Manual Satreps

WaSH-Mia/SATREPS: Manual
1 Water Security Map (Quantity Aspect) Preparation Manual

2 Field Survey and Water Sample Transport for Chemical and Isotope Analysis
3 Analytical Methods for Microbiological Evaluation of Water Samples
4-1 Analytical Methods for Water sample Target : N, P, Metal, COD and HCO3-
Handbook for Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Locally fitted, compact,
4-2
and distributed (LCD) water treatment system
5 Manual for the Socio-Economic Survey on Household Water Use

6 Manual for Web Mapping of Water Security Information
WaSH-Mia/SATREPS: Manual No.1
Water Security Map (Quantity Aspect)

Preparation Manual
Please consult one of the followings person before
using the data for any purpose
1.0 Bhesh Raj Thapa, [email protected]
2.0 Hiroshi Ishidaira. [email protected]
3.0 Futaba Kazama, [email protected]
There is a copy right issue for using those data.

Please beware of using those data without any
permission.
Background
Water security (and its reverse - water scarcity) is more than the sustainable access to
adequate quantities and acceptable quality of water for people and economic activities.
It is also about the healthy aquatic ecosystem and protecting us against water related
disaster in a climate of peace and political stability (ADB, 2016; UN-Water, 2013).
Security is an imbalance between supply and demand that varies with local condition
(Fischer et al., 2015). Translating water security in numerical terms helps clarity and
understand coherently the concept, and reduce ambiguity. Therefore, several indicator-
based water security-related indices are developed to quantify water insecurity or the
reverse (Lautze and Manthrithilake, 2012; Rijsberman, 2006).
Water security is considered as one of the 21st century challenges for science
and society, and for Kathmandu Valley where water supply in quantity and quality has
not been adequate where its long-term water supply is not assured due to high water
demand, water contamination and so on, caused by population growth and
industrialization etc.
With the aim to enhance the management system on potable water resources in
Kathmandu Valley, the project for Hydro-Microbiological Approach for Water Security in
Kathmandu valley has been implemented since May 2014 for 5 year. The project has 5
major components and five working group (WG) are working under those components.
Through the various activities for achieving the project purpose, the project aims to
understand status of water environment in the valley. This project is creating water
security maps of the Kathmandu valley considering water quantity, quality, and
microorganisms. Knowing the spatial and temporal distribution of those components,
the project has been developing different types of locally-fitted, compact and distributed
(LCD) water treatment technology. Which will be small scale, energy saving, and highly
efficient water treatment system, that suited the local condition and can treat the locally
found contaminants. The project also envisages establishing a common ground of water
security among stakeholders in the valley so that it becomes a Kathmandu model
replicable to growing urban settlements of developing countries.
The knowledge of water security and spatio-temporal mapping of those
associated water security factor (quantity, quality, and microorganisms) is the first step
to know the situation of water security. The integration of those three factors and
interpretation of those result is quite challenging. Proper methodology need to be
followed to integrate those factors like multiple criteria decision making techniques
(AHP) to prepare the integrated water security map. Hence, in this manual, we are
dealing all three factors separately in separate section. This manual is mainly focusing
on water quantity part done by WG-1 without considering water quality and microbiology
part.
The main objectives of WG-1 are 1) to conduct studies on the spatio-temporal
distribution of water resources and the long term variation trends, 2) to develop
integrated water security map of potable water resources, and 3) to clarify possibilities
of developing alternative techniques to utilize water resources. Hence in this manual,
the discussion will be focused and can answer: what types of data need to be collect?
what kind of models can be applied to assess the water balance in different component
of hydrological cycle? How those data can be used to prepare the water security map in
terms of quantity? What could be the alternative techniques that can utilize the available
water resources in optimal way? In this manual, the discussion to prepare water security
map is in detail and rest of the part described in very precisely.
Material and Methods

In this section, most of the methods are discussed in sequential order to obtain
the objectives outlined in background section. In this manual, we are trying to generalize
the work but most of the description is based on the project activities, hence methods
may be more specific for Kathmandu valley.
Objective-1
To achieve this objective, the whole process can be divided in several sub-
section like data collection, spatial and temporal climatic and non-climatic long term
variation trends, hydrological modelling, and hydro-geological modelling.
Data collection:
The climatic data such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, humidity, solar
radiation, evaporation, discharge, water withdrawal, river network, land use, geology,
soil type, digital elevation model, population, population projection rate, administrative
boundary, hydrological boundary, groundwater level data etc. were collected from
concerned authorities. The data gaps were identified and missing data on each
component were filled using appropriate techniques.
Trend Analysis:
Trend analysis is a rampant procedure of collecting information and attempting to
spot a pattern. In this project, the historical climatic data were collected and pattern for
precipitation, temperature, and discharge were evaluated (2001-2010), for detail please
refer (Thapa et al., 2017). Future projections were also evaluated from year 2011-2099
using ACCESS 1.0 climate projection data for RCP 4.5 and 8.5.
Hydrological modelling:
Several hydrological model are available to access the water resources; it varies
from lumped to distributed. In this study, three model HBV, BTOPMC and SWAT
models were applied to estimate the water balance component in hydrological cycle. All
the three model performance is almost same, hence due to widely applied and easy
interpretation SWAT model was used for further investigation. In Kathmandu Valley,
fresh water is available in mountainous regions of valley, which can be used for drinking
purpose. Hence SWAT model was used to estimate the fresh water available in
mountainous region. To prepare the water security map, the knowledge on water
availability estimation and their regular update is necessary. In this manual, the
description of how to prepare model in SWAT and how to update with new data set has
been discussed. The detail on hydrological model preparation in SWAT is described in
Annex-1. In addition to this, we applied HBV and BTOPMC model, which is not
described in detail but the data prepared for model are compiled in data Data_HBV and
Input_BTOPMC folder.
Hydrogeological modelling:
Several hydrogeological model are available to access the groundwater
resources. In this study, MODFLOW based hydrogeological model Visual MODFLOW
Flex was used to evaluate the groundwater resources. The detail on procedure and
data are discussed in Annex-2.
Objective-2
To achieve this objective, the data on water availability from hydrological model,
water supply for potable use from different reports, and water demand for domestic
purpose need to be accessed. In this objective water security maps were prepared
based on the water supply and demand and possible interventions and update can be
done based on the water availability in different time period.
Water Security Mapping:
In this study, household water security (WSI) index were defined as the ratio of
water supplied for potable use to water demand for household use considering 50 lpcd
and 135 lpcd as per capita water use. The detail on procedure, data required and
mapping strategy for each service area are discussed in Annex-3.
Annex-1:Setting-up SWAT Model (SWAT2012) for a Watershed
SWAT model is widely used watershed model for estimating water quantity and quality. The step wise
process for setting up SWAT model can be accessed from web like
https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~vmerwade/education/arcswat.pdf.
In this section we tried to describe key steps to set-up the SWAT Model.
Following are key/broader steps to set-up SWAT model.
 Prepare gridded data of following three layers (DEM, land use and Soil). It is NOT NECESSARY
that they should be of same spatial resolution; however, is NECESSARY to be in same projected
(e.g. UTM45N) coordinate system.
o DEM (Digital Elevation Model), we can download DEM data from web like
https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/SRTM1Arc
https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp
o Land use/cover (LULC): It is necessary to have four-character Code for each land
use/cover types. Therefore, insert a column and decode lulc into four-character code.
SWAT understands each lulc based on that code. That code should be unique. If the
SWAT2012.mdb file already have similar type of land use, the code could be matched with
the existing code in the database. In case not, we need to assign unique one that does not
match with existing code in the SWAT2012.mdb (stored in the C > SWAT > ArcSWAT >
Databases). For property of the new lulc type, try to match them with existing one in the
SWAT database and copy their properties. It is possible that more than one lulc can be
assigned the same code (while preparing gridded data).
 After preparing the gridded data with unique lulc Code, check SWAT2012.mdb file
stored in the path mentioned above. If one or more of those lulc types do not exist
in that database (crop sheet in the MDB file), add them. Otherwise, it creates
problem while running SWAT.
o Soil: Assign unique soil name and corresponding code for dominant soil (e.g. Calcaric
Cambisols, CMc). Then check the SWAT2012.mdb file in the path mentioned above. Look into
“usersoil” sheet. If those soil types do not exist in the sheet, insert them one-by-one. One can
copy their properties from other projects set-up for the same region.
 Update following sheets in SWAT2012.mdb (located at following path: C > SWAT > ArcSWAT >
Databases) based on types of soil, land use/cover and meteorological stations in the study area.
o Crop: to update land use/cover database
o Usersoil: to update soil types and their properties as per the soil in the study area. Soil
database is linked using unique field such as “MUID or CPNM or SNUM”.
o WGEN_user: to compile statistical properties of the meteorological stations in the study to
allow SWAT fill missing values based on those statistical properties. Following Excel
macro can be used for the purpose:
 WGN Maker 4.1 (http://swat.tamu.edu/software/links/).
 Arrange input data in following order for easy handling (it, however, is not compulsory!).
o 01_DEM
o 02_Land use/cover: landuse data as well as “look-up table”. Lookup tables are in “.dbf”
format. The file can be opened using “Libro Office”, the freely available office package.
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o 03_Soil: soil data (shape file or gridded data)
o 04_Weather:
 Rainfall data (mm): Lookup table with station names and locations (batch file in .txt
format); data files for each station. Even though the data files are in projected
coordinate system, location in such lookup table can be defined using latitude and
longitude (degree-decimal system as well).
 Temperature (°C): Lookup table with station names & locations (batch file); data
file for each station. Both minimum and maximum temperature should be in the
same file.
 Relative humidity data (fraction): This should be one value for a day (or an
average of two values observed in a day). Lookup table with station names &
locations (batch file); data file for each station.
 Solar radiation data (W/m2): if sunshine hours (hrs) data is available, it should be
converted into solar radiation (W/m2) unit before preparing text file.
 Wind speed (m/s): it if is available in other units, it should be converted into m/s
before preparing text file. For example, unit of wind speed data available with DHM
is in km/h. We should convert it into m/s before preparing input files for SWAT2012.
o 05_Tables: prepare following “lookup tables”. It should be in “.txt” format. (If you did not
prepare lookup table, you can assign different type of landuse/landcover and soil type
during HRU analysis, landuse/soil/slope definition)
 Lulc lookup: follow appropriate format (value and name separated by comma)
 Soil lookup: follow appropriate format (value and name separated by comma)
 It is good to insert those two tables right inside respective data folder.
o 06_Baseline and future climate (for climate change impact studies)
 ?
 Set-up SWAT project

o New Project > define path and other parameters (as required) > Follow instructions.
 Watershed delineation
o Upload DEM
o Stream definition: DEM-based (if no information on existing streams available)
o Create flow direction & flow accumulation: it automatically calculates area & number of
cells (if the DEM is in projected coordinate system)
 Create stream network and outlet points. It automatically creates outlet points for all the tributaries,
which can be edited (as required!, you can create outlet in your interest point to get output at that
point) and will later be used to delineate sub-watersheds.
 Define basin outlet and create basin and watershed boundaries
STEP-wise GUIDELINE for SETTING UP A SWAT PROJECT
1) SWAT Project Setup:

