By:

Mr. Syuhailmi
Shahuddin,
SK Long Jaafar
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

ACTIVITY 1: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

Vocabulary-Sports

Label the pictures with the words.

volleyball athletics football badminton

basketball horse riding hockey climbing
swimming cycling sailing golf
tennis rugby wrestling gymnastics
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

ACTIVITY 2: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

Complete the dialogue with some of the words in Activity 1.

John : What’s your favourite sport?

Fred : I like walking and jumping on things – so it’s gymnastics, I think. Or

maybe (1) ________________ because I love animals. What about you?
John : I love running and jumping, so (2) __________________ is my
favourite sport. But at school we’re learning a new team sport. You use
your hands to move the ball up in the air. It’s called (3) ____________
Fred : Oh I’m terrible at that! And what about sport on TV?

John : I like watching Japanese sumo (4) ______________ ! But it isn’t on TV

very often.
Fred : Yes, that’s really cool. I like watching fast team games like (5)
____________ - my favourite team is Chelsea. I also enjoy watching (6)
____________ - it’s great when the players run with the ball. I’m into
winter sports like (7) ______________ too.
John : Yeah, I like going dangerous sports outside. I love (8) ______________
and (9) _______________ in the mountains in winter.

ACTIVITY 3: ACTIVITY 4:
Read the clues and write with the words. Complete the sentences.

ball champion competition fan

match Olympic Games player race
stadium team

Example:

These are every four years. You can

watch them on TV. Olympic Games

1. This person likes a team a lot. Example:

____________ I like playing basketball because it’s
2. This is a game of tennis or football. fast and exciting.
____________
3. You can play golf, tennis or hockey 1. I love playing _________________
with this thing. ________________ ___________________________.
4. This person plays a sport like tennis,
hockey or football. _____________ 2. I like watching ________________
5. You go to this very big place to watch on TV ______________________
a game of football or rugby. ___________________________.
________________
6. This person is the best at his or her 3. I don’t like watching ____________
sport. ______________ on TV ______________________
7. This is a group of people in a game ___________________________.
such as football. _______________
8. This is when people try to run or 4. I don’t like playing _____________
cycle the fastest. ______________ __________________________.
9. When a lot of people come to a place
and play sport to find the best 5. I don’t understand _____________
person or team. _______________ __________________________.

6. My friend is really into __________

___________________________.
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

LANGUAGE FOCUS: there was, there were -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

ACTIVITY 5:
Complete the table with the words.

a an any some There was

There wasn’t There were
There weren’t

Affirmative

Singular Plural

There was (1) _____ exciting (2) ________ _______

player in the volleyball team. (3) ________ noisy fans at
the big stadium.
Negative

Singular Plural

(4) ________ ________ (6) ________ ________

(5) ________ football match (7) ________ good teams in
on Friday. the competition.

ACTIVITY 6:
You were at an important football match at a stadium last week. Write
affirmative and negative sentences using There was, There wasn’t, There
were and There weren’t .

Example:
a lot of spectators at the match

There were a lot of spectators at the match.

1. a lot of buses with fans

2. a train station near the stadium

3. any famous players in our team

4. a great sports shop next to the stadium

5. a nice café in the stadium

 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

ACTIVITY 7: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

Look at the table. Complete the sentences with was, wasn’t, were or
weren’t.

Saturday Sunday

Patrick

Muhammad
and
Arthur

Maryam

Example:
Patrick wasn’t at the library on Saturday.
He was at the sports centre.
1. Muhammad and Arthur __________ at the sports centre on Saturday.
They _________ at the cinema.
2. Maryam __________ at the library on Saturday. She _________ at
the park.
3. Patrick __________ at the cinema on Sunday. He _________ at the
football stadium.
4. Muhammad and Arthur __________ at the park on Sunday. They
___________ at the sports centre.
5. Maryam ___________ at the library on Sunday. She __________ at
the swimming pool.

ACTIVITY 8:
What were you interested in when you were younger? Use the words to
help you. at the age of last school holidays
was a fan of was really into
was interested in
I was really into table tennis when I was ten.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

ACTIVITY 9: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

Study the notes on was and were. Then, complete the exercises.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
I was I I? I was I wasn’t scared. Was I scared?
You You weren’t You were You weren’t Were you scared?
He He Was he? scared. scared.
She was She He was scared. He wasn’t scared. Was he scared?
It It She was scared. She wasn’t scared. Was she scared?
We We weren’t It was scared. It wasn’t scared. Was it scared?
You were You Were you? We were We weren’t Were we scared?
They They scared. scared.
You were You weren’t Were you scared?
scared. scared.
They were They weren’t Were they
scared. scared. scared?

