stepping on each other. We were creating
simultaneously by listening and reacting in a purely spontaneous manner, and that resulted in
some very interesting music.' 27
This period also resulted in Pastorius meeting guitarist Joe Diorio who introduced him
to Slominsky's Thesaurus of Chromatic Scales and Patterns (the book that hugely influenced
John Coltrane and Eddie Harris in their approach to intervallic improvisation). He also started
listening to, upon Diorio's suggestions, classical composers including Igor Stravinsky, Bela
Bartok and J.S. Bach. 28
Jazz legend Ira Sullivan also started playing with Pastorius around 1973 as Pastorius,
Darqui and drummer Bobby Economou formed the band Baker's Dozen. The band played a
musical style that could only be defined as fusion: the fusion of rock, jazz, funk and free jazz
elements. Darqui explains:
"It was more like jazz with a different background. It would swing too, but it had roots
in R&B and funk ... one minute we'd play funk, and then we'd explode into an up-tempo
27
Ibid, 51.
28
13
swinging thing .. .I think we would have fainted if we had to play the same arrangement
twice ... but Jaco was an important spark. He was bringing all that great creativity and all those
29
.
fast 1mes and os t'mat os. "
One of the final developmental aspects of Pastorius' unique approach to electric bass
was his pioneering use of harmonics, natural and artificial. Malone in his text A Portrait of
Jaco: The Solos Collection describes harmonics as:
"The natural by-product of a vibrating string is the overtone series, a collection of

pitches that sound simultaneously with the fundamental. As the string vibrates, it
continues to divide into sections - first in half, then thirds, quarters etc. At each of
those divisions is a harmonic node, where a chime like tone can be produced when the
finger is lightly placed over that spot and the string in plucked. 30
In an interview with Steve Rosen, Pastorius talks about his approach to harmonics:
'When I first started playing the bass I did it (used harmonics). In fact someone played
me a tape recently of what I was playing when I was eight, nine years ago and it sounded like
now. All the harmonics were there and everything. I just thought they were part of the
instrument. I didn't question it because I had no one to judge by. There were no records I
could tum on and hear someone doing that. So I just said 'Hey man, that sounds good,' So I
hit that and there were some notes and hit a bass note here and a couple of those (harmonics)
and got some chords going.' 31
This concludes the historical analysis of Pastorius' early career outlining his
development as a musician and highlighting the pioneering aspects of his approach to the
electric bass guitar. The next chapter of this dissertation will relate to the musical analysis of
selected Pastorius transcriptions that will be used to gain an insight into how he approaches
improvisation from a rhythmic, melodic and harmonic perspective.
29
Ibid, 58.
30
Malone, S. Portrait of Jaco: The solos collection. 2002, 21.
31
Rosen, Steve. "International musician." 1978.
14
Chapter 2: Analysis
Introduction
As previously stated, in order to gain an insight into Pastorius' approach to
improvisation, a detailed analysis of his recorded solos from a variety of musical settings will
best serve to identify selected aspects of his melodic, harmonic and rhythmic approach to
improvisation. Though the method section of this dissertation will be specifically related to his
harmonic approach to improvisation, it is crucial to the validity of this study that his rhythmic
and melodic approach to improvisation is researched and utilised in the composition of the
etudes in the following method section, thus, this chapter will analyse his rhythmic, melodic
and harmonic approach to improvisation.
The improvised solos chosen include: 'Bright Size Life' from Pat Metheny's Bright
Size Life (1975), 'Donna Lee,' 'Used to be a Cha-Cha,' 'Portrait of Tracy' and 'Continuum,'
from Pastorius' debut album Jaco Pastorius (1975), 'Havona' from Weather Report's Heavy
Weather (1977) and 'Port of Entry' from Weather Report's Night Passage (1980). These solos
were chosen as they present a wide cross section of tempos, styles and instrumentation as
illustrated in the table below.
Year Title Tempo Style Combinations

1975 Bright Size Life 166 bpm Straight eighths Trio
1975 Donna Lee 218 bpm Swing eighths Duo
1975 Used To Be A Cha Cha 230bpm Samba Quintet
1975 Portrait of Tracy Rubato Solo
1975 Continuum 112 bpm Straight eighths Quartet
1977 Havona 145 bpm Funk/Samba Quartet
1980 Port of Entry 154 bpm Straight eighths Quintet
Fig. 1. Table of Transcriptions
15
Through detailed research into Pastorius' recorded output, in this writers opinion, these
transcribed solos best represent the combination of his technical facility on the electric bass
guitar, unique melodic sense, advanced harmonic approach to improvisation and his command
of rhythm when improvising, thus presenting the best examples for the following analysis.
According to Grove Music Online, the central act of analysis is the 'test for identity,'
32
illuminating the three fundamental processes, 'recurrence, contrast and variation.' Thus to
test for Pastorius' musical 'identity,' any musical language that seems to re-occur will be the
focus of this analysis.
Rhythmic Devices
One of Pastorius' most frequently used rhythmic devices is a pattern using four and or
five note groupings in an ascending or descending scalar pattern. This technique seems to give
the effect that the 'time' or harmonic rhythm of a given tune is slowing down by accenting
every five notes rather than every four notes. This device regularly reoccurs during his
improvised solos.
32
Ian D Bent and Anthony Pople, 'Analysis,' Grove Music Online (Accessed [01/1112007]),
http://www .grovemusic .com.
16
~~ ~~s
~ i 1 ,~[43 ~J 0 l~j i:J ~3 ~J 1fl rJ,; 1~41 JJ~B 1 I

Fig. 2. Bar 7-9 of Used to be a Cha Cha
In this example Pastorius uses a descending five then four-note rhythmic grouping of
this Gb major pentatonic scale over the Bb7 (#9) chord.
CMI7
fff±l tff:ftrtfl tr'r trEE Uc Er rFFj FI

This example illustrates Pastorius use of a descending five note then four note
rhythmic grouping of a G major pentatonic over the Dmi7 chord, which changes to a Bb major
pentatonic over the Cmi7 chord. This phrase highlights another common feature of Pastorius'
approach to improvisation, that being the way he links up two chords with a continuous flow
of notes without breaking the momentum of the phrase.

E~o~
'i'iE;;~cirrr•rtrfrrclrr 1
In this example Pastorius uses an ascending five note rhythmic grouping over the Eb7
(#9) to Eb69 chords using tones derived from the Eb Lydian scale.
17
C'
,, r £F 1ffftrftrctFrc[EF 1m1r
Fig. 5. Bar 7-9 of Port of Entry
This example illustrates Pastorius using a descending four note rhythmic grouping of
this C major pentatonic scale over the C7 chord.
C7
,. ffrttfftrcft[rrf 1Ercfbu arJIEEr 1UfEJ

In this example Pastorius uses a descending five note then four note rhythmic grouping
of this C major pentatonic scale over the C7 chord.
C7
$4J4JJJ;JJJI J4jJJ#3)ilg(bflbtgJ';Jij~r J I
This example illustrates Pastorius using an ascending four note rhythmic grouping of
this E jazz minor scale over the C7 chord.
£b9
o·f,~trr r EifFEr rfCcc;1ttu rffrEtffcc rt'