 New project > define path of project directory, SWAT project geodatabase (.mdb), Raster
storage database (.mdb), and SWAT parameter geodatabase (.mdb)
2) Watershed Delineator > Automatic Watershed Delineation
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 Select DEM raster and define Z-unit as “meters” from “DEM projection setup”; make sure cell
sizes are in meter. In case of Kathmandu, cell size is 30m x 30m (or cell area = 0.09 ha).
 Stream definition: DEM-based; define flow direction and accumulation (Area: in ha for stream
calculations; lower thresholds yield more number of streams). If that cell is not active: click on
“pre-defined streams …” button and again back to “DEM-based” button. Then the cell should
be visible.
 Click on “flow direction and accumulation” button: it may take a bit time to generate flow
direction and flow accumulation raster.
 Wait until “End of DEM grid pre-processing” message is displayed.
 Click on “Stream networks” button: Wait until “End of Stream Network Processing” message is
displayed. It will then show stream networks and monitoring points for sub-basin delineation.
 Outlet and Inlet definition: The location of outlet points, reservoirs, etc. can be prepared as
dBase file and imported as “Add point source to each sub-basin” too.
i. Define sub-basin outlet at all the hydrological stations whose discharge data are
available. They are in addition to those points defined automatically by SWAT.
ii. Furthermore, delineate sub-basins at the points where you want outputs.
iii. Also identify other key points (e.g., water diversion points, etc.) and delineate sub-
basins above those points.
 Select and define watershed outlets: click on “whole watershed outlet selection” button, select
outlet point by left clicking on mouse and dragging a square around the outlet point. After the
outlet is selected, click on “Delineate watershed” button. Wait until “watershed delineation
completed” message is pop up.
 Note down sub-basin ID (Grid-code) that contributes to hydrological station at its outlet
i. Right click on “watershed” raster; select the sub-basin above the hydrological station in
ArcMap; read Grid-code of the sub-basin and note down it as sub-basin ID for that
particular hydrological station.
 Click “Calculate sub-basin parameters” button to get sub-basin parameters for all the sub-
basins.
i. After this calculation, a new layer (MonitoringPoint) will be added on ArcMap. This is
basically the same points defined during watershed delineation, but have more basin-
related information added automatically on it.
 Add/Delete Reservoirs
i. If there are diversion points (Dams or Reservoirs) for water (e.g., irrigation,
hydropower), we have to add/define them at the time of setting-up the model. Click on
Add on right side of “Add or delete reservoir” button and follow the instructions.
 To see the watershed report: Watershed Delineator > watershed report > Topographic
Report > OK.
i. It stores information about minimum and maximum elevation and % of area below
each meter rise in elevation with the min-max range and % of watershed area for the
entire watershed as well as each sub-basin.
3) HRU Analysis:
 Land use/soil/slope definition: upload those data and link with SWAT table using “Lookup Tables”
for soil and land use. Click on User Table, and select appropriate Look Up Table. Click on
Reclassify Button. The Reclassification will be completed automatically.
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o Look-up table of soil: please make sure header is as follows: “VALUE”, “NAME”. If you
don’t have look up table you can define directly here with soil type defined similar to your
soil in user soil.
o Look-up table of land use/cover: header should have two files (value & name), but their
names does not matter. If you don’t have look up table, you can define directly with similar
type of land use type.
o Slope range: generally make 3 slope ranges (sometimes even higher); look at the
generated slope map; if it does not represent well the area, change the class and or
thresholds for each  decision-making is required at this stage. For starting purpose, we
can consider 0-5, 5-15, and 15-9999. Wait until slope re-classification message is
displayed.
o If all the data tabs (land use, soil and slope) are opened, the “Overlay” button is activated.
Click on that button and wait until following message is displayed “Finished Land
Use/Soil/Slope Definition”.
 HRU definition: based on percentage of area of land use, soil and slope to be considered in
defining HRUs  Decision-making is required at this stage. For starting purpose, we can consider
20, 20, and 20 for land use, soil and slope.
 HRU Analysis Report:
o Land Use, Soils, Slope Distribution Report: it keeps a record of following for each sub-
basin: i) total areas; ii) type of land uses and respective areas within the sub-basin; iii) type
of soils and respective areas within the sub-basin; iv) type of slope categories and
respective areas under each slope classes number of HRUs, and types of land
use/soil/slope under each sub-basin.
o Final HRU Distribution Report: it keeps records number as well as IDs of HRUs under each
sub-basin.
4) Write Input Tables:

 Weather Data Definition:
 Prepare text files (with SWAT-compatible format) of precipitation, temperature,
evaporation, humidity, solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (m/s). One station
should have one text file for each parameter.
o Make sure start and end date for T & P are the same.
 Prepare “location table” (is same like Look-up table, with a bit different format) for
each of the six parameters.
o Make sure “Location Table” for weather parameters are stored in the same
folder in which weather data (i.e., rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc.).
 Specify location of all the location tables under Write Input Tables > Weather
Stations.
 Write SWAT Database Tables: select all the tables by clicking on “Select All” and then create
tables by clicking on “Create Tables”. After successful completion “Done Building Selected
Tables!” message will display.
i. When selecting all and pressing on Create Tables, it asks for our decision to replace
various parameters, should we replace them or NOT?
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ii. Do we need to update database after that? What does it mean?
5) SWAT Simulation
 Run SWAT: Specify Starting date; Ending date; Rainfall distribution type (use default of Skewed
normal); SWAT.exe version (e.g. 64-bit release); and printout settings for output time
step/parameters/variables.
o Specify number of years to skip (NYSKIP as 1 or more year; to stabilize the model before
taking outputs)
o Click on Setup SWAT Run. Wait until finished message is displayed.
o Click on Run SWAT.
6) Reading SWAT Output: To output the results into database.

 SWAT Simulations > Read SWAT Output.
o Please explore various options. To export discharge data in and out of a particular reach,
click on output.rch check box. It is the most essential one to extract discharge data for
calibration. If we are interested into sub-basin results, click on “output.sub” check box.
o Click “Import Files to Database” > OK (after displaying following message: Done writing
files to database)
 See the results: Go to project directory > Scenarios > Default > Tableout (OR, click on Open
SWATOutput.mdb tab in the Read Swat Output window.
o For inflow and outflow related to the Reach: Click “output.rch” for river flow output. For
definition of headers please refer tblRchDef sheet in the mdb file.
 Inflow/Outflow to/from the reach are stored in column 5 & 6 of the rch sheet.
 To confirm which one is relevant for calibrating a particular station, we have to look
carefully in ArcMap whether the location of calibration point is after flow entering
the reach or before flow entering the reach.
o For water balance components of a particular sub-basin: we can click on sub sheet, where
we can find information on water balance components for each sub-basin.
 For definition of headers, please refer the sheet “tblSubDef”.
o To select data of particular sub-basin (or reach) of interest: click on the heading “SUB”,
deselect all, and select the sub-basin of your interest (that contributes to the particular
discharge station). Then it shows discharge data for that particular station only.
 Now, copy data and paste in Excel. Then plot it along with observed data,
calculate statistical indicators for performance measure, understand the output
and decide next move for “Calibration”
 Checking mass balance for hydrology, solutes, etc.: Review SWAT Output > Run SwatCheck >
SetUp > Examine Model Output > Wait for a while until it the processing is completed.
o Now we can see Simulation details on right hand side (e.g., simulation length, warm up
years (i.e., NYSKIP), number of HRUs/sub-basins, etc.
o Go to “Hydrology” tab: It shows a figure with water balance components for the entire
basin in a diagram. It also shows water balance ratios. Please pay particular attention to
evapotranspiration, baseflow and surface runoff ratios. If they somehow are reasonable,
perhaps, the model simulates well the water balance components.
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o To see the monthly value of water balance components: please click the tab “Show Av.
Monthly Basin Values”.
o For the various water balance components under each land use category: click on “Land
Use Summary” tab.
o For reservoir-related summary: click on Reservoirs tab.
o For sediment-related summary: click on Sediment tab.
 To see annual summary of time-series data for every year: click on “Open output.std”
 To see all input tables for each sub-basin and HRU: click on “Open input.std”
 Saving simulation: click on Save Simulation. (If you think this simulation is ok)
7) Setting default simulation: SWA Simulation > Default SWAT Simulation > Follow instruction. (if you
think, this simulation is the base simulation for further calibration, you can set it as default
simulation)
8) Carrying out calibration manually:

 SWAT Simulation > Manual Calibration Helper. try to understand the parameters to be calibrated
and their effects on the model performance, the continue the process until observed and simulated
discharges are visually as well as statistically comparable to an acceptable degree.
o Edit SWAT Input > Watershed Data > General Data (. BSN)
o Edit SWAT Input > Sub Basins’ Data
9) Carrying out calibration automatically (just summary, please go through user manual)
 Please follow the instruction at swat cup user manual
(http://swat.tamu.edu/media/114860/usermanual_swatcup.pdf)
 SWAT-CUP is interface that was developed for SWAT automatic calibration and easily linked with
SWAT.
 Install the SWAT-CUP in the same directory as SWAT
 Open the project: click on start icon at left. Choose a new project
 Import a TxtInout directory from SWAT project Scenario folder and set out the swat version and
processor architecture.
 Set the project type (processing for eg. SUFI2) and set the project name and directory
 Select the variable through which you want to calibrate the model like .sub, .hru, .rch.
 Edit the calibration inputs in par_inf.txt. In this section, you need to define no of parameter, their
range, and type very carefully.
 Edit Sufi2_Swedit: you can define the no of simulation
 Edit File.cio: You can define no of simulation year, skip year, starting year, ending days of
simulation.
 Observation data preparation: it is quite tricky and need to prepare data in prescribed form. You
can watch this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hllrJah3wbc)
 Extraction: Edit var-file_rch.txt………Define your outlet no carefully
 Objective function: Edit var-file_name.txt…by changing the no for appropriate objective function.
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Annex-2: Setting-up Visual MODFLOW (VMOD) Flex, 2014 for a groundwater
simulation
VMOD Flex is widely used powerful software package that provides the tool for building three dimensional
groundwater conceptual and numerical models using raw GIS data objects. The step wise process for
setting up VMOD Flex model can be accessed from web like
http://trials.swstechnology.com/software/VMODFlex/2014/VMODFlex_UsersManual.pdf
In this section we tried to describe key steps to set-up the VMOD Flex Model.
Following are key/broader steps to set-up VMOD Flex model.
 Prepare gridded data of required layers that depends upon the available data and modeling
strategy. In this model we called it as surface. Prepare the required layers, in the case of
Kathmandu (DEM as ground, based on the lithology information having X, Y, Z information
(Shallow Aquifer layer, Aquitard layer, and Deep Aquifer layer)). It is NOT NECESSARY that they
should be of same spatial resolution; however, is NECESSARY to be in same projected (e.g.
UTM45N) coordinate system. VMODFLEX does not support the Geographic coordinate system,
hence need to be projected.
o DEM (Digital Elevation Model), we can download DEM data from web like
https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/SRTM1Arc
https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp
o Other surface data can be exported from .XLS,.TXT, .CSV etc. or polygon data like shape
file or any other format like jpg, tif. Asci and can be converted into gridded data. For this
you can create surface using imported data sets in any form.
 Prepare others data like pumping well information in prescribed format in excel, observation well
data in prescribed format in excel.
 Prepare river network and their information like elevation, bed level, conductivity, thickness, width
etc. if there is drainage in your study area, prepare those information for drainage also.
 Please think for the zonation (it may be in polygon or whole structure). This is required for
assigning the hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient. Which is mainly depends upon the
geology and soil type and hence need to prepare different zone based on the properties. Don’t
make more no of zone, it will be difficult to handle and you can make same zone for similar types of
geological settings.
 Prepare the recharge, evaporation, flux or any other information need to be incorporate in
groundwater model. That depends upon how much information you can produce and also relevant
for groundwater simulation. For more in detail please refer groundwater simulation related theory.
 Arrange input data in one folder for easy handling (it, however, is not compulsory!).
STEP-wise GUIDELINE for SETTING UP A VMODFLOW PROJECT