Fill in was or were

1. The pirates ________ on the pirate ship.
2. Their parrot ________ with them too.
3. The ship ________ in the harbor- ready to sail.
4. Two of the pirates _________ girls.
5. There ______ a black flag flying on the ship.
6. There _______ a skull and crossbones on the flag.
7. All the pirates ______ excited about leaving.
8. The captain ______ sure they would find gold.
9. The map _______ old, but it ______ a good one.
10. There _______ 10 pirates aboard.
11. They say that the treasure ________ on a desert island.
12. On the island there _______ a chest filled with gold.
13. The weather _______ great and all the pirates _______ sure they would find
the buried treasure.
14. Don’t you wish you _______ there with them too?

Fill in with was or wasn’t Fill in was or were

1. _______ you ready for adventure too?

1. The captain of the ship _________ ready yet. 2. _______ your bag packed and your passport

2. There _________ enough food on board. ready?

3. All the pirates _________ in their cabins either. 3. _______ your best friend a pirate too?

4. The girl pirate __________ scared at all. 4. _______ your best friend ready to search for gold?

5. Last year the gold ________ on the island they 5. _______ the pirates ready to sail?

had sailed to; the map _________ correct. 6. When ________ the adventure supposed to start?

6. The pirates ________ happy to return empty 7. What time ________ the departure.

handed. 8. Where _______ treasure chest buried?

7. Their good luck parrot ________ with them then. 9. What island _______ it on? I think it _______ on

8. And that’s why they _________ successful. Crossbone Island.

9. This year there _________ any reason for 10. That island _______ located in the Pacific

failure. Ocean.

10. The pirates said that conditions ________ like 11. _______ the captain ready to set sail?

last time- everything was better. 12. _______ all hands on deck for departure?
13. Yes, all the pirates _______ ready to sail. Heave
ho! And away we go!
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

VOCABULARY: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

X games: Regular and irregular verbs

ACTIVITY 10: Read the notes about past simple (regular verbs)

Spelling rules:

+ ed verbs ending with double consonant Consonant + y = ied vowel + y = ed

-e, just + d + ed

walk – walked dance – danced prefer – preferred study – studied play – played
talk – talked like – liked stop – stopped tidy – tidied enjoy – enjoyed
answer – answered arrive - arrived travel - travelled carry - carried stay - stayed

Write the past simple form of these verbs in the correct place.
close finish hurry like open prepare terrify touch try want
serve stay pray enjoy step cook plan admit bury wrap
spray rely ask supply trap jog obey type play trace

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________

verb + verb + vowel +

ed _______________ d _______________ y + ed
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________

consonant Double
+ y = ied consonant
+ ed

Fill in the blanks with the past simple of the verbs in brackets.

1. Janet _______________ (watch) a film on TV. 14. My baby brother ____________ (damage) the TV.

2. The girl _______________ (finish) her homework. 15. My family _____________ (plan) a trip to the UK.

3. The car _______ (stop) in the middle of the street. 16. Mr. Harris _____________ (carry) the heavy
boxes to the attic.
4. My father ________________ (fix) the TV.
17. I _______________ (talk) to John on the phone.
5. The children ______________ (visit) the museum.
18. Last weekend I _____________ (dance) with Jim.
6. Helen _______ (wash) her hair with a new shampoo.
19. Karen and Sara _________ (play) computer games.
7. My friends _____________ (notice) my new dress.
20. The students _____ (describe) their last holidays.
8. My mother _______________ (guide) me.
21. Tom ________ (collect) stamps when he was ten.
9. The criminal ____________ (confess) the murder.
22. The young boy _____________ (cry) for help.
10. They _____________ (offer) me a new CD.
23. Susan _____________ (wrap) the present.
11. Yesterday I _________ (wait) for you for an hour.
24. Katy ____________ (admire) her grandmother.
12. My mother ___________ (divide) the cake in six.
25. The baby _____ (clap) his hands with satisfaction.
13. A friend of mine _______ (receive) a weird e-mail.
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

VOCABULARY: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

X games: Regular and irregular verbs

ACTIVITY 11: Irregular verbs
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. You can
refer to the dictionary to help you.

1. Daisy _________ (bring) some chocolates to the birthday party.

2. I ________ (hear) a new song on the radio .

3. Peter ________ (read) three books last week.

4. The Smiths _________ (speak) Italian to the waitress.

5. Peter _________ (understand) during the class, but now he doesn't

understand.