Fig. 8. Bar 27-28 of Continuum
In this example Pastorius uses a descending five note rhythmic grouping of this E
major pentatonic scale over theE major 69 chord.
18
Fig. 9. Bar 16-18 of Donna Lee
This example illustrates Pastorius using a descending four note rhythmic grouping in
triplets over the Bbmi7 to Eb7 chords. This gives a similar effect to, as described earlier,
accenting every four triplets in 4/4 time gives the impression to the listener that the 'time' or
harmonic rhythm is slowing down.
Another key feature of Pastorius' rhythmic approach to improvisation is his use of the
many rhythmic subdivisions available. Pastorius regularly uses the eighth note and sixteenth
note subdivisions and also the quarter note and eighth note triplet subdivisions in various
combinations and for varying effect. For musical examples of this device see any of the
transcriptions in the appendices.
In chapter two of Concepts for Bass Soloing, which is dedicated to the incorporation of
rhythm in improvisation, guitarist John Schofield is quoted from an interview for Jazz-Times
magazine:
'Rhythm involves feel, but too many people think it's magical and just comes out of
the air. You work on it through analysis and feel. You learn to hear and identify rhythms and
subtleties of where something is placed just like you learn to hear and identify pitches.' 33
33
Johnson, M and Sher, C. Concepts For Bass Soloing. 1993, p.20.
19
Thus to strengthen the validity of the final section of this dissertation, the rhythms used
to construct the etudes will originate directly from Pastorius' transcribed solos.
Melodic Devices
This next section will analyse some of Pastorius' melodic devices but rather than an
analysis of his melodic approach to improvisation, this analysis section will focus on melodic
devices employed by Pastorius in his approach to improvisation. Liebman in his instructional
text A Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody uses a methodology that includes
identifying the shape, repetition, side-slipping, rhythm and phrasing (rhythmic placement,
articulation, time feel, dynamics and nuance) of a given melody. 34 Pastorius' melodic devices
will be analysed by selectively identifying the previously listed features.
A commonly appearing melodic device is Pastorius' use of the intervals of a perfect
fourth and perfect fifth. Liebman suggests that improvising using these types of intervals is
more 'ambiguous harmonically' than the use of major and minor seconds and thirds. Liebman
continues that:
'When combined with other types of intervals they (4th and 5th intervals) assume a
more definitive character due to the fourth and fifth being so closely associated with the
dominant and sub-dominant functions of diatonicism. ' 35 -
This sound could conceivably be identified as being an 'open,' modem sound as it
tends not to suggest a major or minor tonality and is useful for improvising over harmonically
'open' compositions and or modal compositions.
34
Liebman, D. A Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody. 1997, p. 47-57.
35
Ibid, 59.
20
.lA~ ~lA
,.;ddnr ..W JD;rnlffttf cEcf 1rffrct1 rtrftrf 1

In this phrase Pastorius uses ascending fifth intervals to lead into the G/A chord in bar
16. Pastorius effectively accents the second semi-quaver in the five repetitions of the fifth
~'
interval thus giving the improvised line a sense of forward momentum.
This example illustrates Pastorius using descending fourth intervals to link up his
upper register (D) and his lower register and lowest note (E). Pastorius effectively uses an
increased dynamic to strike the lowE's in this passage of improvisation, which gives more
weight to the line itself.
In this phrase Pastorius continues with the descending fourth intervals as the main
melodic idea, punctuated by lowE's. As previously stated, Pastorius uses 4~namics to great
\,;A''
effect during this passage where the low E' s are accentuated to great effect.
21
In this example Pastorius punctuates his phrase with a chord of harmonics that is made
up of two fourth intervals stacked on top on one another (A, D and G) over the Bb7 chord.
This passage also highlights Pastorius' rhythmic placement favouring the 'off' -beats, which
gives the line increased forward momentum.
Fig. 14. Bar 45 of Donna Lee
This phrase is reminiscent of figures found in the improvised solo on the composition
'Continuum,' where Pastorius plays repeated fourth intervals in a similar manner to this
example. Pastorius follows the use of the fourth intervals with a common be-bop practice of
the use of arpeggios starting from the third of Ab (C) ascending in thirds to the 9th (Bb ).
Fig.15. Bar 17-18 of Used to be a Cha Cha
This example illustrates Pastorius using the D minor pentatonic scale, however he
constructs this phrase to utilise the perfect fourth intervals within the pentatonic scale then
ending on a B to perhaps suggests G major over the Dmi7 chord.
22
Fig. 16. Bar 77 of Used to be a Cha Cha
This example illustrates Pastorius stacking two perfect fifth intervals a perfect fifth
away (fifth from F# and a fifth from B), which then leads into D major pentatonic scale tones.
NC
.•
In this example, Pastorius continues the theme suggested in Fig. 16. and expands on
the idea, playing a perfect fifth interval over six repetitions from F# two octaves below middle
C to C# two octave above middle C, which is a minor third away from the entire tessitura of
Pastorius' instruments range.
Fig. 18. Bar 35 of Havona
This phrase, similar to that of the previous two examples yet recorded almost four
years after in 1977, incorporates stacked perfect fifths repeated three times leading into a B
Lydian flavoured phrase.
23
Fig. 19. Bar 37 of Havona
This example illustrates another approach to this melodic idea where Pastorius plays
diatonic perfect fifth intervals based in the key of D major over a suggested G pedal on the
Gma9 (#11) chord. Pastorius also highlights the quaver-triplet pulse, which effectively slows
the harmonic rhythm of the piece.
Another common melodic idea that appears regularly in Pastorius' improvised solos is
a phrase that is played then transposed down a semitone in order to create dissonance over the
given chord; Liebman identifies this technique as 'side-slipping.' 36 For example:
.
Fig. 20. Bar 9-10 ofHavona
Pastorius plays the notes from aD major triad then repeats the last two notes (F# and
D) transposed down a semitone and repeats this three times leading into an E Lydian flavoured
phrase ending on the 13th (C#) ofE major. Pastorius also accentuates the notes F# on beat 3+,
F on beat 4, E on beat 4+ and D# on beat one again giving the line forward momentum.
36
Liebman, D. A Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody. 1997, p. 51.
24
BMA9(*11J
.,~·t: i r'eutrer ,ftit#r*ftuktrrtm·

4
In this phrase, Pastorius plays two four note groupings of firstly aD major pentatonic
then C major pentatonic descending from the 5th over the Cma9 (#11) chord proceeding to
then play those eight notes down a semitone over the Bma9 (#11) chord.
C7
9,1fff:tfpr pfttfft~r~tr 1f~rfr~fr t'r~~~bi r 1