While starting the setup, you can start either with numerical modelling or conceptual modelling. It is
recommended to prepare conceptual model for new project and numerical model for old project.
1) Project Setup:
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 New project > define project name and set directory, Set unit for each like conductivity, length,
pumping rate, recharge, specific storage, time as per your data availability.
 Also set the coordinate system (e.g. local Cartesian) and datum (e.g. World Geodetic System
1984) and click Ok.
 Select conceptual modelling and the conceptual model workflow will load. Define the objectives
of your model and the default parameters. For conductivity, storage etc. and start date of
simulation.
 Click (next step) to proceed
2) Collect Data Objects

 Import or create the data objects you wish to use for building the conceptual model like:
 DEM and shape file for creating surface
 Boundary condition Like recharge, river, evaporation and other files as boundary
condition (at this stage, you can import, create new data objects 9by digitizing) or
create surfaces (from points data objects). Import the data object and select data type
like point, polygon etc. and then click finish.
 Create surface as per requirement. Repeat these steps to import the remaining
 Click next step toproceed, where you will arrive at the define conceptual model.
3) Define Conceptual Model
 Provide a name for conceptual boundary (i.e. horizontal boundary (polygon file)) for modeled
area.
4) Define structure
 This is basically creation of horizon considering the geological surfaces (like DEM and other
surface layer) as inputs and three dimensional model can be created. You need to define the
types of horizon (like base, erosional etc.) by adding surface using .
 Preview the horizon and create horizon using next button.
5) Define Property zone
 There are two ways to define property zone either structural zones (one zone have same
properties) and polygon data objects (you can create several zones based on properties)
 You can click one of the way to define property and select the required layer and properties
type (like conductivity, initial heads, storage coefficients)
 You need to repeat this process for all the property type and for all zone as per your
requirements.
 Click next step to proceed to the selection screen. Please choose the defining boundary
condition or define grid or mesh. For Kathmandu case, please select boundary condition.
6) Define Boundary Condition
 In this step, select boundary condition type (River, Recharge, Evaporation, constant head,
drainage etc.) as per requirement and fill the required data.
 After This you can add the pumping well information in prescribed format (please use the
provided excel format for data preparation). Import excel sheet as well format.
7) Select grid Type
 In this step, you can choose one from define finite difference grid, define finite element mesh,
and define unstructured grid. For Kathmandu valley, you can select first one and follow the
following steps.
2
 Save the Name of grid, define no of rows and column as per your required grid size.
Finer grid will take more time to run the model. You can make coarser grid for whole
area and can create child grid in your interested area with finer grid also.
 Click next step to proceed. Better to edit here, if you need to change any properties
here in conceptual model. After converting it into numerical model will be little bit
difficult that conceptual model.
8) Convert to Numerical Model
 Click on the convert to numerical model button to proceed. Please wait it will take several
minutes depending upon your model until the message conceptual model to numerical model
conversion has completed. If you have some error in any boundary condition, message wil
show error, please check it carefully.
 Click next step and next tab will be active with numerical model. Please use those tab for
further work.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1) Define Properties
 At this step, you can add/edit/delete properties (i.e. conductivity, storage coefficient, and initial
head)
 You can see the properties values and their spatial distribution. You can also see the
properties values in different view by clicking different view like row view, column view, and
layer view. You can also assign the specific row and column to look their properties.
 After this click next button
2) Define Boundary condition
 At this step, you can add/edit/delete boundary condition (i.e. River, recharge, Constant Head
etc.)
 Click next step. You will arrive at select the next step options
3) Define Observation Well/Particles/Zone Budget Zones
 Please add the observation well by clicking define observation well and import it from the main
window ( you need to make it’s format in well while converting the prescribed excel file)
 If you are doing particle tracking then you can define particles using define particles.
 If you want to see the water budget in different zone, then you can define zones using polygon
object using define zone budget zones.
4) Select Run Type
 At this step, you select run type either PEST run or Single run. If you want to use PEST run,
please go through PEST run manual. For Kathmandu valley case, we will use single run. Click
single run.
 After clicking single run, there is several options available like engine (MODFLOW 2000 or
2005, check one of them), check modpath, zone budget as per your requirement.
 Click the compose engine button to proceed
 Click next step button
5) Translate
 At this stage translate button is active but we need to carefully define the option that includes.
 Output folder (define as you required)
 Start date (this date is same as previously defined date)
 Setting (steady or Transient analysis)
 Time steps (monthly, daily, yearly etc.)
 Solver (which solver, MODFLOW 2000, 2005 or NWT etc.)
3
 Recharge, Rewetting options etc.)
 Click button to proceed. It will take certain time. It will convert various input
files.
 Click next step to proceed, you will arrive at run
6) Run Numerical Engine
 Click the run button on the main workflow. It will take time, once finished. Click the next step
button. After that vie result button will be activated.
7) View Result
 You can then choose to view results in the form of Maps (contour or color shading) or Charts
 You can compare the head distribution with observed data and look on the different
performance parameters.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Calibration and validation
 Edit the Properties and boundary Condition

o You can edit the conductivity, initial head, and storage coefficient values through define
properties tab. You can change it as per your knowledge to get the good correlation with
observed data.
o In addition to this, if you want to change the boundary condition data. You can
add/edit/delete boundary condition as per requirement from define boundary condition.
 After editing those properties we need to translate every time and run the model. After that, please
check the performance and repeat these steps upto satisfactory performance.
4
Annex-3: Water Security Index (WSI) Preparation using water
quantity data
Water security (and its reverse - water scarcity) is more than the sustainable access to
adequate quantities and acceptable quality of water for people and economic activities.
It is also about the healthy aquatic ecosystem and protecting us against water related
disaster in a climate of peace and political stability. Security is an imbalance between
supply and demand that varies with local condition. Translating water security in
numerical terms helps clarity and understand coherently the concept, and reduce
ambiguity. Therefore, several indicator-based water security-related indices are
developed to quantify water insecurity or the reverse . Based on available literature, the
overall water security contains mainly five components such as basic needs, agricultural
production, environmental flows, risk management, and independence. ADB basically
calculating national water security index looking into five components i.e. household,
economic, urban, environmental, resilience to water-related disaster . In this study, the
focused on the household water security index (WSI) containing three components
access to piped water supply, access to improved sanitation, and hygiene. For this
study, we are assuming Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) will provide
safe water that will be piped water supply with improved sanitation and hygiene. Hence
we are just focusing on water quantity aspect, which is limitation of this study.
Household water security index (WSI) is calculated only considering the quantity aspect
assuming KUKL will provide good quality of water as:
WSI = (Amount of water supply, S) / (Potable water demand, D)
This amount of water supply will be linked with available water, hence we will discuss
about the water availability also. Let’s talk in each components in detail.
Water Availability (WA)
Water availability means the amount of fresh water available in different sub-watershed
or service area that can be used for drinking purpose. For this watershed hydrological
model SWAT can be used. For the each sub-watershed fresh water available from
mountains can be accessed using the methods described in paper
Thapa, B.R., Ishidaira, H., Bui, T.H., Shakya, N.M., 2016a. Evaluation of water resources in
mountainous region of Kathmandu Valley using high resolution satellite precipitation product. J.
JSCE, Ser. G (Environmental Res. 72, 27–33
The SWAT modelling can be done using the methods described in annex-1. The water
available in each sub-watershed were accessed from output of SWAT.mdb files for the
respective sub-watershed using respective reach (.rch) output.
1
Top access the water available in groundwater component, groundwater modelling can
be done as described in annex-2.
In this section we are just providing the basic idea. For more in detail, you can refer
annex1 and 2 with corresponding referred manuals and paper.
Service area and data availability:
Water supply is basically amount of water supplied in each service area of KUKL
through reservoir tank. In this study, we are just focusing on potable water supply by
KUKL for household drinking purpose. KUKL has plan to supply water to each service
are up-to 135 lpcd (liter per capita a day) after completion of the Melamchi Water
Supply Project (MWSP). Recently KUKL is supplying water through 10 service area and
has plan to change to 16 through additional 10 new reservoir tank as shown in figure
below. How to prepare those map will be discuss later in very short.
Servic Service area Servic Service area Servic Servic

Service area name Service area
e Area name served by e Area name served e Area e Area
served by new name served by
(SA) existing (SA) by existing (SA) (SA)
reservoirs new reservoirs
No reservoirs No reservoirs No No
B-1 Mahankalchour B-6 Lalitpur A-1 Balaju North A-6 Minbhavan East
B-2 Kritipur B-7 Kamaladi A-2 Bansbari North* A-7 Anamnagar East
B-3 Maharajgunj B-8 Baneshowr A-3 Panipokhari East A-8 Khumaltar North
B-4 Bhaktapur B-9 Tripureshowr A-4 Mahankalchour North A-9 Kritipur North
B-5 Madhyapur Thimi B-10 Chhetrapati A-5 Arubari North A-10 Tigeni North
Figure 1: Study area showing a) Conservation zone for freshwater, KUKL’s existing sources and
service areas, and hydro meteorological stations; b) Planned water supply service areas after
Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP). New reservoir service area will get water from MWSP
and Existing reservoir will get water from existing network
2
Water supply data and respective service area were taken from KUKL, MWSP,
KVWSMB reports and data. Those service area and respective supply may change with
due course of time, hence how to prepare those and how to update those map need to
know. We have following data in different form:
 Service area map (New and Old Service area in JPG form)
 Ward and VDC level population data
 No of reservoir tanks available, No of surface source and their link, their
production and contribution in each reservoir tank.
 Water delivered/supplied from each reservoir tank in each area i.e. service area
in dry and wet season
 Population projection data from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and
Population data for year 2011 at ward/VDC level.
Supply (S)
To calculate supply following steps need to be followed:

 Prepare the shape file of service area. We have JPJ file hence need to perform
geo-referencing in GIS platform. If you have already shape file, it will be easy to
prepare map.
 Prepare the database for each service area
o In our case, we have water production and water supply data from
respective service area through respective reservoir tank from KUKL
report and MWSP reports.
o It can be changed with due course of time hence need to update in
different phases of MWSP.
Demand (D)
To calculate Demand following steps need to be followed:

 Using the prepared shape file, calculate (estimate) the population in each service
area. We have VDC and ward level information on population, which need to be
summed up and convert it into service area based on the area. If some ward lies
in two or more service area, we can use reciprocal method based on area lies.
 In case of Kathmandu Valley, we have 2011 population data from CBS. We can
use it as base data but we need to convert it into 2017 or 2018 as current year.
Hence we need projection rate for each ward and VDC.
 In Kathmandu, ward or VDC level projection data is not available. We have
district wise projection rate from year 2011-2030 estimated by CBS. Those data
gives un-realistic population projection hence need to make it more realistic.
 To make it realistic, we can use 2001 and 2011 CBS population data to estimate
the ward/VDC level projection rate. Which will gives us old projection rate at
ward/VDC level.
 The following formula can be used to estimate the new projection rate at
ward/VDC level using the district wise projection rate and can be summed up for
each service area.
3
The new growth rate at ward or VDC level (NGR) is estimated as
NGR j
NGRi  OGRi (1)
OGRj
Where, NGR is new growth rate, OGR is old growth rate subscript i represents ward level for
municipalities and VDCs and j is corresponding district (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur).
OGRi and OGRj are calculated as the growth rate calculated from the population census data of
year 2001 and 2011. NGRj is obtained from projected growth rate for corresponding district.
 The following formulas can be used to estimate the population for different year
using different projection rate.
The ward and VDC level annual population beyond 2011 was projected based on
exponential growth formula as follows as estimated by:
Pt = P0 * ert (2)
Where, Pt is Population at time t, P0 is Population at time t0, r is New growth rate

