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Bonding and Molecular Structure The Science of Organic Chemistry

Friedrich Wohler’s Discovery in 1828

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1-1 The Scope of Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups The Scope of Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups
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The Scope of Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups The Scope of Organic Chemistry: Synthesis

The Scope of Organic Chemistry: Synthesis The Scope of Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Mechanisms

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1-2 Coulomb Forces: A Simplified View of Bonding 1-2 Coulomb Forces: A Simplified View of Bonding

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1-2 Coulomb Forces: A Simplified View of Bonding 1-3 Ionic and Covalent Bonds: The Octet Rules

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 1-3 Ionic and Covalence Bonds: The Octet Rule The Octet Rule: From Periodic Table

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The Octet Rule: Ionic Bonds The Octet Rule: Ionic Bonds

EA =

In pure ionic bonds, electron octets are formed by transfer of electrons. 16

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The Octet Rule: Covalence Bonds The Octet Rule: Covalence Bonds

In covalence bonds, electrons are shred to achieve octet configurations. In covalence bonds, electrons are shred to achieve octet configurations.

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The Octet Rule: Covalence Bonds The Octet Rule: Polar Covalence Bonds

In covalence bonds, electrons are shred to achieve octet configurations. In most organic bonds, the electrons are not shared equally. 20
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The Octet Rule: Polar Covalence Bonds Molecular Shapes: Valance-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

In most organic bonds, the electrons are not shared equally. 21

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Molecular Shapes: Valance-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) 1-4 Electron-Dot Model of Bonding: Lewis Structures

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1-4 Electron-Dot Model of Bonding: Lewis Structures Lewis Structures: Rules

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Lewis Structures: Rules Lewis Structures: Rules

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 Lewis Structures: Octet Rule Exceptions Lewis Structures: Octet Rule Exceptions

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Covalent Bonds: Depicted as Straight Lines-Kekulé Structures 1-5 Resonance Forms

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Resonance Forms: What is the True Structure Resonance Forms: What is the True Structure

33 In organic chemistry, molecules can have several correct Lewis structure.

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Resonance Forms: Other Examples Resonance Forms: Other Examples

In organic chemistry, molecules can have several correct Lewis structure. In organic chemistry, molecules can have several correct Lewis structure.
 Resonance Forms: They Are Not Equal Resonance Forms: What is the Major Resonance Contributor

Guideline 2. Charges should be preferentially located on atoms with

compatible electronegativity.

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Resonance Forms: What is the Major Resonance Contributor Resonance Forms: What is the Major Resonance Contributor

Guideline 3. Structures with less separation of opposite charges are more

important resonance contributors than those with more charge separation.

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1-6 Atomic Orbitals: A Quantum Mechanical Description Quantum Mechanical Description: Wave Functions

The square (ψ2) of their values at each point in space describe the
probability of finding an electron at that point.

The square (ψ2) of their values at each

point in space describe the probability
of finding an electron at that point.

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Quantum Mechanical Description: Wave Functions Quantum Mechanical Description: Wave Functions

The square (ψ2) of their values at each point in space describe the
probability of finding an electron at that point.

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 Atomic Orbitals: Characteristic Shapes Atomic Orbitals: Characteristic Shapes (2p)

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Atomic Orbitals: The Aufbau Principle to Assign Electrons to AOs Atomic Orbitals: The Aufbau Principle to Assign Electrons to AOs

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Atomic Orbitals: The Aufbau Principle to Assign Electrons to AOs Atomic Orbitals: The Aufbau Principle to Assign Electrons to AOs

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Atomic Orbitals: The Aufbau Principle to Assign Electrons to AOs 1-7 Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding: 1s AOs Overlap

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Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding: 1s AOs Overlap Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding: 1s AOs Overlap

Bonds are made by the in-phase overlap of atomic orbitals. 53 54

Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding: 1s AOs Overlap Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding: 1s AOs Overlap

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Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding: LUMO and HOMO Molecular Orbitals: Sigma and Pi Bonds

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1-8 Hybrid Orbitals: Bonding in Complex Molecules Hybrid Orbitals: sp Hybrids

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Hybrid Orbitals: sp Hybrids Hybrid Orbitals: sp2 Hybrids

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Hybrid Orbitals: sp3 Hybrids Hybrid Orbitals: Typical Hydrocarbons

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Hybrid Orbitals: sp3 Hybrids with Lone Electron Pairs 1-9 Structures and Formulas of Organic Molecules

Ethanol and Methoxymethane: Two Isomers

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Structures of Organic Molecules: Drawing Structures of Organic Molecules: Drawing

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 Chapter Integration Problems Chapter Integration Problems

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Structure and Reactivity 2-1 Kinetics and Themodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes

Chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the changes in energy that

take place when processes such as chemical reactions occur.
Thermodynamics controls the extent to which a reaction goes to completion.

Chemical kinetics, which concerns the velocity or rate at which the

concentrations of reactants and products change. In other words, kinetics
describes the speed at which a reaction goes to completion.

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 Themodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes: Equilibra Themodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes: Equilibra

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The Free Energy vs Bond Strengths and the Degree of Dispersal The Free Energy vs Bond Strengths and the Degree of Dispersal

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The Rate of Chemical Reaction and the Activation Energy The Rate of Chemical Reaction and the Activation Energy

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Collisions Provide the Energy to Pass the Ea Barrier Reaction Rates and the Concentration of Reactants

Average kinetic energy is about 0.6 kcal/mol at room temperature

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The Arrhenius Equation and Reaction Temperatures 2-2 Acids and Bases; Electrophile and Nucleophile

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2-2 Acids and Bases; Electrophile and Nucleophile 2-2 Acids and Bases; Electrophile and Nucleophile

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 Acid and Base Strength – Equilibrium Constants Acid and Base Strength – Equilibrium Constants

Brønsted and Lowry’s definition of acids and bases: An acid is a proton

donor and a base is a proton acceptor.

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Acid and Base Strength – Equilibrium Constants Acid and Base Strength – Equilibrium Constants

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Acid and Base Strength – Equilibrium Constants Acid and Base Strength – Structural Estimation

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Acid and Base Strength: Relativity

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Lewis Acids and Bases: Sharing an Electron Pair Lewis Acids and Bases: Sharing an Electron Pair

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Lewis Acids and Bases: Sharing an Electron Pair Nuceophile and Electrophile: Movement of an Electron Pair

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Nuceophile and Electrophile: Movement of an Electron Pair 2-3: Functional Groups: Center of Reactivity

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Functional Groups: Hydrocarbons Functional Groups: Containing Polar Bonds

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