Fig. 22. Bar 36-37· of Port of Entry
This example illustrates Pastorius using a similar idea as in Fig. 20 where he plays
descending Major 3rd intervals transposing them down a semitone each time, that then links
into a C Iydian flavoured ending phrase.
Double Stops
Another melodic device that Pastorius uses regularly is double stops and chords in his
improvised solos. Pastorius uses these devices to punctuate his melodic lines with chords that
either outline the harmony or upper extensions of the chords or superimposes other tonalities
over the given chord. Pastorius also uses this device as a pedal point whereby allowing him to
improvise melodies over the pedal. For example:
25
Fig. 23. Bars 1-13 of Continuum
Pastorius starts this solo by stating his improvised melody over pedalling open strings
(E and A). In this example, this technique effectively states the roots of the chords whilst
Pastorius improvises using an E Major scale sound from bars 1-4 and E Lydian in bars 5-6
over theE major 69 chord, A Major scale in bars 7 and 8 over the A Major 69 chord and E
Lydian in bars 9-11 again over theE Major 69 chord. This technique works especially well
over this composition as the tempo is 112 beats per minute, an easy medium tempo and the
style of the piece is very 'open' harmonically, leaving space for Pastorius to state an
improvised phrase over the pedal tones.
In this example, Pastorius plays a melody that is seemingly harmonised in thirds using
mainly diatonic chords from the C# Major scale over the C#/D# chord in bar 19leading into
again diatonic chords from the C Major scale over the C/D chord in bar 20. In this example,
26
this technique perhaps highlights this descending melodic line more so than if Pastorius had
only played the top line of the melody in these bars.
In this example, Pastorius uses an octave technique, as suggested by Berendt in The Jazz
Book, pioneered by jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery37 . This technique highlights the melodic line
by doubling the melody an octave below and as played in this register on the electric bass, the
melody has a deeper resonance as if played by two bassists simultaneously giving the phrase a
more weighted impact to the listener.
CMI7 Ai3&9!
$~J JJ3J J3 J1:_ ~~ ~- 1
In this phrase, Pastorius plays a line seemingly based in a D Aeolian scale over the
Cmi7 chord in bar 4 that ends with a double stop incorporating the notes C# and Bb (3rd and
Flat 9th of A) over the Al3 (b9) chord in bar 5.
37
Berendt, J. The Jazz Book, 1982, p. 381
27
This example is very similar to the previous example as Pastorius plays a phrase
seeminglybased in the C Mixolydian scale leading into the notes A and Bb (5th and bl3th of
D) over the Dmi7 chord in bar 21. Both of these melodic lines seem to lead into the double
stops at the end of both phrases rather naturally, even though both chords are seemingly
dissonant (3rd and flat 9th of A and flat 13th and 5th of D) to the underlying harmony.
In this phrase, Pastorius ends his solo with this triple stop that suggests Dmi7/A
perhaps (F, C and A) utilising the A open string, which appears as a very dramatic ending to
the solo.
~!A F/~
?'~ JJ ! J ·~ #
J ?'I J ¥ 'iJ J Z.lt!d,Qd ,.J J J.1\d d~d!d::J
Fig. 29. Bar 50-53 of Bright Size Life
This example illustrates Pastorius punctuating his improvised melodic lines with
chords; bar 50 he plays B to C# over the G, which perhaps suggests G7 (#11) over the G/A
chord. Pastorius then plays F# and B (suggesting G Major 7), descending chromatically twice
to end onE and A (suggesting F Major 7) over the F/G chord, punctuating the phrase with D
28
and G bass notes then continuing by playing F and B (suggesting G7) then sideslipping the
chord down a semitone and back.
1I
Fig. 30. Bar 39-42 of Havona
Finally, this example illustrates Pastorius playing a chord of a fifth then a chord of two
stacked fifths over the open string E. These chords are extremely effective on the electric bass,
as these chords resonate strongly and powerfully at this range.
For another example of Pastorius' use of chords and double stops see the appendices,
which illustrates the transcription of the Pastorius composition 'Portrait of Tracy,' which is
composed almost entirely with chords on the electric bass. Another key feature of this
composition is that most of the chords that make up the piece are natural and artificial
harmonics, produced on the electric bass guitar, which in 1976 when this composition was
recorded was the first of its kind.
Be-Bop Language
The next section of this discussion will focus on the influence of the Be-bop musical
language on Pastorius' approach to improvisation over the composition 'Donna Lee' by
saxophonist Charlie Parker. This analysis will relate to Kernfeld's writings from Grove Music
Online and specifically the chapter relating to improvisation that outline melodic
29
paraphrasing, arpeggios, targeting and surrounding techniques and elements of chromaticism
as identifying features of the Be-Bop style? 8
In this example, Pastorius uses the technique of 'Melodic Paraphrasing,' 39 by stating
the melody of the composition but altering the end of the phrase as opposed to how the phrase
appears in the melody. This technique, as illustrated, can add continuity to an improvised solo
and demonstrate a firm knowledge of a given melody.
E~MI7 . A~1 0~7
f t'D ,J ~n JvJ JI J
This example illustrates the common be-bop technique of surrounding or targeting.
Pastorius descends down an Eb minor 7 arpeggio over the Eb minor 7 chord to target the third
(C) of Ab on beat three. Pastorius then targets the flat 9th of Ab and descends chromatically to
target the third of Db7 (F) on beat one of the following bar.
38
Kernfeld, B. Grove Music Online, 'Improvisation,' (accessed [01/11/2007]),
<http://www. grovemusic.corn>.
39
Ibid. ·
30
8~7 >
?' 'dt'f f f f t itt r'E (PC!;

This example demonstrates Pastorius' ability to 'extemporise rapid melodies filled

40
with asymmetrical phrases and accent patterns' in the Bop tradition. In this example
Pastorius uses tones from the Bb Mixolydian scale with chromatic passing tones in
combination with this asymmetric accented phrase.
FM17 C7
4J r J•fJpJ J~J; I £8 r Jidf

This example is another that includes the use of chromatic passing tones and the
targeting technique found in the language of Bop. Pastorius targets the minor third ofF minor
(Ab) on beat three of bar 27 and then uses a C minor arpeggio over the Fmin7 chord to target
the third of C7, which is theE on beat one of bar 28.
Finally, this example is another example of the Bop targeting technique where
Pastorius uses this repeated phrase, which outlines descending ii-v's to change key centres
from the key of Ab into the key of E. This phrase seems to target beat 3 where Pastorius then
incorporates the interval of a major ih ascending into a surrounding technique, which targets
the beat one of the following bars. Bar four of this example seems to deliberately displace the
31
repetition ofthis figure, which effectively displaces the pattern-like feel that the improvised
line illustrates.
Harmonic Devices
Chord Choices
To best understand the reasons for Pastorius' scale choices and use of particular
superimposition ideas that will be investigated in the following chapter, it would seem prudent
to first investigate some of the chords Pastorius used to construct the compositions he
improvised solos over. Through thorough transcription, some common traits appear in
Pastorius' compositional style.
HAvoNA - r Aco PAsrofZtUs (1976)
o= r, '• ' r r r ' '"