6. My mother _________ (forget) to buy some milk.

7. Susan _______ (have) a baby in August.

8. We ________ (lose) our keys last Friday.

9. They __________ (swim) 500m yesterday afternoon.

10.I __________ (give) my mother a CD for her birthday.

11.At the age of 23, she _________ (become) a teacher.

12.I _________ (know) the answer yesterday.

13.Peter __________ (tell) me that he lived in New York.

14.We ________ (lend) Johan RM200.00.

15.She _________ (drink) too much coffee yesterday.

16.The children _________ (sleep) in the car.

17.He __________ (keep) his promise.

18.We __________ (choose) the steak for dinner.

19.The film _________ (begin) late.

20.They _________ (fly) to Madrid.

21.We __________ (drive) to Edinburgh.

22.Mrs. Lim ________ (teach) English at the University.

23.They _________ (send) me an e-mail earlier.

24.We _________ (leave) at 7 a.m.

 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

VOCABULARY: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

X games: Regular and irregular verbs

ACTIVITY 12:
Complete the text using the past simple form of the verb.
become compete do go learn
start travel watch win

How I became interested in….basketball

When I was eleven years old, I went to my friend Sara’s one
evening, and we (1) _____________ our homework. After that we
(2) ____________ an Olympic basketball match on TV – it was
really exciting! I then (3) _______________ more about
basketball in my PE lessons at school and I (4) _______________
very interested in the sport.
After that, I (5) _______________ to play after school with my
friends at the local sports centre. Soon I was in the under-
fourteens basketball team in my town.
Last month our team (6) ___________ by bus to a city 100
kilometres away and we (7) ___________ in a big competition. We
(8) _____________ it and now I have a gold medal in my
bedroom.

ACTIVITY 13:
Tom did a lot of different things last week. Look at the picture. Write
sentences about Tom using the past simple form of the verbs.
IS!
TH
H

First
TC
WA

tennis
lesson on!
Maths
Science
English French verbs!!
- Faire
Art !!
N!
- Dire
History - Voir AR
- Savoir LE

compete in do go learn start watch win

Last week, Tom did his homework. __________________________

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

LANGUAGE FOCUS: -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

Past simple: Affirmative. Past time expressions

ACTIVITY 14:
Complete the table with the words.
ago I July last played watched went

Affirmative

I / You (1) __________ volleyball two

days (2) ______.
He / She / It (3) __________ a good film on TV
(Singular) (4) _________
night.
We / You / They (5) __________ to the stadium in
(Plural) (6) _________

ACTIVITY 15:
Write sentences with the past simple form using the phrases.

jump two metres play volleyball

run 100 metres score a goal
Swim 200 metres
watch the competitions win a medal

At the school games last week…

a
m
Gr e
g Nit
d Ada
Fre

ky
Vic Jill
a nd nd
Ann ea
Jak Lee

Example:
Fred jumped two metres.
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

Past time expressions -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

ACTIVITY 16:
Complete the sentences with the words.
ago first in January last week when

Example:
We visited the new stadium in January.

1. I completed in my first football match ____________ I was eight.

2. She won an Olympic medal two years ___________.
3. Alice and I watched an exciting game of tennis __________ week.
4. My parents saw the new film about the Olympics a ________ ago.
5. That famous wrestling champion won a gold medal ________ 2015.
6. I ___________ played rugby at the age of ten. Now I play rugby
every Saturday.

ACTIVITY 17:
Write sentences that are true for you using the past simple. Use the verbs
and past time expressions to help you.
do go see play practise run score start travel
watch win

Last night / Friday / an hour / two days

in February /
weekend / week / / three weeks /
2020
year / January a year ago

Example:
I went to my friend’s house last weekend and we played football.

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
WRITING TIPS!!
Check your sentences – make sure the verbs are in the past simple form.
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

ACTIVITY 18: READING: A Paralympic sport -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

An exciting sport for players and spectators

A. It’s one of the most exciting
modern sports for players
and spectators. It’s fast, it’s
noisy and sometimes
dangerous. What is it? It’s
wheelchair basketball.

B. But wheelchair basketball

isn’t a new sport. The first
organized wheelchair basketball
match was in November 1946 and I
was between two teams in the
USA.