(NGR) calculated from Eq. (1) it can, t is Time in year (number of periods)
 Using equation 1 and 2, population for different year at each service area can be
estimated.
 If we know the population in each service area for different year, the water
demand (D) can be calculate using:
Demand (D) = Population in respective service area *135 LPCD
 Knowing the Demand and Supply, Household water security index for respective
service area for different year can be calculate as:
WSI= Supply (S)/Demand (D)
 After calculating all those data, we can create the attribute table in shape files
with respective service area and can be mapped using GIS.
4
Field Survey and

Water Sample Transport for
Chemical and Isotope Analysis
Standard operating procedure for field
survey and prepare the sample transport
Analysis target and relevance

Target: Nitrate, Ammonia, Iron, Nitrogen isotope in Nitrate and
Nitrogen isotope in Ammonia.
The National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2062 issued by the
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works clearly states that drinking
water should be free from some excess chemical constituent.
Category Parameter Unit Maximum

concentration limit
Chemical Nitrate-nitrogen mg/L 11.3
Ammonia-nitrogen mg/L 1.2
Iron mg/L 0.3
Isotopes Nitrogen in nitrate ‰ No limit
Nitrogen in Ammonia ‰ No limit
Various forms of nitrogen exist in the environment. Nitrate-nitrogen

(NO3-N) is hazardous to health causing blue-baby syndrome and
gastrointestinal cancer. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) is of pungent
odor and less hazardous however, the oxidation of this increases
NO3-N concentration in the drinking water. Iron (Fe) is not directly
hazardous but is toxic to human body at high dosages.
1
Sample site selection
Selection procedure
Simple random sampling carried out for groundwater analysis.
Possible situations covered during sampling;
 Land use (agricultural and buildup area),
 population density (very high > 10000/sq.km, high 5000-
10000/sq.km, medium 1000-5000/sq.km and low
<1000/sq.km)
 pre-historic town or newly build town
 newly build or old well
Wells selected after the questionnaire survey of its availability and
use.
Groundwater source selection

Depending upon the availability and popularity
1. Shallow dug well (< 50m)
2. Shallow tube well (popular in the area with less open space)
3. Stone spout (traditional belief)
4. Springs
5. Rivers
6. Deep tube wells (> 50 m)
Source prioritization
1. Community wells
2. Private house using for drinking
2
Materials required
For sampling:
1. Cooling bag
2. Sterile 100 ml bottle and 100ml for duplicate sample
3. Bucket and rope
4. Ice packs
5. Gloves
6. Paper towel
7. Markers
8. Scissor
9. Water proof labelling tape
On site analysis:
1. GPS
2. Multi-probe (pH, EC, DO, Temperature)
3. Water logger
3
Sample collection:
Water samples are in a chemically dynamic state and the moment
they are removed from the sample site, chemical, biological and
physical processes can change their composition.
The general rule of sampling is to take extreme care to avoid
contaminating the sample container and the water sample.
1. Autoclave the plastic bottle as required to sterilize.
2. Label the bottle and place them along with ice packs in a
cooling bag.
3. Prepare gloves, ethanol, paper towel, bucket and pack them

accordingly.
4. Transport the sample to the laboratory in a cooling bag filled

with ice packs (Temperature: 2-8°C) as soon as possible.
4
Sampling technique
The sampling bottles are to be rinsed two to three times with the
sample.
During the sampling, utmost care should be taken for the presence
of air bubbles. The bottles should be filled completely with the
samples with little air space. This is done by tightening the cap filled
with the samples after sampling. (Figure 1)
1. If the sampling is from a tap, make sure to remove the
stagnant water in a pipe by running the tap for some minutes.
2. If the sampling is from a well, make sure to plunge the bucket

deep down near to the base to obtain original samples than
surface contaminated water.
3. If the sampling is from tube wells (shallow/deep), make sure

to pump it for certain time to flush the stagnant water stored
inside the pipe. The flushing time depends on the sampling
source.
4. If the sampling is from river, make sure to plunge the sampling

bottle inverted up to certain depth and gently straighten inside
the water releasing the surface contamination. Sampling
should be done from the central run than the sideways due to
the land surface interaction.
5
Figure 1. Reducing the air space during sampling.
6
Sample gathering:
1. Once the sample has been received in the laboratory or a
gathering place, utmost care should be taken regarding the
sampling IDs. Cross check for the samples.
2. It is preferable to give site specific IDs for e.g. A1, A2, …., B1,
B2, …… along with date, time and location information during
the sampling. As soon as the sample reaches laboratory or the
final collection place, the site specific IDs are to be changed to
standard IDs. For eg. A1 collected from shallow dug well of
Baneshwor it is noted as KTM1, A2 collected from Anamnagar
is noted as KTM2 and so on.
3. If the samples in the laboratory need

some days for analysis or need to further
transport, the samples are to be
preserved in deep freezer with the
temperature (-4OC). Before storing into
the freezer, some air space is to be made
in the sampling bottle. This prevents the
sampling bottle to rupture due to the
increment in the sample volume during
freezing.
7
4. Samples are to be packed in the zip lock plastic bags with the
clear indication of the sample number on the bags for sample
management.
8
Analytical Methods for

Microbiological Evaluation of Water
Samples
Standard operating procedure for fecal indicator
bacteria analysis
Analysis target and relevance

Target: Escherichia coli and total coliforms
The National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2062 issued by
the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works clearly states that
drinking water should be free from E. coli and total coliforms.
Category Parameter Unit Maximum

concentration
limit
Microbiological E. coli MPN/100 ml 0
Total coliforms MPN/100 ml 0 (95% of

samples)
MPN - Most Probable Number
Escherichia coli are the predominant member of the facultative

anaerobic microorganisms of the human colonic normal flora. The
bacterium’s only natural habitat is the large intestine of warm-
blooded animals and since E. coli, with some exceptions,
generally does not survive well outside of the intestinal tract, its
presence in environmental samples, food, or water usually
indicates recent fecal contamination.
1
bacteria analysis
Materials required
For sampling:
1. Cooling bag
2. 70% ethanol
3. Sterile 100 ml bottle
4. Bucket and rope
5. Few Ice packs
6. Gloves
7. Paper towel
8. Markers
9. Sodium thiosulphate solution (5000 ppm)
For laboratory analysis:
1. Laboratory coat
2. UV lamp
3. Colilert reagent
4. Quanti- tray
5. Quanti-tray sealer
6. Incubator Fig. 1 Colilert reagent
7. Autoclave
8. Glass bottle
9. 25 ml pipette
10. 10 ml pipette
11. Pipette
12. Distilled water plant
13. Sterilized pure water (MilliQ)
14. Micropipette
15. 1000 μl tips
2
bacteria analysis
Preparation of 70% ethanol

Add 30% of Pure Water to 70% of 100% Ethanol to make a
mixture of 70% Ethanol. For example- While making a 500 ml
solution of 70% ethanol, add 350 ml of 100% ethanol to150 ml of
Pure water.
Autoclaving
Autoclaving is done at a temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes at a
pressure of 15lbs.
Preparation of 5000 ppm sodium thiosulphate

(Na2S2O3·5H2O)
Take 1.56gm of 100% Sodium Thiosulfate 5-Hydrate and dissolve
it in 200 ml of Pure Water (MilliQ). Then autoclave the glass bottle
containing the mixture prior to use.
3
bacteria analysis
Sample collection:
The general rule of sampling is to take extreme care to avoid
contaminating the sample container and the water sample.
1. Autoclave the plastic bottle as required to sterilize.
2. Label the bottle and place them along with Ice packs in a
cooling bag.
3. Prepare gloves, 70% ethanol, paper towel, bucket and pack

them accordingly.
4. Fill the bottle with the sample and add sodium thiosulphate
solution to the sample collected. Sodium thiosulphate stops
disinfection from chlorine and has no action on the sample
itself.
5. Transport the sample to the laboratory in a cooling bag filled

with Ice packs maintaining cold chain (Temperature: 2-8°C)
as quickly as possible.
6. If the sampling is from a tap, make sure to disinfect the tap

and let the tap run for a minute first. This removes stagnant
water. Disinfection can be done with 70% ethanol or sodium
hypochlorite solution.
7. If the sampling is from a well or river or lake, make sure to

plunge the bottle with neck downwards to prevent any
surface film from entering the bottle.
4
bacteria analysis
At the laboratory:
1. Once the sample has been received in the laboratory, place
103 ml of sample water in a sterilized glass bottle using a
dispenser with 25 ml pipette.
2. Open a pack of Colilert reagent and add all the contents into
the transparent glass bottle containing the sample.
3. Shake the bottle until the reagent dissolves completely and

pour the sample into a Quanti- Tray 2000. Make sure no
bubbles appear by gently tapping it with your fingers.
4. Seal the Quanti- Tray using the Quanti- Tray sealer and
incubate at 35°C ± 0.5°C for 24 hours. Check the results after
incubation.
Figure 2. Sealing of Quanti- tray once the sealer has attained

the temperature of 180°C.
5
bacteria analysis
Results Interpretation:
1. No discoloration in wells= Absence of E. coli and total

coliforms
2. Yellow discoloration only= Presence of total coliforms
only
If there is yellow discoloration, place the tray under a UV
lamp in a dark room to check for fluorescent wells.
Figure 3. Yellow discoloration showing presence of total

coliform.
3. Yellow discoloration and fluorescent wells= Presence of
E. coli
6
bacteria analysis
Figure 4. Fluorescent wells showing presence of E. coli
Quantifying the E. coli and total coliforms in the water

sample using Most Probable Number (MPN) method.
1) First download the MPN generator software from the link

given below.
https://www.idexx.co.uk/en-gb/water/resources/mpn-
generator/
2) There are 49 large and 48 small wells in the Quanti - Tray

2000. Count the number of boxes with the yellow
discoloration.
7
bacteria analysis
3) Select Colilert option in Method option and coliform as

analyte. Then enter the number (e.g.- 24 in positive large
wells and 25 in positive small wells) and click calculate to
quantify the number of total coliforms present in 100 ml of
water sample.
4) Likewise, change the analyte to E. coli and enter the

number of large and small wells with fluorescence to get
the MPN for E. coli.
Serial dilution
When all the wells are colored we cannot get an exact
number of total coliforms or E. coli. The software only
shows a probable number i.e >2419.6 which could mean
2500 or even 25000.
So, to get a definite number of coliforms or E. coli present
in the water sample we need to perform serial dilution.
Dilution is done by:

1) First prepare 103ml of water sample in a sterile glass
water and prepare another glass bottle with 103 ml of
sterile pure water (MilliQ) in it.
2) Pipette 1ml (1000 μL) of the water sample into the glass
bottle containing 103 ml of sterile pure water. Now, this
is a diluted sample of 10^2.
8
bacteria analysis
3) Add the colilert reagent into the diluted the sample.