TL ' 1 'C' ' '£1£ ' '
I I I I
'
, r, I ', , I , , ,
9 EMil EMA 9Ji1J CMA!JJ.i) SMA9Ji1J ~MA 9
o: I
J
I
J
I I I/ I I I
J
I/ / l l I/ / I
J
/ I l
J
l l / I'J I ' l l I I
J
J ' l I
16 Asus Ssus Asus Ssus
o= , llll((fTT?
Fig. 36. Chord Changes to 'Havona'
This example presents the chord changes to the twenty-two bar Pastorius composition
'Havana.' The predominant chord usage is that of a Major 9 (#11) chord with an added minor
9 chord at bar 9 of the form and suspended chords in the final four bars of the composition.
Note the basic pattern of major chords moving in major thirds (E to C and B to G), perhaps
influenced by John Coltrane's 'Giant Steps,' which Pastorius would later record a version on
the album 'Invitation.' Janek Gwizdala, bassist for Mike Stern, suggests in an interview for
40
Owens, T. Grove Music Online. 'Bop,' (accessed [0111112007]), <http://www.grovemusic.com>.
32
Bass Player Magazine that a chord progression that features three or more chords of the same
quality can be described by the term 'parallel constant-structure chords' .41 Gwizdala continues
that another example of this is Joe Henderson's 'Inner Urge.'
The composition presents a harmonic structure that, as opposed to styles like bop or
other traditional jazz styles, contains few chord changes allowing a soloist to explore the
sound of each chord for longer. This compositional tool was perhaps first used to best effect
by Miles Davis in his composition 'So What' where the thirty-two bar form is constructed
using sixteen bars of the chord Dmi7, eight bars of Ebmi7 followed by another eight bars of
Dmi7. 42 Another example of this compositional tool appears in Herbie Hancock's 'Maiden
Voyage' where the thirty-two bar form features dominant 7th suspended 4th chords (for
example D7sus4) that last for four bars at a time allowing the soloist to explore the sound of
each chord and or superimpose other tonalities over the chords. 43
The rhythm in 'Havana' features the synthesis of a Latin Samba and Funk elements,
whereby the soloist improvises in a straight-eighths rhythmic feel. A transcription of the first
chorus of Pastorius' bass-line can be viewed in the appendices section at the back of this
dissertation to give an idea of the type of rhythmic 'feel' employed for this composition.
41
Gwizdala, J. Jaco's Finest Hour, Bass Player Magazine, (Accessed [0111112007]),
http://www.bassplayer.com.
42
Davis, M. So What, Kind of Blue, 1957.
43
Hancock, H. Maiden Voyage, Maiden Voyage, 1965
33
CONTINUUM - 1ACO PASTO~IUS (1976)
o: I I I l I'
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I II / I I II 7
I I
' I II I I I II I
' ' ' I I
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Fig. 37. Chord Changes to 'Continuum'
'Continuum' is another twenty-two bar composition that utilises the approach that
could be described as 'harmonically open.' As the chords last for several bars at a time, it
allows an improviser to explore the sound of each chord, it also allows for an exploration into
harmonic superimpositions over the given chords. In this instance, the composition utilises the
keys directly related to the open strings of the electric bass guitar, E and A, allowing a bassist
to use pedal tones underneath their improvised melodies. This composition utilises Major 69
chords in the keys of E and A and also later in the piece G#/A# to G/A chords and the
turnaround C#/D# to C/D to A 69 to finally Cma7.
It is unclear whether Pastorius was the first bassist to use this technique of composing
in the key centres based on the open strings of the electric bass however, there is evidence that
this technique was used in the compositional approach of guitarist Wes Montgomery. From
the album entitled The Incredible Jazz Guitar ofWes Montgomery the tune 'D Natural Blues'
is an example of composing in the key centres relating to the open strings of the guitar where
the tonic, sub-dominant and dominant of D are all open strings. Another example is from the
album Full House where Montgomery performs the standard 'I've Grown Accustomed to Her
Face' transposed into the key of E. This compositional technique is also a feature of modem
34
guitarists Pat Metheny and Wayne Krantz' compositional and improvisational styles,
particularly the album Bright Size Life by Pat Metheny and Long To Be Loose by Wayne
Krantz. Whether Pastorius influenced these guitarists or was himself influenced by
Montgomery or not, this compositional tool is effectively executed on stringed instruments
and offers a plethora of possibilities to the modem guitarist and bassist.
.J,mo USEO TO BE A CHA CHA - 1ACO PASTOf21US (i97b)

o= :t r
, ,' ', ', 1 ,, ,, ,, ,, 1 t, r, t, r, 1 r r, r,1, 1 r, t, r, t, 1 r, t, r r 1 ', ', ', ', 1 ', ', ', ', 1
~ I ,
9 0Mi7 CMI7 Ail~IJ
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, ,
o= I I I ....I
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Fig. 38. Chord Changes to 'Used to be a Cha Cha'
This example presents the twenty bar composition 'Used to be a Cha Cha,' again
featuring the approach to this harmonically 'open' sound, allowing an improviser to explore
each chord. This seems to be a feature of Pastorius' compositional style, which highlights his
Another feature of the previous three figures is the curious number of bars that make
up each composition. Unlike the structure of common tunes from the 'American songbook'
for example, which more commonly feature thirty-two bar AABA forms, these compositions
present uneven phrase lengths, perhaps a feature of a more 'modem' approach to composition,
which again seems to be a common feature of Pastorius' style. Another example of the
compositional feature of uneven form structures comes from the text Jazz Composers
/
35
Companion by Gil Goldstein where Scott La Faro's 'Gloria's Step' is analysed. 44 This
composition features an AAB form where the A is five bars long and the B is ten bars long,
totalling a twenty bar form; the same length as Pastorius' 'Used to be a Cha Cha.'
Common Scale Choice
As identified earlier, the chords commonly found in Pastorius' compositions (at least
those presented previously) are as follows:
• Major 9 (#11)
• Minor 9
• Suspended
• Major 69
• Dominant 13 (b9)
• Dominant 7 (#9)
These chords, as identified from Pastorius' compositions, influence what scale choices the
bassist uses whilst improvising. Via detailed transcription and analysis the scale choices most
commonly found in Pastorius' improvised solos include the Major scale and subsequent
modes particularly the Lydian, Mixolydian and Dorian modes, Minor and Major Pentatonic,
the blues scale, the diminished scale, the Chromatic scale and elements of chromaticism.
44
Golstein, G. Jazz Composers Companion, 1993, p. 72.
36
Use of Pentatonics
Another feature of Pastorius' approach to improvisation is his use of the pentatonic scale,
which according to Grove Music Online during the late 1960's became an identifying sound of
the style of Fusion, 45 of which Pastorius was commonly associated throughout his career. 46
Following are some examples of Pastorius' use of the Pentatonic scale in his improvised
solos.
BP7(jf9) C13sus
$B v~p§J ~J PI~JPW ~J,J ,£]iJ ~ 1 1 413]~!3r I

Fig. 39. Bar 7-9 of Used to be a Cha Cha- Gb Major Pentatonic
CMt7
ff:tr 1dffrtffl tr'r rrr rUr rr rrrr r1

Fig. 40. Bar 37-40 of Used to be a Cha Cha - D and G Minor Pentatonic
C7
,, '&1 ffftrftrrtfrrffrl crerr

Fig. 41. Bar 7-9 of Port of Entry- C Major Pentatonic
45
Strunck, S. Grove Music Online, 'Harmony: Jazz' (Accessed [01/1112007]),
<http://www .grovemusic.com>.
46
Kernfeld, B and Robinson, B. 'Jaco Pastorius,' Grove Music Online. ed. L. Macy
(Accessed [0 1/11/2007]), <http://www .grovemusic.com>
37
C7
,, ftrrrtrrnrrrrr£1 Frrfbu rrrfFFFrl ~r-f't:~

Fig. 42. Bar 28n30 of Port of Entry - C Major Pentatonic
£b9
' ' *' t ru EtfF cr rfE:E cr tEE:~ rEf rE£1F ~ rif