C. In the 1950s, wheelchair basketball E. Wheelchair basketball isn’t very

became more and more popular and in different to basketball. For example,
1960 it was one of eight sports in the there are five players in each team and
first Paralympics Games in Rome, the hoops are three metres high. The
Italy. The winners of the first gold match is forty minutes long with four
medal were the British team. parts of ten minutes. These things are
all the same as basketball.
D. Other sports at the first Paralympics
were table tennis, athletics and F. There are now 100,000 wheelchair
basketball players in different countries.
swimming, but for many people,
basketball was perhaps one of the Some people play for fun with friends.
most exciting. Other people play in national Olympic
teams. Watch them on TV at the next
Olympics and enjoy the game!
1. Read the text. Choose the correct
answer. 2. Write the meaning of the words.
WORDS MEANING
The text is about _____________.
a. famous wheelchair basketball spectators
players
b. different information about different
wheelchair basketball
c. the history of British wheelchair hoops
basketball

3. Read the text again. Where can you 4. Read the text again. Write true or
find the information? Write the false.
paragraphs.
1. Wheelchair basketball is slow. False
1. The name of a fast and exciting A 2. The first wheelchair basketball
sport.
match was in 1950.
2. The number of wheelchair
3. The first Paralympics was in
basketball in the world.
Italy.
3. The home city of the first
4. Swimming was one of the first
Paralympics.
Paralympics sport.
4. The number of players in a
5. Wheelchair basketball is very
basketball team.
different to basketball.
5. The sports in the first Paralympics.
6. Wheelchair basketball is very
popular in different countries.
6. The date of the first wheelchair
basketball match. 7. The match is fourteen minutes
long.
WRITING TIPS!!
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

READING: A Paralympic sport (cont.) -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

5. Answer the questions. Write complete sentences.

Example:
Why is wheelchair basketball good to watch?
*
It’s fast and exciting.
Where was the first wheelchair basketball match?
1

When were the first Paralympic games?

2

How many sports were in the first Paralympic games?

3

Who were the winners of the first Paralympic basketball gold

4 medal?

How long are wheelchair basketball matches?

5

What other Paralympic sports do you know about?

6

VOCABULARY PLUS:
6. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words.
compete medal spectate swim win

Example:
Look at the boy in the swimming pool. He’s a fantastic
swimmer.

1. Two thousand _____________ watched the race yesterday.

2. She was a gold ____________ at the 2012 Olympics.
3. I was the best person in the competition. I was the
_____________!
4. There were 150 ___________ in this marathon last year.
WRITING TIPS!!
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

WRITING: A sports star. -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

Language point: Paragraphs.
ACTIVITY 19: Sports
Read the text. Number the paragraphs 1 – 3 superstar:
Missy
in the boxes. Franklin

A. She first broke a world record in 2011

for the 200 metres, and she won four gold
medals at the London Olympics. She’s one of
the best young swimmers in the world.

B. Missy Frankin’s full name is

C. She first started swimming when
Melissa Jeanette Franklin and she is. A
she was five. She began to compete in
swimmer from the United States. She was
important competitions in 2010 at the age
born on the 10th May 1995 in. California
of fourteen.
in the USA and now lives in Colorado.

ACTIVITY 20:
Complete the text with the phrases. Then write the first sentence of
paragraphs of two and three. after that he won / at the age of /
Neymar’s full name is Neymar da Silva Santos continued to play / first played football /
Junior and he is a footballer from Brazil. (1) He was born on / Neymar’s full name is
____________________ 5th February 1992
near Sao Paulo in Brazil but now he lives in Europe and
plays football there. Neymar (2) ___________________
when he was a young boy, and (3) __________________ Sports
superstar:
eleven he became a junior player with the famous Brazilian
Neymar
team Santos. He (4) ____________________ for Santos
and in 2009 he became a player in the Santos first team.
Neymar first played for Brazil in 2010, and
(5) _________________ South American footballer of
the year in 2011 and 2012. He also won the Samba Gold
award in 2015 for the best Brazilian footballer in Europe.
(6) _________________________ most successful
footballers in the world.

ACTIVITY 21:
Read the factfile. Then complete the text.