Incubate for 24 hours and count the number of boxes
with the discoloration and calculate the number of
bacteria present as mentioned above.
4) Your no. of bacteria is the given Most Probable Number

x 10^ 2.
5) Even after the 10^ 2 dilutions, if all the wells are still
colored yellow then you further dilute if by 10^4, 10^6
and so on.
6) To dilute it by 10^4 first prepare 10^2 diluted sample and
again prepare another glass bottle containing 103 ml of
sterile pure water (MilliQ) and add 1ml (1000 μL) of
diluted sample from the glass bottle containing 10^2
dilution. Then, add the colilert reagent and incubate
before counting the wells for total coliforms and E. coli.
7) Use the software mentioned above to get the exact

number of bacteria and its MPN would be the given
number x 10^ 4.
8) If it still has yellow discoloration after 10^ 4 dilutions,

then you continue doing similarly with 10^6 and so on.
9
WaSH-Mia/SATREPS: Manual No.4-1
Analytical Methods
for Water sample Target :
-
N, P, Metal, COD and HCO3
1
・ Method for Cleaning Equipment
・ before use in experiment (for volumetric flask)
Rinse the volumetric flask in pure water 3 times
・ cleaning solution
Put cleaning powder (50g), and pour water (10L) into the bucket.
* the ultrasonic cleaning machine: 30g cleaning powder/10L
This solution can be use several times.
・ after use in experiment

1. Throw away the inside (if there are stains, rub equipments with a sponge).
2. Wash equipments in (tap) water several times.
3. Fill equipment with the cleaning solution of the bucket, sink equipments,
and keep overnight.
* if you use the ultrasonic cleaning machine, set a timer at 20 minutes,
and start to wash.
4. Take out equipments.
5. Wash equipments with tap water until a bubble disappears.
6. Rinse equipments in pure water 3 times.
7. Upend equipments to the basket, and put it in a drying cabinet.
8. After dry, cap the bottle, or put the equipments into a bag, then keep in shelf.
・ Sampling and storage method of sample

Target : nonmetal
《sampling》Bring back samples to the laboratory. If it need to filter, filtration do in
laboratory.
《storage》Stored in refrigerator (analysis period is less than 1week ),
Keep in freezer (more than 1week)
Target : metal
《sampling》Fill bottle directly from sampling source and stopper (if it need to
filter, filtration do onsite).
Sample with 2ml-HCl/100ml-sample at time of collection.
《storage》Stored at room
2
・ Preparation of Standard Solution (Weight method)
Equipment :
・ pipette (10mL, 5mL, 1mL)
・ Screw Bottle (30mL)
・ Pure water
Apparatus :
・ chemical balance
Procedure :
1. Power on chemical balance. Wait until end of calibration.
2. Put a Screw bottle on the balance, close the cover, wait, and push a "tare" button.
3. Weigh out the required amount of "Stock sol." or "Std. Sol. A (5mg/L)" (refer to table 1-6),
and close a cover.
4. Wait, then record actual weight.
5. Add pure water until total weight to 25 gm.
6. Wait, then record actual gross weight.
7. Cap a Screw bottle, and mix it well.
8. Calculation of concentration (mg/L)
actual weight(g)
Actual concentration = concentration of Std. Sol. (or ) ×
actual gross weight(g)
①-③TN/DTN/NO3-N Standard solutions: (0.05 ~ 5 mg-N/L)
Chemical : Nitrate Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000*mg- NO3-N/l)

*when calculate, use the written value of the standard solution bottle.
Table.1 TN/DTN/NO3-N Standard solutions

Required concentration : mg-N/L 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05
(Std. Sol. A)
weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 0.10 0.075 0.050 －－－－－
weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g －－－－ 5.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.25
actual weight : g
actual gross weight : g
Actual concentration : mg-N/L
3
③-2 NO3-N Standard solutions of second derivative method: (5 ~ 25 mg-N/L)
Chemical : Nitrate Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000*mg- NO3-N/l)

Table.2 NO3-N Standard solutions of second derivative

Required concentration : mg-N/L 25 20 15 10 5
weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.625 0.50 0.375 0.25 0.125
actual weight : g
④ NO2-N Standard solutions: (0.02 ~ 0.5 mg-N/L)
Chemical : Nitrite Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000*mg- NO3-N/l)

Table.3 NO2-N Standard solutions

Required concentration : mg-N/L 5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02
(Std. Sol. A)
weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 －－－－－
weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g － 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.1
actual weight : g
4
⑤ NH4-N Standard solutions: (0.05 ~ 5 mg-N/L)
Chemical : Ammonium Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000*mg- NO3-N/l)

Table.4 NH4-N Standard solutions

Required concentration : mg-N/L 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05
(Std. Sol. A)
actual weight : g
⑥-⑧ TP/DTP/PO4-P Standard solutions: (0.01 ~ 5 mg-P/L)
Chemical : Phosphorus Standard Solution (1000*mg- PO4-P/l)

Table.5 TP/DTP/PO4-P Standard solutions

Required concentration : mg-P/L 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05
(Std. Sol. A)
actual weight : g
Actual concentration : mg-P/L
5
⑨-⑪T-Fe / AS-Fe/ Fe2+ Standard solutions: (0.2 ~ 1 mg/L)
Chemical : Iron Standard Solution (1000*mg/l)

**need to add conc. HCl at all bottles. Because iron absorb to bottle.
Table.6 Fe2+/T-Fe Standard solutions

5
Required concentration : mg-Fe/L 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
(Std. Sol. A)
weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 －－－－－
weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g － 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
actual weight : g
Add conc .HCl (ml) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Actual concentration : mg-Fe/L
⑫ D-Mn Standard solutions: (0.1 ~ 4 mg/L)
Chemical : Manganese Standard Solution (1000*mg/l)

Table.7 T-Mn Standard solutions

Required concentration : mg-Mn/L 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0.1
(Std. Sol. A)
weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 0.10 0.075 0.050 －－－
weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g －－－－ 5.0 2.5 0.5
actual weight : g
Actual concentration : mg-Mn/L
6
① Total Nitrogen Analysis by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric
Screening Method
(ref. : Standard Methods for the Examination of Tap Water in Japan)
*volume is different
Equipment:
・ 200ml measuring cylinder
・ transfer pipet
・ pipette(10ml, 1ml)
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ silica cuvette(1cm) : *cannot use glass cuvette, that block UV light.
Apparatus:
・ Analytical balance
・ Spectrophotometer
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. Potassium persulfate (freshly prepared) : for analysis of Nitrogen
3. Sodium hydroxide : for analysis of Nitrogen
4. Conc. HCl : G.R.
5. Nitrate Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000mg- NO3-N/l)
Preparation of reagents:
1. Sodium hydroxide/Potassium persulfate (Digestion Solution): (0.4ml/tube)
*Total Nitrogen are converted to Nitrate.
Dissolve 4gm NaOH to 100 ml distilled water, stir it with the help of magnetic stirrer.
After dissolve, add 3 gm of Potassium persulfate. Then stir.
2. Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 1N : same of Nitrate (0.48ml/tube)
To 110ml of distilled water, add 10 ml of Hydrochloric Acid
3. Preparation of Nitrate Standard solutions: (0.05 ~ 5 mg/l) same of Nitrate
See Table.1
7
Procedure: see Fig. 1
a. Sample Preparation:
i. triplicate all the samples
ii. Take 2ml of samples.
(Dilute the sample (if required) and take 2 ml of each)
* had better check nitrate concentration by pack test.
iii. Add 0.4 ml of Digestion Solution to each sample.
iv. Autoclave all the samples for 30 minutes at 121°C.
v. After cooling, add 0.48ml of the 1N HCl to the samples, and mix.
vi. Wait until hydroxide precipitates.
b. Standard solutions preparation:
duplicate blank and all the standard solutions
Treat blank and std. solutions in same manner as samples.
c. Photometric measurement:
Measure the absorbance at 220nm and 275nm.
220nm : to obtain NO3- reading
275nm : to determine interference due to dissolved organic matter
Calculation:
For samples, blank and std. solutions, subtract two times the absorbance reading at
275nm from the reading at 220nm to obtain absorbance due to NO3-:
2DS = Abs220 - 2*Abs275
where:
2DS = absorbance due to NO3-
Abs220 = the absorbance reading at 220nm
Abs275 = the absorbance reading at 275nm.
Construct a standard curve by plotting absorbance due to NO3-(2DS) against NO3--N

concentration of standard. Using corrected sample absorbances, obtain sample
concentrations directly from standard curve.
8
② Dissolved Nitrogen Analysis by Ultraviolet
Spectrophotometric Screening Method
Equipment:
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ syringe
・ syringe filter (0.2µm) : i.e. cellulose acetate
Apparatus:
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. 3 gm, Potassium persulfate (freshly prepared) : for analysis of Nitrogen
3. 4 gm, Sodium hydroxide : for analysis of Nitrogen
4. 10 ml, Conc. HCl : G.R.
1. Sodium hydroxide/Potassium persulfate (Digestion Solution): (0.4ml/tube)
*Dissolved Nitrogen are converted to Nitrate.
Add 4gm NaOH to 100 ml distilled water, stir it with the help of magnetic stirrer. After
dissolve, add 3 gm of Potassium persulfate. Then stir.
2. Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 1N : same of Nitrate (0.48ml/tube)
3. Preparation of Nitrate Standard solutions: (0.05 ~ 5 mg/l) same of Nitrate
See Table.1
9
a. Removal of suspended particles:
Filter through a syringe filter (0.2µm)
b. Sample Preparation:
i. duplicate all the samples
v. After cooling, add 0.48ml of the 1N HCl to the samples, and mix.
vi. Wait until hydroxide precipitates.
c. Standard solutions preparation:
d. Photometric measurement:
Calculation:
2DS = Abs220 - 2*Abs275
where:

10
Fig. 1. Flow chart of the analytical procedure for TN/DTN.
11
③ Nitrate Analysis by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric
Screening Method
(only in the case of low organic matter contents)
(ref. : Standard methods 22nd edition 4500-NO3-B)
Equipment:
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ tubes with cap
・ syringe
Apparatus:
Interference:
Dissolved organic matter, surfactants, NO2-, and Cr6+ interfere. Various inorganic ions
not normally found in natural water, such as chlorite and chlorate, may interfere.
inorganic substances can be compensated for by independent analysis of their
concentrations and preparation of individual correction curves.
Required Chemicals:
1. Freshly prepared nitrate free water
Preparation of color reagent:

1. Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 1N : (0.1ml/tube)
2. Nitrate Standard solutions: (0.05 ~ 5 mg/l)
See Table.1
12
duplicate all the samples
Dilute the sample (if required)
To 5 ml of sample, add 0.1 ml of Hydrochloric acid solution, mix thoroughly.
To 5 ml of blank and std. solutions, add 0.1 ml of Hydrochloric acid solution,
mix thoroughly.
Calculation:
2DS = Abs220 - 2*Abs275
where:

13
Fig. 2. Flow chart of the analytical procedure for NO3.
14
③-2 Nitrate Analysis by Second-Derivative Ultraviolet
Spectrophotometric Method
(ref. : Standard methods 22nd edition 4500-NO3-C)
Equipment:
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ tubes with cap
・ syringe
Apparatus:
Interference:
The nitrate UV spectrum is similar to that of nitrate. However, nitrite concentrations
usually are much lower than nitrate concentrations. Bicarbonate absorbs weakly at
wavelengths below 210 nm, but does not affect the second-derivative signal of nitrate.
Bromide interferes at seawater concentrations (68 mg Br-/L, salinity 35%) so this
method cannot be used to determine nitrate in seawater. Neither Fe nor Cu interferes
at 2mg/L but both metals seriously interfere at 20mg/L. The method has been tested
only for potable water. Its suitability for nitrate determination in seawater has not been
tested.
Required Chemicals:
4. Freshly prepared nitrate free water

1. Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 1N : (0.1ml/tube)
2. Nitrate Standard solutions: (5 ~ 25 mg/l)
See Table.2
15
b. Check the absorbance of sample:
Pipet 5.0 ml sample into the tube, add 0.1ml of 1N HCl, and shake
Scan from 250 nm to 200 nm, and check the maximum absorbance point in the
range 230 to 220 nm
* if absorbance is beyond 0.5 Abs, dilute sample with nitrate-free water
c. Sample preparation:
Put in 9 ml the sample (or diluted sample) into the tubes, 0.2 ml 1N HCl, 1 ml
standard solution to tubes
* standard solution : blank, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mg-N/ml
each concentration prepare duplicate tubes
Measure the absorbance every 1.0nm in the range 231 to 219 nm, and record each
value
Calculation:
(1) For each tube, compute second-derivative spectrum by above absorbance of each
wavelength, and find maximum values (see Fig.4)
(2) Use the simplified least-squares procedure to simultaneously smooth and differentiate
spectra
Perform least-squares linear regression using the second derivatives of the blank and
standard spectra
Sample concentration is (Fig.4):
!"# 1
( − /)= ×
$% '
where:
Slp : slope of regression line,
Int : intercept of regression line, and
V : sample volume (ml).
16
Fig. 3. Flow chart of NO3 second derivative method
17
Fig. 4. Flow chart(2) of NO3 second derivative method
18
④ Nitrite Analysis by Colorimetric Method
(ref. : Standard methods 22nd edition 4500-NO2-B)
Equipment:
・ volumetric flask (100ml, 50ml)
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ glass cuvette(1cm)
・ syringe
Apparatus:
Required chemicals:
1. Freshly prepared nitrite free water
2. 10 ml, Phosphoric Acid (85%) : E.P.
3. 1 gm, Sulfanilamide : G.R.
4. 0.1 gm, N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride : G.R.
5. Nitrite Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000mg- NO2-N/l)
Reagents
1. color reagent : (0.2mL/tube)
To approximately 80ml of distilled water, add 10 ml of Phosphoric Acid (85%), 1 gm
Sulfanilamide and 0.1 gm N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and make the
total volume of 100 ml.
** Store the color reagent in dark glass bottle and keep in refrigerator.
*Note: This color reagent can be used for a month.
2. Nitrite Standard solutions: (0.02~0.5 mg/l)
See Table.3
19
* had better check nitrite concentration by pack test.
To 5 ml of sample, add 0.2 ml of color reagent, mix thoroughly, and leave for 20 minutes
in room temperature.
c. blank and Standard solutions preparation:
duplicate blank and all standard solutions
To 5 ml of blank and std. solutions, add 0.2 ml of color reagent, mix thoroughly, and
leave for 20 minutes in room temperature.
Measure the absorbance at 543nm.
Calculation:
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against NO2--N concentration.
Compute sample concentration from the curve.
**The std. solution has certain absorbance and develops the color after adding color reagent.
But sometimes, the samples have higher absorbance than the std. solution but results no color
development even after adding color reagent. In such a situation, we have to measure the
absorbance of the sample without color reagent and reduce the absorbance value from the
sample with color reagent. We use this deducted absorbance as a reading.
Note: The disappearance of the color might be from the organic material present in the sample.
20
Fig. 5. Flow chart of the analytical procedure for NO2.
21
⑤ Ammonia Analysis by Phenate Method
Equipment:
・ volumetric flask (500ml, 100ml, 50ml)
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ syringe
Apparatus:
Interference:
If hydrogen sulfide is present, remove by acidifying samples to pH 3 with dilute HCl and
aerating vigorously until sulfide odor no longer can be detected.
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. 5 gm Phenol : G.R.
3. 0.025 gm, Sodium Nitroprusside : G.R.
4. 10 ml, Sodium Hypochlorite (5%) : Chemically Pure
*If fresh Sodium Hypochlorite then, it is 12%
5. 15 gm, Sodium Hydroxide : for analysis of Nitrogen
6. Ammonium Nitrogen Standard Solution (1000mg-NH4-N/l)
Reagent:
1. Phenol/Sodium nitroprusside solution (Solution A): (1ml/tube)
To approximately 400 ml water, add 5 gm of Phenol, 0.025 gm of Sodium Nitroprusside
and dilute to 500 ml.
**Prepare this solution one day before use/ analysis, to make phenol dissolve
**Store this solution in dark bottle. This Solution can be used for a month.
22
2. Sodium hypochlorite solution (effective chlorine concentration: 0.1w/v%) (Solution B):
(1ml/tube)
Dissolve commercial sodium hypochlorite solution (50/C mL, C ：effective chlorine
concentration) and 7.5 gm of Sodium Hydroxide in 100ml water and dilute to 500 ml.
** Store this solution in dark bottle, and refrigerate.
* This solution can be used in a range of the effective chlorine concentration
(0.05-0.1w/v%).
3. Ammonium Nitrogen Standard Solution: (0.05 ~ 5 mg/l)
See Table.4

i. Take 2 ml of samples.
(Dilute the sample (if required), and make the final volume of 2 ml in a tube.)
* had better check ammonium concentration by pack test.
ii. Add 1 ml of solution A, to all samples blank and std. solution; and shake gently so that
no bubbles are formed.
iii. Add 1 ml of solution B and gently shake, after cap.
iv. Leave the samples for 1 hour at room temperature (20-40°C)
v. After an hour, bluish green color develops.
Calculation:
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against NH3-N concentration.
23
Fig. 6 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for NH4.
24
⑥ Total Phosphorus Analysis by Persulfate Digestion Method
Equipment:
・ volumetric flask(500ml, 100ml)
・ measuring cylinder(200ml, 50ml)
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
Apparatus:
・ Magnetic stirrer
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. 4 gm, Potassium persulfate (freshly prepared) : for analysis of Phosphorus
3. 50 ml, Conc. H2SO4 : G.R.
4. 0.24 gm Potassium antimonyl tartrate: G.R.
5. 6gm, Ammonium molybdate : G.R.
6. gm Ascorbic Acid : G.R.
7. Phosphorus Standard Solution (1000mg-PO4-P/l)
1. 4% Potassium persulfate Solution (Digestion Solution): (0.4ml/tube)
*Total Phosphorus are converted to orthophosphate.
Prepare Potassium persulfate 4% Weight by Volume. Add 4 gm of Potassium persulfate
to 100 ml distilled water. Then stir it with the help of magnetic stirrer.
2. Sulfuric Acid (Solution A): same of orthophosphate
To approximately 100 ml water, add 50 ml of Conc. H2SO4 .
3. Potassium antimonyl tartrate solution (Solution B):
To approximately 300 ml water, add 0.24 gm of Potassium antimonyl tartrate, 6 gm of
Ammonium molybdate, and dissolve. Then, add 120mL of Solution A. Let it cool and
then make a final volume of 500 ml in a volumetric flask.
4. L-ascorbic Acid (Solution C): same of orthophosphate
To 100 ml of distilled water, add 7.2 gm of L-ascorbic Acid
**This reagent can be used only for a week, even refrigerated.
**It is colorless when freshly prepared and color changes to light yellow when kept for
long time)
5. Combined reagent (Solution D): same of orthophosphate (0.2ml/tube)
Combine Solution B and C in the ration 5:1
25
6. Phosphorus Standard Solutions: (0.01 ~ 5 mg/l) same of orthophosphate
See Table.5

* had better check Phosphorus concentration by pack test.
v. After cooling, add 0.2ml of the Solution D to the samples.
vi. Leave the samples for 15 minutes at room temperature (20-40°C), before taking the
readings.
Calculation:
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against P concentration. Compute sample
concentration from the curve.
26
⑦ Dissolved Phosphorus Analysis by Persulfate Digestion
Method
Equipment:
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ syringe
Apparatus:
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. 4 gm, Potassium persulfate (freshly prepared) : for analysis of Phosphorus
3. 50 ml, Conc. H2SO4 : G.R.
6. 7.2 gm Ascorbic Acid : G.R.
1. 4% Potassium persulfate Solution (Digestion Solution): same of Total Phosphorus
(0.4ml/tube)
*Dissolved Phosphorus are converted to orthophosphate.
Prepare Potassium persulfate 4% Weight by Volume. Add 4 gm of Potassium persulfate
to 100 ml distilled water. Then stir it with the help of magnetic stirrer.
2. Sulfuric Acid (Solution A): same of orthophosphate
27
4. L-ascorbic Acid (Solution C): same of orthophosphate
To 100 ml of distilled water, add 7.2 gm of L-ascorbic Acid
long time)
5. Combined reagent (Solution D): same of orthophosphate (0.2ml/tube)
6. Phosphorus Standard Solutions: (0.01~1.0 mg/l) same of orthophosphate
See Table.5

i. duplicate all the samples
ii. Take 2ml of samples. (Dilute the sample (if required) and take 2 ml of each)
v. After cooling, add 0.2ml of the Solution D to the samples.
vi. Leave the samples for 15 minutes in room temperature(20-40°C), before taking
the readings.
Calculation:
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against P concentration. Compute sample
concentration from the curve.
28
Fig. 7 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for TP/DTP.
29
⑧ Orthophosphate Analysis by Ascorbic Acid Method
Equipment:
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ 100 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ syringe
Apparatus:
Interference:
ferric ion (1mg/L<)
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. 50 ml, Conc. H2SO4 : G.R.
5. 7.2 gm Ascorbic Acid : G.R.
1. Sulfuric Acid (Solution A):
3. L-ascorbic Acid (Solution C):
To 100 ml of distilled water, add 7.2 gm of L-ascorbic Acid.
long time)
30
4. Combined reagent (Solution D): (0.2ml/tube)
5. Orthophosphate Standard Solutions: (0.01~1.0 mg/l)
See Table.5

To 2 ml of blank and std. solutions, add 0.2 ml of Solution D, mix thoroughly, and leave
for 15 minutes in room temperature(20-40°C).
Calculation:
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against PO4 concentration. Compute
sample concentration from the curve.
31
Fig. 8 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for PO4.
32
⑨ Total iron by Phenanthroline Method
(ref. : Standard Methods 22nd edition 3500-Fe B)
Required Apparatus:
1. Volumetric flask (20ml, 100ml)
2. 100ml measuring cylinder
3. Pipette (10ml and 1ml)
4. Screw bottle (30 mL)
5. 100ml beaker
6. Analytical balance
7. Spectrophotometer
8. Glass cuvette (1.5ml)
9. Syringe
10. Syringe filter (0.2 µm): cellulose acetate
11. Hot plate
12. Teflon beaker
Required chemicals:
1. Freshly prepared nitrite free water

2. Conc. Hydrochloric acid
3. Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride (NH₂OH⋅HCL)
4. Ammonium Acetate (NH₄C₂H₃O₂)
5. 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate (C₁₂H₈N₂⋅H₂O)
6. Iron Stock Solution
Store reagents in glass-stoppered bottles.