1 1
Fig. 43. Bar 27n28 of Continuum- E Major Pentatonic
Fig. 44. Bar 17-18 of Used to be a Cha Cha - D Minor Pentatonic
Fig. 45. Bar 12-13 ofHavona- D, C and B Major Pentatonic
The use of the Pentatonic scale in improvisation allows one to outline the given
harmony and or invent angular melodies that perhaps aren't possible from the use of other
scales. However, the most important feature of the pentatonic scale is its use as a
superimposition device, which will be explored in the next section.
Harmonic Superimposition
Another common feature of Pastorius' approach to improvisation is his use of
harmonic superimposition. Liebman uses this term 'harmonic superimposition' in the text A
38
Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody to describe the technique of improvising
over a given chord using a differing mode or chord sound. 47 Liebman continues that several
ways of executing this technique is through tri-tone substitution, alternate ii-v substitutions,
scale quality substitution, upper structure chords, modal and pedal point. 48
To explore Pastorius' approach to harmonic superimposition; firstly, he approaches a
chord via the modes directly below and above a given chord. For example, take the chord C
Major 13 (#11). This chord symbol would suggest using a C Lydian scale, which is the fourth
mode of a major scale (according to major scale tone harmony). 4 ~ One way that Pastorius
sometimes approaches improvising over this chord symbol would be to use to scale tones from
the B Phrygian scale (mode below C Lydian) and or the D Mixolydian scale (mode above C
Lydian) thus highlighting different degrees of the chord.
By targeting the tones from the B Phrygian mode against the C Major 13 (#11) chord,
the strong tones from the B Phrygian scale (B, D, F# and A) 50 highlight the Major ih, Major
91h, sharp 11th and Major 13th of the C Major 13 (#11) chord thus highlighting the 'colour
tones' or upper extensions of the given chord.
Similarly, by targeting the strong tones from the D Mixolydian mode (D, F#, A and C)
over the same C Major 13 (#11) chord, a similar effect is achieved as the Major 91h, sharp 11 1h,
47
Liebman, D. A Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody, 1997, p. 17.
48
Ibid, 17-29.
49
Crook, Hal. How to Improvise, 1991, p.54-55.
50
These tones make up the arpeggio to the seventh degree of the B Phrygian scale thus
outlining the modes strongest degrees (tonic, third, fifth and seventh).
39
Major 13th and Tonic of the C Major 13 (#11) chord is targeted. These examples have been
described using the modes of the Major scale however, these same techniques apply to the
Jazz Minor scale as will be illustrated later in this study.
The second approach to harmonic superimposition Pastorius uses is through the use of
the pentatonic scale however; Pastorius approaches different chords differently when using the
pentatonic scale as a substitution device.
C7
?', tf:1 ftfttftrrtErrfFFI EF~r~

In this example, Pastorius simply uses the C Major pentatonic scale over the C7 chord,
which effectively outlines the tonic, 9th, 3rd, 5th and 13th of C Major.
CMI7
o=t- ff:UI dfftrffl tE'r C[E EUr Er Frr r rI

This example illustrates Pastorius using theG major pentatonic over the Dmi7 chord,
which outlines the 11th' 5th, 13th, tonic and 9th of D. He then alters the line, changing to Bb
Major pentatonic over the Cmi7 chord, which outlines the flattened ih, tonic, 9t\ 11th and 5th
of C.
40
SMA 9 (~ii)
,~··t~ i,1retfctr 1*tFirJdf£aktrrirn

This example illustrates Pastorius using aD major pentatonic shifting to C major
pentatonic over the CMa9 (#11) chord and B Major pentatonic over the BMa9 (#11) chord.
Whilst the pentatonic scales relating to the tonic of the chord effectively outlines the tonic, 9th'
3rd, 5th and 13th of the chord, the use of the D Major Pentatonic over the CMa9(#11) chord
highlights the 9th, 3rd, sharp 11th, sth and 13th of c.
S~7cli9J C13sus
$21 ,~p!iJ &J PI~J iJ vJ ~J .E rJ ~ 1~.Ji:J Jj~Jh I

This example illustrates Pastorius' most dissonant use of the pentatonic scale from the
selected transcriptions. Here Pastorius uses a Gb Major pentatonic scale over the Bb7 (#9)
chord effectively highlighting the sharp 5th, flattened 7th, tonic, sharp 9th and 11th of Bb.
Pastorius ends this phrase by highlighting the flattened 9th, flattened ih, 11th, tonic and 13th of
C in the final bar, perhaps resolving the dissonant phrase by ending on chord tones of the final
chord.
Thus, to summarise, these examples illustrate Pastorius' varying approaches to using the
pentatonic scale in improvisation. According to these examples, Pastorius uses the pentatonic
scale in the following ways:
Major Pentatonic based on the tonic over a Major 7th chord,
Major Pentatonic based on the tonic over a Dominant 7th chord,
41
Minor Pentatonic based on the tonic over a Minor ih chord,
Major Pentatonic based on the tonic over a Major 69 chord,
Major Pentatonic based on the fifth over a Major 69 chord,
Minor Pentatonic based on the fifth over a Minor 7th chord,
Major Pentatonic based on the second over a Major 7th chord,
Major Pentatonic based on the flattened 13th over a Dominant 7th chord.
Crook expands on what effect the use of these pentatonic scales has on a major, minor and
dominant chord in the instructional text How To Improvise. 51
Major pentatonic over a Major chord:
Based on the tonic gives a Major 6 sound.
Based on the fifth gives a Major 9 sound.
Based on the second gives a Major 9 (#11) sound.
Minor pentatonic over a minor chord:
Based on the tonic gives a minor 7 sus sound.
Based on the fifth gives a minor 9 sus sound.
Based on the second gives a minor 13 sus sound.
Major pentatonic over a dominant chord:
Based on the tonic gives a Major 6 sound.
Based on the flat third gives a dominant 7 (#9) sound.
51
Crook, H. How To Improvise, 1991, p. 110.
42
These examples present the superimposition devices that Pastorius uses in his improvised
solos that were discovered through detailed transcription. However, these ideas can be
expanded fmiher as detailed by Crook in the instructional text How to Improvise. It is also
important to note that Pastorius doesn't merely play the highlighted pentatonic scale over
these selected chords rather, he has presented highly developed improvised melodies and
perhaps patterns that are then superimposed over the given chords. Crook goes on to suggest
ways of practicing the incorporation of these pentatonic scales into ones playing in How To
Improvise however, this chapter is dedicated to the analysis of Pastorius' various
improvisational devices. 52 These harmonic devices are important features of Pastorius'
approach to improvisation and will therefore be the focus of the etudes in the following
section.
To conclude this analysis chapter, it is important to reiterate that even though the
method section will focus mainly on Pastorius' harmonic approach to improvisation
(specifically Pastorius' superimposition techniques through use of the modes and use of the
pentatonic scale), thorough knowledge of his melodic and rhythmic approach combined with
the harmonic devices presented, will strengthen the validity of the etudes that appear in the
method section.
52
Crook, H. How to Improvise, 1991, p.lll.
43
Chapter 3: Method
Introduction
This section of the dissertation will attempt to construct a method for the modem
electric bassist that will assist an advanced performer assimilate selected aspects of Pastorius'
harmonic approach to improvisation.
All of the musical language used in this method can be traced to the analysis of the
seven selected Pastorius transcriptions found in chapter two of this dissertation and reference
can be made to the transcriptions in their entirety in the appendices section.
The methodology used to help form the framework of this chapter will be influenced
by the following key improvisational texts; Concepts For Bass Soloing (1993) by Marc
Johnson and Chuck Sher and How to Improvise (1991) by Hal Crook. Reference will also be
made to the instructional booklet from the video Jaco Pastorius: Modern Electric Bass
(1985), which could be described as the only 'Jaco Pastorius method.' However, due to
Pastorius' declining health at the time of the making of the video and due to the interviewers
lack of questioning into the area of harmonic devices and superimpositions, this method will
attempt to rectify the lack of available information regarding this area of study into Pastorius'
44
The method will be presented using a series of etudes that incorporate the techniques
found in Pastorius' improvised solos and will feature essential aspects of his rhythmic and
melodic approach, which will arguably present a more effective and thorough method.
Format of Method
Four topics of study:
1) Harmonic superimposition using the mode below the given chord changes.
2) Harmonic superimposition using the pentatonic scale.
3) Combination of both superimposition techniques.
This practice method will feature examples of:
a) The basic superimposition,
b) Chord/scale relationship examination,
c) Etudes over a selected chord progression and
d) Etudes over selected Pastorius compositions.
Section One: Harmonic superimposition using the mode below the given chord.
Basic idea:
o= J J r r 1ir rrr 1J r ir r n
This basic idea presents a C Major ih chord, which for these exercises we will assume
to be the fourth degree of the G major scale thus incorporating the sharpened 41h for greater
tonal flavour. As illustrated, by improvising using the scale tones from the B Phrygian mode,
45
the major i \ 9th' sharp 11th and 13th of C are all emphasised on the strong beats of the bar.
Similarly:
0MJ7
o= J r F r I F r F f I J F F F I
When presented with this Dmi7 chord and assuming it to be the second degree of the C
major scale, by improvising using the C major scale the flattened ih, 9th, 11th and 13th ofD are
emphasised on the strong beats of the bar.
C7~H)
?' rJ J r r 1r r ~r ~r lrJ r r ~r 1
To continue, given this C7 (b13) chord and assuming it to be the fifth degree of the
Jazz Minor scale, by improvising using the B Lydian Dominant scale the flattened 7th, 9th, 11th
and flattened 13th of Care emphasised on the strong beats of the bar.
Chord/Scale relationship examination:
The following Etude will be based on the chord progression to the Miles Davis
composition 'Solar.' The composition features the combination of selected chords that last for
two bars at a time and both Major and minor ii-v progressions thus allowing for a thorough
exploration of Pastorius' superimposition techniques.
o=
9' - II
46
Fig. 50. Chord changes to Miles Davis' Solar
Illustrated above is the chord progression to Miles Davis' 'Solar.' Listed below are the
chords from 'Solar' and the relative modes that will be used to improvise with in this study:
CMI7 E~MA7
?' rJ J r &F I F F F'~ o· r'r r c r '~ r r:

