Scada Study Material

SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition.
It is a type of
software application program for process control. SCADA is a central control
system which consist of controllers network interfaces, input/output,
communication equipments and software. SCADA systems are used to
monitor and control the equipments in the industrial process which include
manufacturing, production, development and fabrication. The infrastructural
processes include gas and oil distribution, electrical power, water
distribution. Public utilities include bus traffic system, airport. The SCADA
system takes the reading of the meters and checks the status of sensors in
regular interval so that it requires minimal interference of human.
A large number of processes occur in large industrial establishment. Every

process you need to monitor is very complex because each machine gives
different output. The SCADA system used to gather the data from sensors
and instruments located at remote area. The computer then processes this
data and presents in a timely manner. The SCADA system gathers the
information (like leak on a pipeline occurred) and transfer the information back
to the system while giving the alerts that leakage has occurred and displays
the information in a logical and organized fashion. The SCADA system used
to run on DOS and UNIX operating systems.
Architecture:
Generally SCADA system is a centralized system which monitors and controls
entire area. It is purely software package that is positioned on top of
hardware. A supervisory system gathers data on the process and sends the
commands control to the process. The SCADA is a remote terminal unit which
is also known as RTU. Most control actions are automatically performed by
RTUs or PLCs. The RTUs consist of programmable logic converter which can
be set to specific requirement. For example, in the thermal power plant the
water flow can be set to specific value or it can be changed according to the
requirement.
The SCADA system allows operators to change the set point for the flow, and
enable alarm conditions incase of loss of flow and high temperature and the
condition is displayed and recorded. The SCADA system monitors the overall
performance of the loop. The SCADA system is a centralized system to
communicate with both wire and wireless technology to Clint devices. The
SCADA system controls can run completely all kinds of industrial process.
EX: If too much pressure in building up in a gas pipe line the SCADA system
can automatically open a release valve.
1. Hardware Architecture:
The generally SCADA system can be classified into two parts:
 Clint layer
 Data server layer
The Clint layer which caters for the man machine interaction.
The data server layer which handles most of the process data activities.
The SCADA station refers to the servers and it is composed of a single

PC. The data servers communicate with devices in the field through process
controllers like PLCs or RTUs. The PLCs are connected to the data servers
either directly or via networks or buses. The SCADA system utilizes a WAN
and LAN networks, the WAN and LAN consists of internet protocols used for
communication between the master station and devices. The physical
equipments like sensors connected to the PLCs or RTUs. The RTUs convert
the sensor signals to digital data and sends digital data to master. According
to the master feedback received by the RTU, it applies the electrical signal to
relays. Most of the monitoring and control operations are performed by RTUs
or PLCs as we can see in the figure.
2. Software Architecture:
Most of the servers are used for multitasking and real time database. The
servers are responsible for data gathering and handling. The SCADA system
consists of a software program to provide trending, diagnostic data, and
manage information such as scheduled maintenance procedure, logistic
information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine and expert
system troubleshooting guides. This means the operator can sea a schematic
representation of the plant being controlled.
EX: alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving; polling controllers on

a set of parameter, those are typically connected to the server.
Working Procedure of SCADA system:

The SCADA system performs the following functions:
 Data Acquisitions
 Data Communication
 Information/Data presentation
 Monitoring/Control
These functions are performed by sensors, RTUs, controller, communication
network. The sensors are used to collect the important information and RTUs
are used to send this information to controller and display the status of the
system. According to the status of the system, the user can give command to
other system components. This operation is done by the communication
network.
Data Acquisitions:
Real time system consists of thousand of components and sensors. It is very
important to know the status of particular components and sensors. For
example, some sensors measure the water flow from the reservoir to water
tank and some sensors measure the value pressure as the water is release
from the reservoir.
Data Communication:
The SCADA system uses wired network to communicate between user and
devices. The real time applications use lot of sensors and components which
should be control remotely. The SCADA system uses internet
communications. All information is transmitted through internet using specific
protocols. Sensor and relays are not able to communicate with the network
protocols so RTUs used to communicate sensors and network interface.
Information/Data presentation:
The normal circuit networks have some indicators which can be visible to
control but in the real time SCADA system, there are thousand of sensors and
alarm which are impossible to be handled simultaneously. The SCADA
system uses human machine interface (HMI) to provide all of the information
gathered from the various sensors.
Human machine interface:

The SCADA system uses human machine interface. The information is
displayed and monitored to be processed by the human. HMI provides the
access of multiple control units which can be PLCs and RTUs. The HMI
provides the graphical presentation of the system. For example, it provides
the graphical picture of the pump connected to the tank. The user can see the
flow of the water and pressure of the water. The important part of the HMI is
an alarm system which is activated according to the predefined values.
For example: The tank water level alarm is set 60% and 70% values. If the
water level reaches above 60% the alarm gives normal warning and if the
water level reach above 70% the alarm gives critical warning.
Monitoring/Control:
The SCADA system uses different switches to operate each device and
displays the status at the control area. Any part of the process can be turned
ON/OFF from the control station using these switches. SCADA system is
implemented to work automatically without human intervention but at critical
situations it is handled by man power.
SCDA for Remote Industrial plant:

In large industrial establishments many process occur simultaneously and
each needs to be monitored, which is actually a complex task. The SCADA
systems are used to monitor and control the equipments in the industrial
processes which include water distribution, oil distribution and power
distribution. The main aim of this project is to process the real time data and
control the large scale remote industrial environment. In the real time
scenario, a temperature logging system for a remote plant operation is taken.
Block Diagram
by Edgefx Kits
The temperature sensors are connected to the microcontroller , which is
connected to the PC at the front end and software is loaded on the computer.
The data is collected from the temperature sensors. The temperature sensors
continuously send the signal to the microcontroller which accordingly displays
these values on its front panel. One can set the parameters like low limit and
high limit on the computer screen. When the temperature of a sensor goes
above set point the microcontroller send a command to the corresponding
relay. The heaters connected through relay contacts are turned OFF and ON.
For example SCADA for Remote Industrial Planet:

This is a temperature logging System. Here 8 temperature sensors in
multiplexing mode are connected to the microcontroller through ADC 0808.
Then the values of all the sensors are sent serially by microcontroller through
Max 32 to the com port of the PC. A Software “DAQ System” loaded on the
PC takes these values and show them on its front panel, and also logs them
to the data base “daq.mdb” .One can set by interactive way some parameters
like set point , low limit ,and high limit on the computer screen . When
temperature of some sensor increases beyond set point, the microcontroller
sends commands to relay driver IC. The heaters connected through relay
contacts are (specific for that sensor) turned OFF (or ON in opposite
case).High limit and low limits are for alarm. When temperature goes above
high limit or below low limit the alarm will be turned on.
Applications:
 Power generation, transmission and distribution

 Water distribution and reservoir system
 Public buildings like electrical heating and cooling system.
 Generators and turbines
 Traffic light control system
Advantages:
 The SCADA system provides onboard mechanical and graphical information

 The SCADA system is easily expandable. We can add set of control units and
sensors according to the requirement.
 The SCADA system ability to operate critical situations.

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SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition.

A large number of processes occur in large industrial establishment. Every

The SCADA station refers to the servers and it is composed of a single

EX: alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving; polling controllers on

Working Procedure of SCADA system:

Human machine interface:

SCDA for Remote Industrial plant:

For example SCADA for Remote Industrial Planet:

 Power generation, transmission and distribution

 The SCADA system provides onboard mechanical and graphical information

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