Sports
superstar: FACTFILE:
Claudia Name: Claudia Fragapane Nationality: British
Fragapane Sport: gymnast
Born: 24th October 1997, Bristol, Unitec Kingdom.
Lives: Bristol area
My life Family: Parents, sisters
My name is Claudia Fragapane and
First started: six years old
I’m a (1) ___________ gymnast. I
(2) _____________ 24th October First important competition: eleven years old
(3) ________ in Bristol, a city in the west British gymnast team: sixteen years old
of the (4) _____________. I now live in Greatest moment: four gold medals at
Bristol area with my parents and (5) __________. Commonwealth Games 2014, most successful
My sport gymnast in eighty years, BBC Young Sports
I first began to do gymnastics when I was
(6) _______ years old. I started to compete in Personality of the Year 2014
important competitions when I (7) ___________ years old
and I first became a gymnast in the (8) ______________
when I was sixteen.
My greatest moments
My greatest moment was when I won (9) ________________
at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in (10) ____________
when I was seventeen - I became the (11) _______________
British gymnast in eighty years! I also won BBC Young Sports. WRITING TIPS!!
Personality of the year in (12) _________.That was really
exciting.
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

PROGRESS REVIEW: VOCABULARY. Sports -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

1 Complete the words. 2 Reading: The Olympics then and now.

Complete the sentences with the
1. There are eleven players in a correct form of the verb.
h_______ team. 1. He’s got a gold medal. He was a
2. The 100 metres and 200 metres races ____________ at the last Olympics
Games. (medal)
are a__________ events. 2. She was the first person in the
3. Manchester United is a famous marathon. She was the
___________. (win)
football t_______. 3. I wasn’t in the race. I was only a
4. The O__________ Games take place ___________. (spectate)
4. Usain Bolt was the most famous
every four years. ____________ in the 100 metres
5. The Tour de France is a famous race. (compete)
5. She’s the best _____________ in
c___________ race. Australia. (win)
6. Wimbledon is a famous tennis
I can read for specific information.
c___________ in London. MY EVALUATION:

7. S___________ is a good sport to do

in the mountains when it’s snowing.
8. The World Cup is a famous 4 Language Focus: Past simple
affirmative. Past time expressions.
f___________ competition.
Complete the sentences using the past
I can talk about different sports. simple form of the words.
MY EVALUATION:
become compete score
swim travel watch

3 Language Focus: there was, there 1. I ____________ that TV programme

were. was, were about the New York Marathon last
Complete the sentences with the words. night.
2. We _____________ in the sea
There was There wasn’t There were
There weren’t was wasn’t were weren’t
yesterday. It was cold.
3. My brother _______________ to
1. ___________ many fans at the Japan last year.
match on Saturday. Only five or six. 4. That tennis player first __________
2. They don’t like sport so they famous two years ago.
___________ interested in the golf 5. You ____________ a goal yesterday!
on TV last night. That’s great!
3. My favourite football player at the 6. I _____________ in a tennis
World Cup __________ Mesut Ozil. competition last year.
4. ____________ five hundred runners
I can talk about events in the past.
in the marathon. MY EVALUATION:
5. _____________ a really exciting
film at cinema last week.
6. We ____________ very happy on
our fantastic holiday in August.
7. ______________ a train station in
this town 300 years ago.
8. James is ill, so he __________ in the
race.
I can talk about past events.
MY EVALUATION:
 ENGLISH PLUS 1: CEFR YEAR 5: UNIT 6: SPORT

PROGRESS REVIEW: VOCABULARY. Sports -Mr Syuhailmi-SKLJ 2021

5 Speaking. Last weekend 6 Writing: A sports star

Complete the dialogue with the words. Order the words to make sentences.
There are four extra words.
1. name / Andy Murray’s / is / full /
bad don’t good go hello how Andrew Baron Murray /
news not was went were when with
____________________________
____________________________
Jamie Hi Luke. (1) _______ are
things?
2. player / tennis / he’s / a / Scotland /
Luke Hey Jamie! Great thanks. How (2) from /
________ your weekend? ____________________________
Jamie It was brilliant, thanks. I (3) ____________________________
__________ to an ice hockey
match on Sunday. 3. born / he / 15th May 1987 / was /
on /
Luke Really? Was it (4)
____________________________
______________?
____________________________
Jamie Yes, it was amazing. There (5)
__________ a lot of goals. 4. first / Murray / competed / in /
Brighton Tigers won 7-6 in the tennis matches / when / at / he /
end. school / was /
Luke That’s good (6) _________! ____________________________
Who were you (7) __________? ____________________________
Jamie My dad. Why (8) __________
you come next time? 5. age / seventeen / at / of / won /
the Junior US Open / he / the /
Luke Yes. Why not? Text me (9) ____________________________
____________ you’re going.
____________________________
I can talk about what I did on the weekend.
MY EVALUATION:
6. won / medal / gold / a / he /
the Olympics / at /
____________________________
____________________________
NOTES:
7. one / the / successful / most /
_____________________ British / players / tennis / he’s / of /
____________________________
_____________________ ____________________________
_____________________ I can write a profile of a sports star for a
website.
_____________________ MY EVALUATION:

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________