1
Cmi7 - Bb Major scale Ebma7 - D Phrygian scale,
A~1
o= ~w w,w J l'r ~r r ~r
Gmi7 - F Major scale, Ab7- Gb Lydian scale,
0~MA7
C7
?'iJ J r r 1r c r'~ ?' J 'r ,r r I r 'r '~ r

C7- Bb Lydian scale, Dbma7 - C Phrygian scale,
0M17~S1
o· J r r r c'r 't r 1
Dmi7(b5)- C Mixolydian b6 scale,

Fma7 - E Phrygian scale,
G7(alt)- F Locrian #2 scale.

Fmi7 - Eb Major scale,
g~7
o· ,u ,J J r l'r r c'r
Bb7- Ab Lydian scale,
47
The following etude is based on the chord changes of the Miles Davis
composition 'Solar.' This etude was constructed utilising the harmonic device of
improvising in the mode below the given chord changes. The etude also features the
rhythms from the first twenty-four bars of Pastorius' solo on Charlie Parker's 'Donna
Lee' from the album Jaco Pastorius and also utilises selected melodic devices from
Pastorius' solos including the use of side-slipping, chromaticism, targeting and
surrounding techniques as analysed in chapter two.
Etude 1- Solar (CD 1: track 8)
SoL.A~ MILES 0AviS

CMI7
~~ J J+J;rrl
r r· r ~W"
S~7
~ I' y ;D JOI FrU c:r a IP(Eiffid ~',JI~J~JiJ]HJJ I

~ E~MA7 E~MI7 A~7 0~MA7 0MI7&5J ~7411.T)
~ J 'J'~;;nl r J' '•l~J®t ,~J 'I~ I;~ ;J i'li~~ I

t.; CMI7 ~MI7 3 C7
~ ii;HJWJ!I jJJJD;~~I cpPJ;jJffll fflJJJ~;1.],0 1

17 FMA7 3 FM17
3
~- 7 r;lflJcyr ; t1P u , br 1 r= t1=r= b~ , , p) 1
II
48
Using the same principles as the previous exercise, this etude is based on the
changes to the Pastorius composition 'Havona.' This etude was also composed using the
rhythms from the first chorus of Pastorius' improvised solo from the Weather Report
album 'Heavy Weather.'
Etude 2- Havona (CDl: track 9)

HAvoNA
EMA9L~ii)
$i 1
EMA 9tJii) CMA 9tJ11J
$f,l jJ~J~JjJJIJi;fi;Ji);.tJ I, -~JjjiJ1tr •· yr$.PJPI

1$ SMA9tJiiJ ~MA9 uli1J
$1J1JPM,Pi11JJ,a§ •\JJOO'''""''rnrtttiJJ , ®fJJmtJI

17 AsusSsus AsusSsus
$;;r~ #i01JIJJJ1
21 Asus Ssus
$;J ; 3 3 ; J J II
49
Section Two: Harmonic superimposition using the Pentatonic scale.
Basic idea:
o=
~ J rr F r
This example uses the Major pentatonic scale based off the tonic of the chord thus
outlining the tonic, gth, 3rd, 5th and 13th of the given chord. Pastorius uses this device over
Major ih, Dominant 7th and Major 69 chords, which effectively outlines the chords sound
(except perhaps the dominant ih, which would normally require the flattened 7th to be
played).
This example uses a similar idea to the previous example where Pastorius plays
the minor pentatonic off the tonic of the given chord thus outlining the tonic, minor 3rd,
11th, 5th and flattened 7th of the given chord.
Here Pastorius uses the Major pentatonic based off the fifth degree of the chord,
which outlines the 5th, 13th, 7th, gth and 3rd of the given chord.
50
This example illustrates Pastorius using the minor pentatonic based off the fifth
degree of the chord thus outlining the 51h, flattened ih, tonic, 9th and 11th of the given
chord.
o= r r 'r r r
This example illustrates Pastorius using the Major pentatonic based off the second
degree of the chord thus outlining the 9t\ 3rd, sharp 11th, 13th and major 7th of the given
chord (bar 12-13 of Havona).
C7
o=pu ,; J pr r
This example illustrates Pastorius using the Major pentatonic based off the second
degree of the chord thus outlining the flattened 13th, flattened 7th, tonic, sharp 9th and 11th
of the given chord (bar 7-9 of Used to be a Cha Cha).
The following etude will incorporate harmonic superimposition using the
pentatonic scale over the chord changes to Chick Corea's 'Fingerprints.' The rhythms
used in this etude have been borrowed from Pastorius' solo on the composition 'Used to
be a Cha Cha,' where seven two bar rhythms were selected and mixed into the etude
(Bars 1-2,3-5, 13-14, 17-18,33-35,49-50 and 73-75 of 'Used to be a Cha Cha'). The
melodic ideas were also formulated from selected 'Pastorius pentatonic patterns' found
throughout his transcribed solos; figures 39-45 illustrate some of these ideas.
51
Etude 3- Fingerprints (CDl: track 10)
F1N"'E1ZP1ZINTS CHIC~ Com
Ct.u•9
$~) J ) J ~J 1~-e- I1 r ) r F 'v I J rW J ] J J j PJ I
13 CMi 09
• ~g ~J J J IJ J W J ECr r IJ. J i:) '

17 FMl9 CMi 09
$ r bv fS r ) ~n I r ~) :;[J 3 J J J l'v F v J J J~
21 F~H EI749J J:)li7411J cvt~7t~iiJ CMib9
fQ;J
• ;J JPJJvW tf)jJ v F r IF II
52
The following etude will incorporate harmonic superimpositions using the
pentatonic scale over the chord changes to the Pastorius' composition 'Used to be a Cha
Cha.' The rhythms have been taken from Pastorius' solos however, as Crook describes in
the text How to Improvise, the rhythms, from now, will be slightly altered to explore a
more personal approach to composing these etudes.
Etude 4- Used to be a Cha Cha (CDl: track 11)