The hydroxylamine, phenanthroline, and stock iron solutions are stable for several months.
The standard iron solutions are not stable; prepare daily as needed by diluting the stock
solution.
Visual standards in nessler tubes are stable for several months if sealed and protected from
light
1.Hydrochloric acid, HCl, conc, containg less than 0.5 ppm iron:
Add 5ml of Hydrochloric acid, to 55 ml of distilled water.
*This solution is stable indefinitely if tightly stoppered.
2. Hydroxylamine solution:
Dissolve 10g Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride in 100 mL water.
*This solution is stable for several months
33
3. Ammonium acetate buffer solution:
Dissolve 250 g Ammonium Acetate in 150 mL water. Add 700 mL conc (glacial) acetic acid.
Because even a good grade of Ammonium Acetate contains a significant amount of iron,
prepare new reference standards with each buffer preparation.
* This solution is stable indefinitely if tightly stoppered.
4. Phenanthroline solution:
Dissolve 100 mg 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate, in 100 mL water by stirring and heating
to 80°C. Do not boil. Discard the solution if it darkens. Heating is unnecessary if 2 drops conc
HCl are added to the water.
* Note: One milliliter of this reagent is sufficient for no more than 100 µg Fe
5. Iron standard solution (0~1.0mg/L)
See Table.6

Filter the sample through a syringe filter (0.2µm)
Duplicate all the samples
Mix sample thoroughly and measure 50.0 mL into a 125-mL erlenmeyer flask.
Dilute the sample (if this sample volume contains more than 200μg iron use a smaller
accurately measured portion and dilute to 50ml.)
Add 2 mL conc HCl and 1 mL NH₂OH・HCl solution.
Add a few glass beads and heat to boiling.
To insure dissolution of all the iron, continue boiling until volume is reduced to 15 or 20
mL.( if the sample is ashed, take up residue in 2 mL conc HCl and 5 mL water)
Cool room temperature and transfer to 50- or 100-mL volumetric flask.
Add 10 mL NH₄C₂H₃O₂ buffer solution and 4 mL phenanthroline solution, and dilute to
mark with water.
Mix thoroughly and allow a minimum of 10 min for maximum color development.
c. Blank and Standard Solutions Preparation:
Duplicate the blank and all standard solutions.
Treating in the same way as samples.
34
Calculation:
Prepare a standard curve by plotting absorbance of standard against Fe concentration.
* Report details of sample collection, storage, and pretreatment if they are pertinent to
interpretation of results.
** The standard solution has certain absorbance and develops the color after adding color
reagent. But sometimes, the samples have higher absorbance than the standard solution but
results no color development even after adding color reagent. In such a situation, we have to
measure the absorbance of the sample without floor reagent and reduce the absorbance value
from the sample with color reagent. We use this deducted absorbance as a reading.
Note: The disappearance of the color might be from the organic material present in the sample.
35
Fig. 9 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for T-Fe.
36
⑩ Acid soluble iron by Phenanthroline Method
(ref. : water quality research method (Japan))
Equipment:
・ measuring cylinder (200mL, 1L)
・ volumetric flask (20ml, 1L)
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ 300 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
・ Teflon beaker
Apparatus:
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. Conc. HCl : containing less than 0.5 ppm iron
3. 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate : G.R.
4. Ammonium acetate : G.R.
5. conc (glacial) Acetic acid : G.R.
6. Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
7. Ammonium hydroxide(28%)
8. Fe Standard Solution (1000mg- Fe/l)
1. 1,10-Phenanthroline solution : (1ml/tube)
Dissolve 0.1 gm 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate, in 100 ml distilled water by stirring
and heating to 80℃ (do not boil). Heating is unnecessary if 2 drops conc HCl are added
to the water.
** Discard the solution if it darkness.
2. Ammonium acetate buffer solution : (1ml/tube)
Dissolve 250gm Ammonium acetate in 150mL water. Add 700mL conc (glacial) Acetic
acid.
3. Preparation of Iron Standard solutions: (0.05~1 mg/l)
See Table.6
4. Hydroxylamine solution : (0.4ml/tube of Std.Sol.)
Dissolve 10g Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride in 100mL water.
37
5. 3N HCl (1.2ml/each Teflon beaker)
Add 10ml HCl in 30 ml distilled water.

*Sample with 1ml-HCl/100ml-sample at time of collection.
Fill bottle directly from sampling source and stopper.
i. Duplicate all the samples
ii. Take 10ml portion of acidified samples (50 ml Teflon beaker).
iii. Add 1.2 ml of 3N HCl to each sample
iv. Heat for 5 minutes by hotplate
v. Then, cool. Transfer to a 20ml volumetric flask (if sample is turbid, need to filter)
vi. Add 0.4 ml Hydroxylamine solution to each tubes
vii. Add 1.0 ml 1,10-Phenanthroline solution to each tubes
viii. Add 4 ml of Ammonium acetate buffer solution with vigorous stirring
ix. Dilute to 20mL, and mix thoroughly
*Do not expose to sunlight.

Duplicate blank and all the standard solutions
Take 10 ml of blank and std. sol.
Add 0.2 ml conc HCL.
Then, treat in same manner as samples (vi-ix).
Measure color intensity within 5 to 10 min at 510nm.
Calculation
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against ferrous ion concentration.
38
Fig. 10 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for AS-Fe.
39
⑪ Ferrous ion by Phenanthroline Method
(ref. : Standard Methods 22nd edition 3500-Fe B)
Equipment:
・ measuring cylinder (200mL, 1L)
・ volumetric flask (1L)
・ transfer pipet
・ bottle
・ 300 ml Beaker
・ tubes with cap
Apparatus:
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. Conc. HCl : containing less than 0.5 ppm iron
3. 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate : G.R.
4. Ammonium acetate : G.R.
5. conc (glacial) Acetic acid : G.R.
6. Fe Standard Solution (1000mg- Fe/l)
1. 1,10-Phenanthroline solution : (2ml/tube)
Dissolve 0.1 gm 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate, in 100 ml distilled water by stirring
and heating to 80℃(do not boil). Heating is unnecessary if 2 drops conc HCl are added
to the water.
** Discard the solution if it darkness.
2. Ammonium acetate buffer solution : (1ml/tube)
Dissolve 250gm Ammonium acetate in 150mL water. Add 700mL conc (glacial) Acetic
acid.
3. Preparation of Iron Standard solutions: (0.05~1 mg/l)
See Table.6
4. Hydroxylamine solution : (0.1ml/tube of Std.Sol.)
Dissolve 10g Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride in 100mL water.
40
*Sample with 2ml-HCl/100ml-sample at time of collection.
Fill bottle directly from sampling source and stopper.
ii. Take 5ml portion of acidified samples.
iii. Add 2 ml of 1,10-Phenanthroline solution to each sample.
iv. Add 1 ml of Ammonium acetate buffer solution with vigorous stirring.
v. Dilute to 10mL, and mix thoroughly.
*Do not expose to sunlight.

Duplicate blank and all the standard solutions
Add 0.05 ml conc HCL and 0.1ml Hydroxylamine solution to each tubes.
Then, treat in same manner as samples(iii-v).
Measure color intensity within 5 to 10 min at 510nm.
Calculation
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against ferrous ion concentration.
41
Fig. 11 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for Fe2+.
42
⑫ Dissolved Manganese by Absorptiometric method
(Holm aldoxime method)
(ref. : Analytical method of mineral spring in Japan)
Equipment:
Pipette (1,210 mL)
Screw bottle (30 mL)
Beaker
Tubes and cap
Volumetric flask(100,200mL,1L)
Screw bottle (30ml)
Analytical balance
UV Spectrophotometer
glass cuvette (1.5ml)
Required Chemicals:
1. Holm aldoxime reagent
2. buffer solution (pH = 10)
3. L- ascorbic acid sodium salt
4. 0.1M EDTA solution
5. Manganese stock solution (1000mg-Mn2+/L)
1. Holm aldoxime reagent
Approximately 100 mL of distilled water , add 8 g of Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2-OH ·
HCl). After that add 4ml of 37% formaldehyde (HCHO), adjust the volume of 200ml with distilled
water.
2. buffer solution (pH = 10)
Approximately 300 mL of distilled water , add 68 g of Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). After that
add 570 mL of conc. NH3 solution, adjust the volume of 1L with distilled water.
3. 0.1M EDTA solution
Dissolve 3.7g of Disodium EDTA dihydrate [(CH2COO) 2N · CH2 · CH2N (CH2COO) 2H2 · Na2 · 2H2O]
in distilled water adjust the final volume of 100mL.
4. Manganese standard solution (0~5.0mg/L)
See Table.7
43
a.) Suspended particles Removal
Filter through a syringe filter (0.2 * )
b.) Sample preparation

ii. Take 20 mL of samples. (Dilute the sample {If required})
iii. Add 1 mL of Holm aldoxime reagent and 0.1M EDTA solution of each tube and close with
cap.
iv. Mix and Leave the samples for 5 minutes by control condition at room temperature.
v. As the 20 ~ 27℃, stir in addition L- ascorbic sodium salt 10mg and a 0.1M EDTA 1mL.
*The order of addition of sodium L- ascorbic acid → EDTA.
vi. Leave the samples for 10 minutes by control condition at room temperature.
vii. Measure absorbance by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 450 nm
c.) Standard solutions preparations