USEO TO BE A CHA CHA l'ACO PASTORIUS
I'JMI 7 C~ou7
~ Jr VJ JIJ tJ. J I,J J ] ~ J J J J IPF E:! 'I v t..J

5 I'JMI7 Ct,u7
~ c:.J o n J JIJ :J J , 'I J 1'I tfO a 1 1 'I tP vu ,

' ~~ ~~
~tpRJJjJI.FJJ ljJJ1JJJSJicrdt F
t; AH&9J g~1Jsl91
~ •r· 'P y ; r 4; 1,w w 1 'f arrr 10 , ~v r ~; 1PJ ~w , r ; 1

17 CMA7JliJ E~7J91
~ uw4u1J u JJ 1n r 1 y 'f I J J J::J F r r f li~[J vA JiJ II
These superimposition devices are examples taken directly from transcriptions of
Pastorius' solos as seen in the appendices, however these techniques have been presented
in a fairly basic form and can be altered and manipulated further at ones discretion. This
method is merely a guide to the techniques that Pastorius uses in his improvised solos
accompanied with suggested ideas about how to assimilate those techniques into ones
improvisational language.
53
Section Three: Combination of all superimposition techniques.
This section will explore two selected Pastorius compositions in the fmm of the
following etudes that will combine the harmonic devices 1) improvising in the mode
below a given chord change and 2) the use of the pentatonic scale and their relative
superimposition techniques. As suggested earlier, both the rhythms and melodic shapes
that appear in these etudes have now become a synthesis of Pastorius' rhythmic and
melodic approach and a manipulation of that approach into this writer's style.
Etude 5- Havona (2) (CDl: track 12)

HAvoNA :J'ACO PASTORIUS
EMA9(i11J CMA9~ii)
l .--3--, 3 .-3,
~ ,.,mJJR!JJ1a,ajlt3P,:rJfJi JJ!tlijj»PJ~ ltllV",JI) 1

5 8MA9/JiiJ 3 ~
l 3 3 3 3 3 ~ MA
9
r-3~ 3 ,--3--,
~ ,JJP3JPfiliJtJ,J I;JjJtJi7jJPtPiJjW IMCfr' tiJ I EEJJJ;:P tJ I

EMA9/JiiJ CMA9/Jii) CMA9~1iJ
$ rJ;JJrjf$lr~rJ3JillPtJJ1Jp;j1j3'iaJjJ:ll JJitfJ), I D'J<iA.J, I

t! 8t.M 9~1iJ 11 9
,-3-, r-3~3:-r-3-, r-3-, ;-3=f:3:·u·-3-, "'MA
$ rw•JbJJ;ol'fWt"WJJtJI ~-~
t 7 Asus Ssus Asus lus
$~Jfo Pfl'?l ;lpJ, - I Yf)fil'l'f,PJJJUJJ,JgiJiWflT I

.1
21 Asus
0
Ssus
q m
II
54
Etude 6- Used to be a Cha Cha (2) (CD 1: tracl\: 13)
USEO iO SE A CHA CHA

0Mi7 CMi7
$J J ; q_ }J ti) J r J R lvJ lQj J I r &J J1 ,; J J J I

5 O•u' CMI7
$r JJa 4 1r9q::;r- JJIJ iOJ PJI'~o Ll

9 0MJ7 CMJ7
$j:J J] JJ J 4r J d • )]) J JJ i'J Jpl JJ~JgJJJJ I

E~ ~ -
$) .__, tJ 17 • ~p ~J ~J ill ld ~J ~J oJ 1fJ j;P I

J • J IiJ • ;JlJ
11 •
t7 CMA 7&iil EP7J91 EP7Li91
$r u ¥
0 J 1¥ J:n ;p J J 1PA J~J n J J lx•O JiV 11
In conclusion of this chapter, a clear and concise method for incorporating
Pastorius' harmonic approach to improvisation, in coalition with his melodic and
rhythmic approach, has been presented. By illustrating another approach to Pastorius'
improvisational devices through the composed etudes, it opens up the possibility for an
advance performer to take this process further and to reap the benefits of this study.
55
Conclusion
In conclusion, chapter one undertook an in-depth examination of Pastorius'
development as a bassist from a historic perspective. The chapter highlighted the
techniques Pastorius pioneered whilst also outlining the many influences on the bassist
throughout his formative years that consequently helped to shape his approach to
improvisation. The biography Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius
by Bill Milkowski and countless interviews with the bassist and his contemporaries were
seminal to the construction of this chapter.
Several key discoveries from this chapter that helped identify aspects of
Pastorius' unique approach to improvisation include firstly the influence from the great
swing-era singers including Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett and the big bands of Count
Basie and Tommy Dorsey that consequently influenced his approach to melody and
sound; highlighting the 'woody' bass sound he achieved. Secondly Pastorius' close
relationship to the drums and percussion during his youth and later career that clearly
influenced his keen command of 'time' and rhythmic 'feel.' Thirdly the funky muting
technique, use of harmonics and chords and the 'fretless' bass sound that all became
identifiable features of his sound and approach to music. Pastorius was also a competent
pianist and arranger that allowed him an expanded, self-taught knowledge of jazz
harmony and how the bass can function both below and above the harmony, which
attributes to his advanced harmonic concept. He was also influenced by the music of
Omette Coleman and the Free-Jazz movement and such 20th century composers
Stravinsky and Bartok who would certainly have influence his concept of melody,
56
harmony and rhythm within his approach to improvisation and composition. All of these
varying influences helped to shape his unique approach to music and also perhaps help to
explain the origin of some of the advanced concepts that he employed in his approach to
improvisation, which is explored in chapter two.
Chapter two analysed seven selected transcriptions of Pastorius' improvised solos
highlighting any recurring rhythmic, melodic and harmonic devices used by the bassist.
These devices were then illustrated and described for use in the final chapter. The chapter
was formulated by drawing on a methodology based on the following proven
instructional texts A Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody by David
Liebman, Concepts For Bass Soloing by Chuck Sher and Marc Johnson, How to
Improvise by Hal Crook and The Chord Scale Theory and Jazz Harmony by Barrie
Nettles and Richard Graf.
The techniques that were discovered through this detailed study include the use of
five and four note rhythmic groupings of ascending and or descending scalar patterns, the
use of the many rhythmic subdivisions including the eighth-note and sixteenth-note
subdivisions also eighth-note and quarter-note triplet subdivisions, the use of perfect
fourth and fifth intervals in the construction of improvised melodies that attribute to his
'modern' sounding approach to improvisation, his use of double stops and chords in
improvisation and composition, also his use of the many Be-Bop techniques (melodic
paraphrasing, surrounding, targeting, chromaticism etc). Other devices that were
discovered include the use of a harmonically 'open' approach to composition that allow
57
for extended explorations into the selected chords sounds and possibilities for the use of
superimposition techniques, also the identification of common scale choices during
improvisation and the application of the pentatonic scale and the major and jazz minor
scale modes as devices for harmonic superimposition.
Finally, chapter three created a method for electric bass improvisation via detailed
transcription based on the information gathered in the previous chapters. The devices
collected were then formulated into a series of etudes that incorporated the harmonic
devices that Pastorius commonly used in his improvised solos. The etudes were
purposefully composed over differing chord changes including the Miles Davis
composition 'Solar,' the Chick Corea composition 'Fingerprints,' and the Jaco Pastorius'
compositions 'Havona' and 'Used to be a Cha Cha.' This approach was taken to highlight
his approach over other compositions in the jazz genre as well as those of the bassist.
By identifying these integral aspects of his approach to the electric bass guitar and
improvisation we take the first step in attempting to imitate his unique approach. By
better understanding where he grew up: his musical upbringing, his theoretical and
practical upbringing and the musicians he associated with, all give us a strong start to
understanding his approach to music. Similarly, by identifying and illustrating the
musical devices he uses in improvisation through detailed transcription, we can better
understand his approach to improvisation. Finally, by learning both Pastorius' transcribed
solos and the etudes constructed from those transcribed solos in the final chapter we take
the next step in imitating and assimilating his unique approach to improvisation.
58
However, as identified in the improvisational texts referred to throughout this
dissertation, the hardest and most complicated aspect of assimilating a players approach
to improvisation is just that. One can study and imitate the harmonic, rhythmic and
melodic devices of another performer however; making those devices sound musical and
personal to that particular performer takes dedicated and disciplined practice. After the
acknowledgements page in Hal Crook's How to Improvise, jazz trumpeter Clark Teny is
quoted: 'Imitate, Assimilate, Innovate.' This dissertation is designed to assist an
advanced performer to imitate and assimilate Jaco Pastorius' unique approach to
improvisation; to then innovate is up to any advanced performer through dedicated and
disciplined study and practice.
59
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61
Hancock, H. Maiden Voyage, Blue Note Records, 1965.
Kernfeld, B. "Improvisation." In Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy

(Accessed [01/10/2007]), http://www.grovemusic.com
Krantz, W. Long To Be Loose, Enja Records, 1993.
Liebman, D. A Chromatic Approach to Jazz Harmony and Melody. Germany: Advance

Music, 1991.
Metheny, P. Bright Size Life, ECM, 1975.
Montgomery, W. The Incredible Jazz Guitar ofWes Montgomery, Fantasy Records,

1960.
Montgomery, W. Full House, Riverside Records, 1962
Pastorius, J. Jaco Pastorius, Sony Music Entertainent, 1976.
Pastorius, J. Invitation, Wounded Bird Records, 1983.
Weather Report. Heavy Weather, Sony Music Entertainment, 1977.
Weather Report. Night Passage, Sony Music Entertainment, 1980.
Method
Crook, Hal. How To Improvise, Germany: Advance Music, 1991.
Johnson, M and Sher, C. Concepts For Bass Soloing. Sher Music Co. (1993)
Pastorius, J. Jaco Pastorius: Modern Electric Bass. Produced by Paul Siegel for
Warner Brothers Pub, 1985.
Strunck, S., 'Harmony: Jazz,' Grove Music Online, (Accessed [01/1112007]),

<http://www .grovemusic.com>.
62
Appendix A
Transcribed Pastorius Solos
1. Bright Size Life (Metheny)

Pat Metheny's Bright Size Life, ECM, (1975)
2. Donna Lee (Parker)

Jaco Pastorius' Jaco Pastorius, Sony Music Entertainment (1975)
3. Used to be a Cha Cha (Pastorius)

4. Portrait of Tracy (Pastorius)

5. Continuum (Pastorius)
6. Havona (Pastorius)
Weather Report's Heavy Weather, Sony Music Entertainment (1977)
7. Havona - Bass-line
8. Port of Entry (Shorter)

Weather Report's Night Passage, Sony Music Entertainment (1980)
Transcribed by Aaron Spiers
63
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73
AppendixB
Audio CD containing transcriptions and etudes
1. Bright Size Life (Metheny)

Pat Metheny's Bright Size L(fe, ECM, (1975)
2. Donna Lee (Parker)

3. Used to be a Cha Cha (Pastorius)

4. Portrait of Tracy (Pastorius)

5. Continuum (Pastorius)
6. Havona (Pastorius)
7. Port of Entry (Shorter)

Weather Report's Night Passage, Sony Music Entertainment (1980)
All etudes composed by Aaron Spiers (2007)
8. Etude 1: Solar (Davis)
9. Etude 2: Havona (Jaco Pastorius)
10. Etude 3: Fingerprints (Chick Corea)
11. Etude 4: Used to be a Cha Cha (Pastorius)
12. Etude 5: Havona (Jaco Pastorius)
13. Etude 6: Used to be a Cha Cha (Jaco Pastorius)
74

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WESTERN AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF PERFORMING ARTS

A METHOD FOR ELECTRIC BASS IMPROVISATION VIA A DETAILED

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPROVISATIONAL TECHNIQUES OF JACO

PASTORIUS FROM 1967-1980

Bachelor of Music- Jazz (Performance) with Honours

November 30, 2007

This thesis/dissertation is an exploration into Jaco Pastorius' approach to

(i) incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously

This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my Grandma Betty Geilman, who

CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL PORTRAIT .......................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... l5

This dissertation seeks to firstly, provide a detailed analysis of Jaco Pastorius'

approach to improvisation via detailed transcription and thirdly, to provide an application

harmonic approach to improvisation.

technical 'breakthroughs' that he achieved.

Chapter two will present an analysis of selected aspects of Pastorius' rhythmic,

approach to improvisation. This will be achieved by presenting his harmonic vocabulary in a

However, before exploring Pastorius' early development as a bassist, it would seem

Miles Davis, founded the fusion band Headhunters) writes:

also writes for the re-issue of Pastorius' debut album:

Metheny states about Pastorius' approach to the bass:

Another of Pastorius' contemporaries, jazz legend Ira Sullivan (multi-instrumentalist

The Electric Bass Guitar

further than using double bass techniques. 6

Pastorius reflects about his injury in an interview with Julie Coryell:

made the transition from drums to bass.

recalls an audition for a band that both friends attended:

of the leading historians of Jaco Pastorius' early career.

established such a strong connection with Pastorius' groove-conscious, interactive style of

since ... Jaco just made me sound so good." 25

Bright Size Life and Joni Mitchell's Shadows and Light. 26

Coleman without, as Darqui remembers 'stepping on each other. We were creating

some very interesting music.' 27

Bartok and J.S. Bach. 28

elements. Darqui explains:

Jaco: The Solos Collection describes harmonics as:

"The natural by-product of a vibrating string is the overtone series, a collection of

improvisation from a rhythmic, melodic and harmonic perspective.

As previously stated, in order to gain an insight into Pastorius' approach to

and harmonic approach to improvisation.

illustrated in the table below.

Year Title Tempo Style Combinations

focus of this analysis.

~ i 1 ,~[43 ~J 0 l~j i:J ~3 ~J 1fl rJ,; 1~41 JJ~B 1 I

this Gb major pentatonic scale over the Bb7 (#9) chord.

fff±l tff:ftrtfl tr'r trEE Uc Er rFFj FI

of notes without breaking the momentum of the phrase.

Fig. 4. Bar 51-52 of Used to be a Cha Cha

this C major pentatonic scale over the C7 chord.

,. ffrttfftrcft[rrf 1Ercfbu arJIEEr 1UfEJ

of this C major pentatonic scale over the C7 chord.

this E jazz minor scale over the C7 chord.

o·f,~trr r EifFEr rfCcc;1ttu rffrEtffcc rt'

major pentatonic scale over theE major 69 chord.

harmonic rhythm is slowing down.

transcriptions in the appendices.