i. Prepare duplicate samples of blank and the standard solutions
ii. Treating in the same way as samples.
Calculation
Prepare a std. curve by plotting absorbance of std. against Manganese concentration.
44
Fig. 12 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for D-Mn.
45
⑬ COD Cr(Closed Reflux) by Titrimetric Method
(ref. : standard methods 22nd edition 5220 C)
Required Apparatus:
1. volumetric flask (1000ml, 500ml)
2. pipette (10ml, 5ml)
3. 200 ml measuring cylinder
4. bottle
5. 20 ml Ampule (clear) :
*Wash ampules with 20% H2SO4 before first use to prevent contamination.
6. Magnetic stirrer
7. Analytical balance
8. Burette
9. microburet
10. Autoclave
Interference:
Nitrite exerts a COD of 1.1mg O2/mg NO2--N. Because concentration of NO2- in water
rarely exceed 1 or 2 mg NO2--N/L, the interference is considered insignificant and usually
is ignored. To eliminate a significant interference due to NO2-, add 10mg Sulfamic acid
for each mg NO2--N present in the sample volume used; add the same amount of
Sulfamic acid to the ampoule containing the distilled water blank.
Required Chemicals:
1. Distilled water
2. conc. Sulfuric Acid : G.R.
3. 1.65 gm, Silver sulfate(Ag2SO4) : G.R.
4. 4.903 gm, Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) : primary standard grade
*Previously dried at 150°C for 2h.
5. 33.3 gm Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4) : G.R.
6. 1.485 gm, 1, 10-Phenanthroline monohydrate : G.R.
7. 695 mg, FeSO4.7H2O : G.R.
8. 425 mg, Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP): G.R.
*Previously dried at 110°C.
9. 39.2 gm, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O : G.R.
10. Sulfamic acid : G.R.
1. Sulfuric Acid reagent (Reagent A): (3.5ml/ampoule)
Dissolve 1.65 gm, Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) in 0.3 kg of conc. Sulfuric Acid.
**Stir it for 1 day
46
2. Std. Potassium dichromate digestion solution (Reagent B) (0.01667 M): (1.5ml/ampoule)
To approximately 500 ml of distilled water, dissolve 4.903 gm of Potassium dichromate
(99.98% pure), 167 ml of conc. H2SO4 and 33.3 gm of HgSO4. Dissolve, cool to room
temperature, and then dilute to 1000 ml.
**Take care when pouring Conc. H2SO4, pour slowly (not all at a time) in volumetric flask
and stir gently to prevent overheating, keep in water bath with cold water
3. Conc. Ferroin Indicator:
To approx. 50 ml of distilled water, dissolve 1.485 gm of 1,10-Phenanthroline
monohydrate and 695 mg of FeSO4.7H2O and dilute to 100 ml.
4. Ferroin Indicator:
Take 10 ml of Conc. Ferroin indicator and dissolve to 40 ml distilled water.
5. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP):CODCr value ≒ 500mg-O2/L
Dissolve 425 mg of KHP in 1000 ml of distilled water.
6. Standard Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate titrant (FAS) (0.10 M):
Dissolve 39.2 gm, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O in distilled water. Add 20 ml of Conc. H2SO4 and
cool and dilute to 1000 ml.
7. Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate titrant (FAS) (0.02 M):
200 ml of 0.10M FAS in distilled water make up to 1000mL.
Procedure:
a. For Molarity of FAS solution:
i. Take 5 ml of Reagent B into 3 beakers each
ii. Add 10 ml of distilled water in all the beakers
iii. Put 2 drops of Ferroin indicator
iv. Titrate against FAS titrant
+,-.,/0 1,34
Molarity of FAS solution (M) = × 0.1000
56473, 89: 7;,< =/ 0=0>-0=6/,34
47
b. Sample preparation: see Fig. 13
ii. place 2.5 ml of sample in ampule, add 1.5 ml of Reagent B. If high concentration of
NO2--N present, add 10mg Sulfamic acid for each mg NO2--N present in the sample
volume used
(Dilute the sample (if required) and take 2.5 ml of each)
iii. Carefully run 3.5 ml of Reagent A down inside the ampule so that an acid layer is
formed under the sample digestion solution layer.
* Do not mix.
iv. The total volume in the ampule is 7.5 ml.
v. Take the ampules with samples and burn its upper part in order to seal it.
vi. After sealing, shake the ampules gently.
* caution : wear face shield and protect hands from heat produced when contents
of ampules are mixed. Mix thoroughly before applying heat to prevent local heating
of ampule bottom and possible explosive reaction.
vii. Check the solution color. Color is:
yellow : O.K.
green : △(If sample contents of SS or high DOC concentration, digestion reagent is
not enough. Dilute a sample.)
blue : ×(digestion reagent is not enough. Dilute a sample.)
viii. Autoclave the ampules at 127°C for 2 h.
ix. After 2 hrs. of autoclave, cool to room temperature.
x. Open ampules, add 2 drops of Ferroin indicator and stir rapidly on magnetic stirrer
while titrating with standardized 0.10M FAS.
xi. The end point is sharp color change from blue-green to reddish brown.
xii. Note down the volume of FAS used.
c. Blank and check solution preparation:
triplicate blank and check solution
Blank : 2.5 ml of distilled water
Check solution : 1 ml of KHP solution, add 1.5ml of distilled water
Calculation:
(9A1)×B×CDDD
COD (mg-O2/L) =
:-3E4, F6473, 34
Where,
A= ml FAS used for blank,
B= ml FAS used for sample,
M= Molarity of FAS, and
8000= milliequivalent weight of oxygen ×1000 mg/L
48
Fig. 13 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for CODCr.
49
⑭ Bicarbonate by Titration Method
Equipment:
・ measuring cylinder (50mL, 100mL)
・ dropper
・ conical beaker(100mL)
・ Burette
Apparatus:
Required Chemicals:
9. Distilled water
10. 0.02N H2SO4 : for titration
11. Methyl Red : G.R.
12. Bromocresol Green : G.R.
13. Ethanol : G.R.
1. 95% Ethanol :
Mix 95mL Ethanol and 5mL water.
2. MR-BCG indicator : (5 drops/titration)
Dissolve 0.02 gm Methyl Red and 0.1gm Bromocresol Green, in 100 ml 95% Ethanol.
* Store the indicator in plastic bottle and keep in refrigerator.
Procedure(Titration): see Fig. 14

vi. Measure 50mL sample into a 100mL conical beaker.
vii. Add 5 drops of MR-BCG indicator and stir rapidly on magnetic stirrer while titrating
with standardized 0.02N H2SO4 titrant.
viii. The end point is sharp color change from blue (or green) to old pansy.
ix. Note down the volume of 0.02N H2SO4 used.
Calculation
a(mL)
HCOA
J (mg⁄L) = × 0.02(N) × F × 61(g/mol) × 1000(mg/g)
v(mL)
Where,
a= ml 0.02N H2SO4 titrant used,
v= ml sample volume,
F= factor of 0.02N H2SO4.
50
Fig. 14 Flow chart of the analytical procedure for HCO3-.
51
Wastewater treatment (in case of CODCr)
The wastewater of CODCr method contains high concentration of acid, Mercury, and
Chromium. Wastewater treatment process is necessary to throw safely away Drainage.
Water quality standard and Guidelines of those are as follows (table.1):
Table.1 Standard and Guidelines of water quality (mg/L)

Drainage Drinking water Guidelines for
Standard Standard (Japan) Drinking water
(Japan) (WHO)
pH 5.8 < pH < 8.6 —
Hg 0.005 0.0005 0.001
Total 2 — 0.05
Cr
Cr6+ 0.5 0.05 —
Equipment:
Beaker Funnel stand

Glass rod Dropper
ORP meter Bottle
pH test paper PACKTEST (Cr6+, Cr･T, S)
Filter Mercury measurement set
Funnel
Required Chemicals: Low purity is enough
1. Iron(II) Sulfate heptahydrate(FeSO4・7H2O)

2. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
3. Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
4. Sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S・9H2O)
5. Iron(III) Chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3・6H2O)
6. Hydrogen peroxide (30%, H2O2)
52
Preparation of reagents: in case of each 200ml wastewater treatment
1. 20% FeSO4 Solution:

18g Iron(II) Sulfate heptahydrate in deionized water make up to 50ml
2. 10N NaOH Solution:
80g Sodium Hydroxide in deionized water make up to 200ml
3. 30% Ca(OH)2 Slurry:
15g Calcium Hydroxide in deionized water make up to 50ml
4. 10% Na2S Solution:
15g Sodium sulfide nonahydrate in deionized water make up to 50ml
5. 15% FeCl3 Solution:
12.5g Iron(III) Chloride hexahydrate in deionized water make up to 50ml
Procedure: see p.4
a. Reduction of Chromium (Cr6+ → Cr3+)

Measuring ORP and mixing by wastewater by glass rod while delivering 20% FeSO4
Solution by drops into wastewater. When the ORP value decreases and the color
change to blue-green (include Ferroin indicator) or yellow, stop the drop.
b. Check the Chromium(VI) concentration
Measure Cr6+ concentration with Packtest (Cr6+; see p.5). If concentration exceeds the
Drainage Standard of Japan, repeat a.
c. Sedimentation (heavy metal)
*This process generates gases. Do the work outdoors or inn Fume hoods.
(1) Checking pH value by pH test paper and mixing by wastewater by glass rod while
adding 10N NaOH. When the pH value is 7-8, stop the addition.
* keep in water bath with cold water
(2) Then, checking pH value by pH test paper and mixing by wastewater by glass rod
while adding 30% Ca(OH)2 Slurry. When the pH value is 9, stop the addition. Cool to
room temperature.
d. Filtration
Set up funnel, pleated filter paper (see p.6), beaker, and the funnel stand. Filter
sediment from the liquid.
53
e. Check the Chromium concentration
Measure Cr concentration with Packtest (Cr・T; see p.7). If concentration exceeds the
Drainage Standard of Japan, add a small amount of sulfuric acid, then back to c.
f. Sedimentation (Mercury)
*This process generates H2S gas. Do the work outdoors or inn Fume hoods.
Measuring ORP and mixing by wastewater by glass rod while delivering 10% Na2S
Solution by drops into wastewater. When the ORP value is 0 or negative, stop the drop.
Add a small volume of 15% FeCl3 Solucon and mix. Check the pH value(○：pH > 9, ×：
pH<9, add 10N NaOH). Let stand overnight.
g. Filtration
Set up funnel, pleated filter paper, beaker, and the funnel stand. Filter sediment from
the liquid.
h. Check the Mercury concentration
First, check that the pH value of liquid is less than 9, and measure S2- concentration
(because, S2- affects Hg measurement; see p.8). Measure Hg concentration with
Mercury Measurement Set (see p.9-10). If concentration exceeds the Drainage
Standard of Japan, back to f.
Sediment : After dry, store the sturdy bag

Liquid : colorless → drain
color → apply the liquid to sunlight until the color disappears, then drain
54
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WaSH-Mia/SATREPS: Manual

1 Water Security Map (Quantity Aspect) Preparation Manual

5 Manual for the Socio-Economic Survey on Household Water Use

Water Security Map (Quantity Aspect)

There is a copy right issue for using those data.

Material and Methods

Following are key/broader steps to set-up SWAT model.

 Set-up SWAT project

STEP-wise GUIDELINE for SETTING UP A SWAT PROJECT

1) SWAT Project Setup:

2) Watershed Delineator > Automatic Watershed Delineation

4) Write Input Tables:

6) Reading SWAT Output: To output the results into database.

8) Carrying out calibration manually:

Following are key/broader steps to set-up VMOD Flex model.

STEP-wise GUIDELINE for SETTING UP A VMODFLOW PROJECT

 Click (next step) to proceed

2) Collect Data Objects

Calibration and validation

 Edit the Properties and boundary Condition

WSI = (Amount of water supply, S) / (Potable water demand, D)

Water Availability (WA)

Service area and data availability:

Servic Service area Servic Service area Servic Servic

To calculate supply following steps need to be followed:

To calculate Demand following steps need to be followed:

Where, Pt is Population at time t, P0 is Population at time t0, r is New growth rate

Demand (D) = Population in respective service area *135 LPCD

WSI= Supply (S)/Demand (D)

Field Survey and

Analysis target and relevance

Category Parameter Unit Maximum

Various forms of nitrogen exist in the environment. Nitrate-nitrogen

Groundwater source selection

3. Prepare gloves, ethanol, paper towel, bucket and pack them

4. Transport the sample to the laboratory in a cooling bag filled

2. If the sampling is from a well, make sure to plunge the bucket

3. If the sampling is from tube wells (shallow/deep), make sure

4. If the sampling is from river, make sure to plunge the sampling

Figure 1. Reducing the air space during sampling.

3. If the samples in the laboratory need

Analytical Methods for

Analysis target and relevance

Category Parameter Unit Maximum

Total coliforms MPN/100 ml 0 (95% of

Escherichia coli are the predominant member of the facultative

Preparation of 70% ethanol

Preparation of 5000 ppm sodium thiosulphate

3. Prepare gloves, 70% ethanol, paper towel, bucket and pack

5. Transport the sample to the laboratory in a cooling bag filled

6. If the sampling is from a tap, make sure to disinfect the tap

7. If the sampling is from a well or river or lake, make sure to

3. Shake the bottle until the reagent dissolves completely and

Figure 2. Sealing of Quanti- tray once the sealer has attained

1. No discoloration in wells= Absence of E. coli and total

Figure 3. Yellow discoloration showing presence of total

Figure 4. Fluorescent wells showing presence of E. coli

Quantifying the E. coli and total coliforms in the water

1) First download the MPN generator software from the link

2) There are 49 large and 48 small wells in the Quanti - Tray

weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 0.10 0.075 0.050 －－－－－

weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g －－－－ 5.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.25

weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 －－－－－

weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 0.10 0.075 0.050 －－－－－

weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g －－－－ 5.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.25

weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 0.10 0.075 0.050 －－－－－

weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g －－－－ 5.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.25

weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 －－－－－

weight of Std. sol. (1g/L) : g 0.125 0.10 0.075 0.050 －－－

weight of Std. sol. A (5mg/L) : g －－－－ 5.0 2.5 0.5